Isivumelwano seGood Wesihlanu, esatyikitywa ngo-10 kuApril 1998, simi njengenye yezona zivumelwano zoxolo ezibalulekileyo zale nkulungwane yama-20. Yaphela ngokunempumelelo iminyaka engamashumi amathathu yogonyamelo lwezobupolitika eyaziwa ngokuba yiMiba ekwiNtla ye-Ireland. Embindini kwisivumelwano sasemthethweni kwaye impumelelo yayo yayikukukukukukuthenjiswa kwe-arhente egcinwe ngexesha elinye eNorthern Ireland kunye neRiphabliki yase-Ireland ngoMeyi wama-221998. La mavoti mabini enza ngaphezulu koxwebhu oluntsonkothile lwezobupolitika; anika ulawulo lwedemokhrasi eyaguqula umgaqo wesiqithi seso siqithi kwaye afaka umgaqo wokuvuma kwaso sombini isiseko somthetho. Ukuqonda ukubaluleka kwezi ziphumo zezi nkcazelo kufuneka amanani, iziphumo zawo, neziphumo zawo ezinde neziphumo zawo, kunye neziphumo ze-gropozi zobupolitika.

Ukuqalisa Isivumelwano Esihle SoLwesihlanu

Imfazwe yase-Northern Ireland yaqala ngokunzulu, yaqala kwimfuno yesizwe, ucalucalulo lwezobupolitika, kunye nomjikelo wogonyamelo phakathi komkhosi womkhosi weriphabliki noweBrithishi. Ngoo1990, imvume yeemeko , kuquka iintetho ezifihlakeleyo, ukubandakanyeka kwamandla afihlakeleyo eUnited States, nokuqatshelwa okukhula kwemfuneko yengingqi yezopolitiko (ukuze i-Interern Ireland itshintshe imeko yayo. I-Goond Weverence, kwakhona yaziwa ngokuba luxwebhu olubanzi. Yaseka urhulumente owenziwe warhoxa-a amandla ahlukeneyo eNorthern Ireland, wasungula imidangalamgatho, kwaye waqinisekisa ukuba imeko yezomthetho-omGretholthol yayiza kutshintsha kuphela ngokuvuma kwabantu bayo.

Isivumelwano sayilwa ngabom ukuba sidibane ngokwaneleyo ukuze kwanelise amaqumrhu omanyano kunye namaqumrhu obuzwe. Kumaqumrhu, saqinisekisa indawo yoMntla Ireland phakathi koManyano waseMazantsi de uninzi lwabavoti ngenye indlela. Kumazwe, salungiselela indlela ecacileyo yokuhlanganisa ama-Ireland, kunye nokudalwa kwamaqumrhu asemntla-zantsi okwanika iDublin indima ehlolwayo kwimicimbi yangaphakathi yase-Northern Ireland. Noko ke, isakhiwo sonke, sixhomekeke kwimvume yedemokhrasi.

Ezi Zidlo Ezibini: IMandaday

Ii-arhenteendum ze- 22 Meyi 1998 zaziyinkcazo yoyilo lwezopolitiko. Zabanjwa ngaxeshanye kodwa ngemibuzo eyahlukileyo. KuMntla Ireland, abavoti babuzwa ukuba bayasivumela kusini na isivumelwano sezahlulo ezininzi ezifikelelweyo kwiintetho. KwiRiphabliki yase-Ireland, abavoti babuzwa ukuba bayakuvumela ukubuyiselwa komgaqo-siseko wase-Ireland (Ulungiso lweSithintelo seshumi elinesithoba) ozakuvumela urhulumente ukuba athathe inxaxheba kwimibutho emitsha, kwaye, ngokubalulekileyo, ukruqulunqe 2 no 3 womgaqo-siseko wase-Ireland ukuba amkele umgaqo wemvume aze alahle umGaqo-siseko kwi-Ireland yonke. Le nkqubo idityaniweyo yenza umthetho-mthetho-mthetho we- siseko we-Rreland.

IReferendendum Esemntla Ireland

Isalathisi se-arhente eNorthern Ireland sanikela ivoti evakalayo ethi “Ewe” yaba ngu-71.1%, igosa elijikayo malunga no-81%. Oku kwaphawulwa ukuba kukho ulwahluko olunzulu phakathi kwebutho labantu. Isiphumo sabonisa ukuba uninzi lwabaninzi (kuquka amamanyano kunye namarepublic kunye nama-Urbarianan) luzimisele ukwamkela ulwamkelo. Iphulo lalinobundlobongela, “eeeeeeeeenobonobonoa" ikhokelwa yi-democratic Union I-Pauppan Paupley kunye ne-rgan Republican Pargan, iSin Féin, i-Alliate, kunye neUlster Union Palvetic Paup elungeleneyoneyo okanye enye i-Irish.

Inani lama-71% lisoloko licatshulwe, kodwa lifihla iinguqu ezibalulekileyo zengingqi. Imimandla yamaKatolika ahlala kuyo ivotelwe ngokugqwesileyo, isoloko ingaphezulu kwama-95%, ngeli xesha iindawo ezimaProtestanti zazahlulwe kakhulu, ezinye iinqaba zomanyano zibuya zicace mhlophe “No". Noko ke, uninzi lwanele ukunikezela ngogunyaziso lwedemokhrasi olucacileyo. Xa iziphumo zakuba zigunyaziswe, urhulumente waseBritane wazimisele ukuzalisekisa isivumelwano ngokupheleleyo.

IRiphabliki YaseIreland

KwiRiphabliki yaseIreland, uvoti yancedana kakhulu. IsiHlaliso seshumi elinesithoba kumGaqo-siseko savunywa ngu 94.4% wabavoti, ngokujika kwabo abangama- 56%. Oku kufutshane ne-consenus kwabonisa umnqweno ophangaleleyo eMzantsi woxolo kunye nendlela eluncedo yokufikelela kumbuzo waseMntla Ireland. Ukulungisa kwaba ngqongqo: kwasusa ingingqi yangaphambili eNorthern Ireland (ICentles kunye ne-3) kwaye kwayibuyisela ngolwimi oluqinisekisa umanyano lwe-Ireland ngokusebenzisa iindlela zoxolo, kuphela ngokuvuma kwabantu baseMntla Ireland. Kwaye kwadala isizinziso esisemthethweni semeko yokuba nenxaxheba kwiBhunga loMntla-Southesterish.

Kwakhona umlinganiselo ophakamileyo wemvume wabonisa ukuba unyulo lwaseRiphabliki lwalukulungele ukubonisa ukholo oluhle kuluntu olumanyeneyo, lukwenza kucace ukuba umanyano lwase-Ireland lwalungeyomfuneko ukuba lubekwe kodwa lwalulusukelo lokulandelwa ngedemokhrasi. Esi siqinisekiso sasibalulekile ukuze amanyane amkele i-Assion.

Iphulo Elinamandla Nabadlali Abaphambili

Amaphulo kuwo omabini amagunya aye aphawulwa ngamandla angaqhelekanga ezobupolitika. KuMntla Ireland, iphulo “ewe” lamaqela adibeneyo njengoJohn Hume weSDLP, David Trimble wase-Uup, noGerry Adams of Sinn Féin. Bawudibanisa lo mmandla, umkhosi kunye neengxoxo zezobupolitika. Oorhulumente baseBritane ne-Ireland badibanisa umgudu omkhulu wolwazi, basasaza iikopi zesivumelwano kwindlu nganye. Inkxaso yezizwe ngezizwe ukusuka eUnited States, i-European Union, kunye nezinye zongenye ubunzima obungaphezulu. KwiRiphabliki, onke amaqela engundoqo ezobupolitika kunye neCawa yamaKatolika axhasa i- amdipoko, bashiya kuphela into encinane ebangela ukususwa kommandla. Isiphumo asizange sithandabuze ukuthandabuza, kodwa ubunzima obufuziselayo bobubungqina bevoti.

Iinguqu zomGaqo-siseko nomgaqo-siseko wokuvuma

Eyona mpembelelo inzulu yeziphumo ze-arhentem yaba yinkqubo yomgaqo-siseko neyomthetho ekwakhiwe ngayo. Isivumelwano seGood Wesihlanu sawuchaza ngokucacileyo umgaqo-siseko wemvume: ukuba umgaqo-siseko waseMantla Ireland ubuya kuhlala ngaphakathi koBukumkani baseMazanthi ngaphandle kokuba inkoliso yabantu bawo ivote ukuyitshintsha. Lo mgaqo wabhalwa kwi-British-Irish Revention (isivumelwano sezizwe ngezizwe) nomthetho wasekuhlaleni wamaphondo omabini.

IRiphabliki yase-Ireland, isalathisi sonyaka ka-1998 samela ukushiya okuyimbali ukusuka kwingxelo yokuba urhulumente wase-Ireland wayesesona sizathu sokwaziwa kwakhe ukususela ngo1937. Ngokulungisa utshintsho, uvotelo lwase-Ireland lwabonisa ukuba umanyano loxolo kunye nokuhloniphana koxolo lwalubaluleke kakhulu kunokubekwa kwelizwe. Ukulungisa kwakhona kwabangela ukuba kubekho ubuchule bokuyila amaqumrhu anqamleza imida emfazwe eyavumela urhulumente wase-Ireland ukuba amele izilangazelelo zesizwe kuNyakatho Ireland ngaphandle kokuvavanyanisa ulawulo lweBritane. Oku kulungelelana okuno, kuvunywe ngooooooooooooyena bakhulu bedemokhrasi abanamandla, ukususela oko kuye kwaba yimodeli yemimiselo yemiqatha yeenkqubo yezo mpikiswano ehlabathini lonke.

Iinguqu zomgaqo-siseko nazo zaba neziphumo ezisebenzayo. Kubantu bombutho, ukususwa kwemiqathango yelizwe yayiluphawu olunamandla lokholo olulungileyo kuMzantsi, ikwenza kube lula ngabo ukwamkela amandla alawulayo. Kumazwe, amagama amatsha anika ukuvunywa okusemthethweni “kobuzibulo babo bonke abantu baseMntla Ireland ukuba bazichaze baze bamkeleke njenge-Ireland okanye amaBritane, okanye zombini, njengoko benokukhetha. Oku kuqinisekiswa okubini kwakuyindlela engundoqo yokuzichaza kwaba luncedo ekuziseni amaRhulumente kwibutho ezobupolitika.

IReferendendum njengesiseko sokwabelana ngamandla

Ii-arhenteendum azizange nje zitshintshe umgaqo-siseko obhaliweyo; zadala iimeko zezobupolitika ukwenzela urhulumente odaliweyo. Ugunyaziso lwanika iNdibano entsha yaseMntla Ireland kunye noMlawuli-ophetheyo (ukusetyenziswa kwenkxaso enqamlezayo). Amaziko amiselwe phantsi kwesivumelwano asoloko echazwa njengeyokuncedisana, intsingiselo yawo yenzelwe ukwabelana ngegunya phakathi kwabaququzeli bomanyano kunye nabameli besizwe kwaye afuna inkxaso enkulu kuwo omabini amaqela kwizigqibo ezingundoqo.

Ngaphandle kweziphumo ze-arhenteedum, kuyinto engenakwenzeka ukuba nawaphi na amaqumrhu abeya kwamkela ngokupheleleyo loo maziko. Abameli bamaZwe bebenokuphikisa ukuba iSivumelwano sasibekwe eLondon naseDublin. Bekunokwenzeka ukuba ukungabikho kogunyaziso oluqhelekileyo eMzantsi kunikezelwe ukuzinikela okunganele kwiminqweno yawo. Abaququzeleli ababini bayaziphepha ezi mgibe ngokwenza iSivumelo sibe yindawo engqalileyo yabantu, hayi nje kwezobupolitika. Ngenxa yoko, kwanaxa amaziko ayengekho (njengoko kwenzeka ngo-2002 ukuya ku-2002020), ukwakhiwa okungalawulekiyo kwesivumelwano kwahlala kungangqubani nako, kanye ngenxa yokuba imigaqo yayo engundoqo yayiviwe yi-Décliclic.

Ngokubhekele phaya, amaqumrhu aguqula indlela yokuziphatha yezopolitiko yemibutho yomkhosi. Ukuvota okugqwesileyo okuxhasa isivumelwano `````Isivumelwano''''' ingakumbi kwiindawo zobuzwe'' kwenze ukuba kungabi nakwenzeka ukuba amaqela esizwe aqhubeke exhobile ngenkxaso ethandwayo. Umkhosi we Irish Republican Republican (IRA) ekugqibeleni wakhulula izixhobo zawo, intshukumo ebingenakucingwa ngaphandle kokuxhaswa kwedemokhrasi kulawulo loxolo. Ilungiselelo “lokuphelisa uxolo olupheleleyo” laba lisiseko sonikezelo olutsha.

Ilifa Nokuqhubeka Nentsingiselo

Iziphumo ezibhekiswa phambili zikaMeyi 1998 ziyaqhubeka zibumba i-politiki yase-Northern Ireland namhlanje. Bamisela umzekelo wokuba naluphi na utshintsho olukhulu lomgaqo-siseko eNorthern Ireland kufuneka lubekwe ngqo ebantwini. Lo mgaqo ngoku ugcinwe kumalungiselelo epost-Brexit, kuquka i-Protocol yaseNorthern Ireland kunye neFrameography, eyayikwaphantsi kwenkqubo yokuvuma kwedemokhrasi (ivoti yedemokhrasi” kwiNdibano ngo-2024). U-1998 i-arhentem ihlala ikho kuphawu olubonisa ukuba yonke imiqathango yomgaqo-siseko olandelayo ummandla ulinganiswe kulo mmandla.

Impembelelo Yezivumelwano Ezilandelayo

I-Good Wear Agreements imisela isivumelwano soxolo esilandelelanayo. Kumntla Ireland ngokwayo, i-St Andrews Agreement (2006, i-Hillsborough Castle Actrition (0), kunye ne-Stormont House Agreement (2014 zonke ezakhiwe kwisiseko seendawo zomzi wonyaka ka-1998. Zonke ezi zibonelelo zaxhomekeka ngokupheleleyo kugunyaziso lwedemokhrasi lwezimelo lwezikhundla lokuqala lokugcina intembelo kawonke-wonke. Ngaphandle kwe-Northern Ireland, ukusetyenziswa kwe-arhententeum kwimimandla ekhuphisanayo kufundwe ziingcali zesigqibo sezongqungqubano kwiindawo ezifana neBosbos, iSiprovile, kunye neMpuma Ephakathi. Ukuphumelela kwempumelelo yonyaka ka-1998.

Izifundo Ezikhokelela Kwisigqibo Sokungqubana

Ii-asendum ezibini zinika izifundo eziliqela ezihlala zihleli. Okokuqala, zibonisa ukuba iinkqubo zedemokhrasi azingomthetho nje kodwa zingunogada: isenzo sovota ngokwaso singasakha ukufaneleka nokuthenjwa. Okwesibini, zibonisa ukubaluleka kokupakisha utshintsho lomgaqo-siseko ngokulula, okanye ngokulula, okuthi kudlule uqhekeko lwezopolitiko. Okwesithathu, zibonisa indlela ii-arhentententeum ezinokuvala ngayo kwizibophelelo ezibangela ukuxakeka kwemali eninzi ngoko nangoko zinika uzinzo. Okokugqibela, i-1998zincopho zibonisa ixabiso lexesha: ukubamba amavoti ngokukhawuleza emva kokuba isivumelwano sityikitywe, ngaphambi kokuba abachani babe nexesha lokufumana ihlolo-hlolo, iqinisekisa inkqubo yoxolo ihleli kwingoma.

Namhlanje, iGood Wear Adver Aguement isengundoqo kwibutho labantu base-Ireland basemntla. I-asendems eyayivumelayo ayingombhalo osemazantsi wembali nje kuphela kodwa amaxwebhu aphilayo omgaqo-siseko. Xa kuvela impikiswano e-Ireland ngokumanyana (njengoko ivela ukususela kwi-Brexit kunye nokutshintshana kwamanani e-Ireland eNyakatho-Ireland) uvotelwa ngo-1998 kunika inkqubo ecacileyo esemthethweni neyopolitiki echaza indlela olo tshintsho olunokwenzeka ngayo. Umgaqo wokuvumelana, uxhaswe yi-70% ye-Nord Ireland’s Revotai, kunye no- 94% ye-Rwanda uthetha ukuba nasiphi nasiphi na isindululo sexesha elizayo esimanyeneyo siyafuna ukusetyenziswa kwayo, sikhonkwanelo soxolo kunye nengxoxo ephakathi koxolo.

Isiphelo

Iziphumo ezibhekiselwayo ngoMeyi 1998 zazingaphezulu kakhulu kunokunconywa okuqhelekileyo kwemicimbi yezobupolitika. Babeluguqulo lwedemokhrasi olwacombulula ingxaki yomgaqo-siseko kwisiqu seengxaki. Ngokunika abantu baseMntla Ireland naseRiphabliki yase-Ireland ilizwi elingqalileyo, ama-arhente aguqula i-Good Wearly Revention esuka kwisivumelwano esiphezulu esibuthathaka ngokungentle kwisivumelwano esiqinileyo, esisemthethweni. I-77% ivota kuMntla kunye ne- 94% yevoti yaseMzantsi yadala isivumelwano esisibophelelo phakathi kwabantu namazwe, enye emelana neemeko zezobupolitika, ugonyamelo lwe-Roffat, kunye nokungalawuleki kweBrenti. Intsingiselo yayo ayiphelelanga kwizinto ezidlulileyo; ihlala isiseko sedemocracracralikhi apho zonke iingxoxo ngoxolo nomanyano kwi-Ireland ziya kuhlala.

Ukuphanda amaxwebhu embali kunye nohlalutyo lwangoku olubhekele phaya, abafundi bangajonga i UK itekisi kaRhulumente we-Belfast Advrence, i- iStatush Book kwiSigqeba seSinethi yoMphetho-Amandla [, kunye ne [[FLT:]4] alysis ye-British Academyment kwindima ye-exmentums kwiinkqubo zoxolo[[]. Ukuqonda okuthe kongezelela kwimisebenzi yephulo kusenokufunyanwa BB] ukukhangela i-votiko-1998 [FLT]]