Table of Contents
Isiseko Sobulungisa: Ukuqonda Inkqubo Elindelekileyo Kubulungisa Bezaphuli - mthetho
Inkqubo elindelekileyo imele njengenye yezona ntsika zibalulekileyo kuyo nayiphi na inkqubo esesikweni. Embilinini yayo, sisiqinisekiso sokuba amandla karhulumente aya kusetyenziswa phakathi kwemida esemthethweni kwaye wonke umntu ojongene nokulahlekelwa bubomi, inkululeko, okanye impahla uza kuphathwa ngokusesikweni okusisiseko. Ngaphandle kwenkqubo efanelekileyo, inkqubo yokugweba iyakuba sengozini yokuba lisixhobo samandla azimeleyo kunokuba ibe sisixhobo sokuyila ngokungakhethi. Lo mgaqo ufuna ukuba imithetho icace, loo migaqo ibe yeyona icace, nokuba wonke umntu, kungakhathaliseki ukuba sisiqalo okanye imeko, afumane ithuba elibalulekileyo lokuviwa phambi komenzi wesigqibo sobundilele.
Le ngcamango asiyonto ingenantsingiselo kodwa iseti eqinileyo yokhuseleko olufakwe kumthetho-siseko, kwimithetho esesikweni, kunye neenkulungwane zemodeli yezomthetho. Iquka zombini ezo mithetho eziphantsi kwemithetho (izinto urhulumente anokuyenza) kunye nezisenokwenziwa [iiinkqubo] zokhuseleko oluphosakeleyo, ukugqwesa kwezemfundo, ukucalula, ukucalula, ukuphatha ngokugqithisileyo, ukuphatha ingcazelelwa kwabafundi, izifundiswa zomthetho, kunye nabemi abaquququzeli, ukuqondwa okunzulu kwenkqubo efunekayo yempilo kunye nokungalungisiswa kwenkqubo yezobulungisa.
Imvelaphi Yembali Yenkqubo Efanele Ilandelwe
Ukusuka KwiMagna Carta Ukuya Kumthetho Oqhelekileyo
Umnombo wenkqubo efunekayo ungalandelelwa ngqo kwiMagna Carta yowe-1215, apho uKumkani uJohn wavumayo ukuba wayebotshwe ngumthetho nokuba akukho mntu ukhululekileyo onokuthi afakwe entolongweni okanye ahlulwe impahla yakhe "ngaphandle komgwebo osemthethweni woontanga bakhe okanye umthetho welizwe. Eli binzana lichaza ukuba "umthetho welizwe," watshintshela kwingcamango yale mihla ekhoyo. Umthetho oqhelekileyo wahlaziyisla ezi ngcamango nge-habeas corpus — ilungelo lokuvavanya ukuvalelwa okungekho mthethweni — nangokuphuhliswa kwetyala ngabagwebi. Ezi zikhuseli zamandulo zaziqonda ukuba igunya lobukumkani elingathintelekiyo linokuba likhokele ngokulula, kwaye oko kukhuselo olulungeleyo lwaluyimfuneko ukukhusela abantu kwimo ye-oChostries.
Inkqubo efanelekileyo kumGaqo-siseko waseUnited States
Abalahli bomGaqo-siseko wase-U.S. babephenjelelwe kakhulu yizithethe zomthetho zamaNgesi. IsiHlanzo sesihlanu, esamkeliswa ngowe-1791 njengenxalenye yeBhili yamaLungelo, ngokucacileyo siyalela ukuba akukho mntu uya "kuphulukana nobomi, inkululeko, okanye impahla, ngaphandle kwenkqubo efanelekileyo yomthetho." Eli lungiselelo ekuqaleni lalisebenza kurhulumente karhulumente karhulumente kuphela. Emva kwemfazwe yeSihlalo-Mbetho-Gawulayo (1868) sandisa ukhuseleko olufanayo kurhulumente, lisithi akukho rhulumente uya kuthi "kungaphi na umntu ophilayo, okanye impahla, ngaphandle kwenkqubo efanelekileyo yomthetho."ukuthi, lonto izenze zibumba umgqalise inkqubo efunekayo eMelika. Batolikwayitolikwayo iNkuNku-Ophezulu ukuba kungafuneki kuphela iinkqubo ezifanelekileyo kodwa kwakhona ukuhloniphanazo kungabikho lwabiwo-mali, nokuba kusini na.
Xa bejonga ngokunzulu kwindaleko yembali, abafundi bangajonga i- Cornell Information Institute yendlela efanelekileyo yenkqubo, elandelela le mfundiso ukusuka kwimvelaphi yayo yamaxesha aphakathi kwiinkqubo zale mihla.
Imilinganiselo Emibini Yenkqubo Elindelekileyo
Inkqubo Elindelekileyo: Indlela Okusesikweni Okuphunyezwa Ngayo
Inkqubo efunekayo yenkqubo yengcaciso ibhekiselele kumntu onegunya kunye no-'mechanis] oqeshwe ngurhulumente xa ezama ukuhlutha umntu ubomi, inkululeko, okanye impahla. Kumongo wesigebengu, oku kuthetha ukuba ummangalelwa unelungelo lokufumana ukhuseleko olukhethekileyo: isaziso sezityholo, ithuba lokunikela ingqiniso, ilungelo lokuchana amangqina, ilungelo lokukhawuleza nokuvavanywa kukawonke wonke, ilungelo lokufumana ityala elingokwasemthethweni, ilungelo lokukhulula kwinyanzelo elingokwasemthethweni, namalungelo okungamalungelo okuzinyanzelekanga ukunyanzeleka. INkundla ePhakakhulu ibambelele kakhulu ekuzikhuseleni kwazo; ziqinisekisa ukuba zimele zifumane isibakala sokuba zifanele zifumane isidima.
Enye yezona nkqubo zibalulekileyo zenkqubo yomthetho wolwaphulo-mthetho ezifanelekileyo yimfuneko yokuba urhulumente abonise ukuba unetyala ngaphandle kothandabuza olusengqiqweni. Lo mgangatho uphakamileyo wobungqina, obubodwa kwiinkqubo zolwaphulo-mthetho, ubonisa iziphumo ezinzulu zokholo kunye nemfuneko engqinelanayo yokunciphisa umngcipheko wempazamo. Ngaphezu koko, inkqubo efunekayo yokubonakalisa ukuba iimvavanyo ziqhutywa ngabagwebi nabagwebi abangakhethiyo, kwaye abamangalelwa bayakwazi ukubhenela kwimithetho engalunganga. Kwanasemva kokuqinisekiswa, inkqubo efanelekileyo iyaqhubeka isebenza: amabanjwa akhuselekile kwimfaneleko yokuva, iityala ezintle, ixesha elifanelekileyo, kunye neemeko zokuvalelwa.
Inkqubo Ebalulekileyo Elindelekileyo: Oko Imithetho Isenokungakwenzi
Inkqubo engundoqo esezantsi ijonge ngaphaya kwenkqubo ukudityaniswa komthetho ngokwawo. Ibuza ukuba umthetho usoloko ungekho sikweni ngokwemvelo, kungakhathaliseki ukuba unyanzeliswa njani. Le mfundiso ikholelwa ukuba amalungelo athile asisiseko — anjengengqibelelo yomzimba, ubuqu, kunye nenkululeko yokuhamba — asekelwe ngokunzulu kwimbali yaseMelika nakumasiko kangangokuba urhulumente akanakuwuchasa ngaphandle kokuba kukho ulungiso olunyanzelekileyo kwaye umthetho ulungiselelwe ngokulula ukufezekisa loo njongo.
Kwindawo yesaphuli-mthetho, inkqubo efunekayo esetyenziswayo iye yabheniswa ukubetha imithetho engquzulana nemilinganiselo egqwethekileyo engqubanayo (umz., [[FLT: 0]]]Lawrence v. Texas), ukulinganisela ukusetyenziswa kwamandla agqithisileyo ngamapolisa, nokulinganisela ukubekwa kwesohlwayo sokufa ngeendlela ezichaseneyo nemilinganiselo ehloniphekileyo. Kukwasebenza njengokuhlola imithetho ebhaqileyo emfifikileyo kangangokuba abantu abaqhelekileyo abanakuqonda oko kuthintelwayo, okanye okutshaye kwandeka kakhulu kwaye kukhuselwe. Ukuqhatha phakathi kwemisebenzi encinci kunye neyo ekhuselweyo kuntsonkothileyo, kodwa zombini zisebenza kunye kunye ukukhusela abantu abangoorhulumente.
Inkqubela Efanelekileyo Ephunyezwayo: Indima Yayo Kubulungisa Bezaphuli - mthetho
Ukukhusela Ummangalelwa Kwinkolelo Ephosakeleyo
Mhlawumbi umsebenzi obonakalayo wenkqubo efunekayo kukukhusela abantu abamsulwa ekugwetyweni kolwaphulo-mthetho abangazange balwe. Nyaka ngamnye, amakhulu eengxelo ezisuka kubungqina be-DNA kunye nezinye ii-fekta ezibonisa ukuba ukuchanabeka kokholo kuyenzeka ngobuninzi obumangalisayo. Iinkqubo ezibonakalayo zikhusela — njengamalungelo okuphumelela ekuncedeni kwesiluleko, ilungelo lokunikela ubungqina bokubhaxelwa ulwaphulo-mthetho, kunye nokungavunyelwa kokuvunywa kwetyala — kucetyelwe ukucutha ezi ntlekele. Xa ezi khuseleko zibuthathaka, umngcipheko wokukholelwa okuphosakeleyo unyuka kakhulu. Amatyala aphezulu afana nalawo aseCentral Park 5, apho abantwana abahlanu bagwetyelwa ngokuphosakeleyo phambi kokuba bengenatyala ngokobucala, ukuvuma okubonisa oko kwenzeka xa kuthe kwenzekile ngenxa yezenzo ezingekho mthethweni, nokungagunyazwa ngokusemthethweni.
Ukuqinisekisa Izilingo Ezifanelekileyo Namalungelo Okululekwa
Ilungelo lokugweba ngokufanelekileyo lingumxholo wenkqubo efunekayo kwimicimbi yolwaphulo-mthetho. Eli lungelo liquka amandla okunikela ubungqina kukhuseleko lukabani, ukunqumla kumangqina karhulumente, ukungqina okanye ukuhlala ethule, nokuba nejaji echongiweyo esuka kwicandelo elinqamlezileyo lesizwe. Ityala lembali [[FLT: 0] Gideon v. Wainright [1963]) liqinisekisa ukuba ukuchanazelwa kweSindululo seSithandathu siqinisekisa uncedo lwesiluleko kubo bonke abamangalelwayo abajongene nezityholo ezinzulu. Izigqibo zinyuse ekuthetheleni, ukungxolisa, ukungxolisa, ukubhexana nokungalawuleki.
Ukugcina Intembelo Kawonke - wonke Nomthetho
Ngaphandle kokukhusela abamangalelwa ngabanye, inkqubo efunekayo yenza umsebenzi obalulekileyo wobuntlalo-ntle: ivumela iziphumo zenkqubo yokusesikweni. Xa uluntu lukholelwa ukuba iimvavanyo zilungile, ukuba wonke umntu uyalingana phambi komthetho, kwaye abamangalelwa baphathwa ngentlonelo, basengozini yokwamkela izigqibo — kwanazo bangavumelani nazo — kwaye basebenzisane nokugcinwa komthetho. Ngokuchaseneyo, xa inkqubo efanelekileyo iqwalaselwa njengengenayo, ukuphelelwa yintembelo yasekuhlaleni, kunye nokungathembani okanye isiphithiphithiphithi-phithi-phithi-phithi isenokulandela. Umthetho wenkqubo yonke yokusesikweni uxhomekeke kwisiseko sokusesikweni, njengoko uphanda ngobulungisa obuqhelekileyo busoloko bubonisiwe.
Ukuphanda ngokunzulu ngendlela okuchaphazeleka ngayo okusesikweni kokusesikweni okuchaphazela ukuthembana kukawonke-wonke, bona i- Icandelo lesizwe lengxelo yeJaji ye-procedual jastial jastia kunye ne-politiki.
Iingxaki Zexesha Elizayo
Ukufikelela okungalingananga kumelo olusemthethweni
Ngaphandle kwesithembiso se- Gedeon, inyaniso yabamangalelwa abaninzi abangenwayo ithe gca. Ii-ofisi zokhuselo lukawonke-wonke kulo lonke ilizwe zisoloko zixinene kwaye zithwaxwa, ukuthwaliswa kwetyala kugqitha kwimigangatho yezolwazi, kwaye abamangalelwa abaninzi kufuneka balinde iinyanga phambi kokuba babone igqwetha. Kwezinye iindawo, abamangalelwa banyanzeleka ukuba bamangalelwe ngaphandle kokucebisana negqwetha, ngokufuthi ukukhusela isigwebo esifutshane kwintolongo exineneleyo. Eli tyala lokungagqibeleliyo lijongekiyo inkqubela phambili yenkqubo efunekayo. Uhlolisiso lubonise ukuba abamangalelwayo abavalelwe ngaphambi kokuba beqeshwe — ngenxa yokuba bengenamali — basoloko banokugwetyelwa yaye bafumana ingcwabo eninzi, bafumana iziphumo ezingakumbi ezingakumbi, ubutyebi obude bafumana ityala.
IBhayibhiya Epheleleyo Nokungakhethi Buso Kwezogwebo
Inkqubo efanelekileyo ifuna abenzi bezigqibo zobundilele, kodwa abantu abangafezekanga. Uphando olucacileyo lubonise ukuba abagwebi, abagwebi, nabatshutshisi basenokungaqondi ukuba banezigwebo ezisekelwe kuhlanga, ubuhlanga, ubufana, okanye imeko yentlalo yezoqoqosho ezichaphazela imigwebo yabo. Umzekelo, uphando lufumanisekufumanise ukuba abamangalelwa abaNsundu basengozini yokubekwa ityala elinzulu, ukubekwa ityala elinzima, nokufumana izigwebo eziqatha kunezo zibekwe ngokunjalo ngabamangalelwa abamhlophe. Ngoxa ubuhlanga obucacileyo buye baqhubeka buchaphazela inkqubo yabo, ukuchaphaza okungaphindiswayo, ukuqeqeshwa okungacacanga, ukuqhatha kwemigaqo-nkqubo, ukubekwa kwemithetho enzima, kunye nokwenziwa kwezakhiwo zokwenziwa kwemithetho elawula ingqiqo.
Iinkundla ezithwaliswe ubunzima obungaphezulu kunye nobulungisa bomgca weNdibano
Ukugqugqisa kwetyala lolwaphulo-mthetho — ingakumbi ngenxa yetyala eliphantsi kunye nocwangco lukawonke-wonke — kuye kwakhokelela kwisiganeko abanye abaphengululi abasibiza ngokuba "kukusesikweni okufanelekileyo". Kwiinkundla ezininzi zasezidolophini, abagwebi balungisa imicimbi engamakhulu eemeko ngemini, nexeshana elincinane lokuhlolisisa iimeko zomntu ngamnye. Le nkqubo ithe yafikelela kwiindlela eziphambili zokucombulula amatyala, ngelikhulu lama-95% eziphumo zokucela ityala kunokuba balingwe. Xa abatshutshisi besebenzisa izigwebo ezingelwayo ezingeka kakhulu ngemiqatha nangemiqathango, abakhokeli basenokuziva benyanzekile ukuba bamkele ukuqhuba izibongozo nokuba zinokubakho ngokwenene. Le nkqubo ikwenza ubuchule obuzimongongo, izama ukuqinisekisa isiqinisekiso esifanelekileyo sokuvavanywa kwetyala.
Ubuxhakaxhaka, umthamo, kunye nenkqubo elindelekileyo yamanani
Inkqubela-phambili yobugcisa ekhoyo kwinkqubela-phambili ekhoyo kwinkqubo ekhoyo efuna imposiso. Ngokwembali, inkqubo efunekayo isetyenziswa kakhulu ekufuneni uphando, ukuxhwithwa, nokuncinwa. Kodwa namhlanje, ukunyanzeliswa komthetho kungafumana intabalala ye-pythopy ye-data yamanani: iirekhodi zeselfowuni, imisebenzi yezentlalo-mbini, i-menutameter, kwaye kwanenkcazelo evela kwizixhobo ezifanelekileyo. INkundlatho ePhakamileyo iye yazama ukutshintsha imfundiso yeSigqibo seSihlalo se-Mguqulo, efana ne-Phondo. [FLT] kwimeko efana no-FLT]. [FLT] [FLT] [11].[FLT] [2001] [iK] [iK] [iFLT] [icelk] [iiiiii, [iiii-data] [indlela], ngokokutshintsha kolwazi olukhawulezayo, ngokokutshintshayokusetyenziswa rhoqo kwezo, ukusetyenziswa kwemibangondo, ukusetyenziswa kobu
Imiphumo Egqugqisileyo Nesingqino Sengxelo
Inkqubo elindelekileyo ayipheli ngokuqiniseka. Kodwa abamangalelwa abaninzi bajongene neziphumo eziqatha ezisoloko zibekwa ngaphandle kokuva okanye ukuqwalasela iimeko zomntu ngamnye. Ingxelo yolwaphulo-mthetho ingamhlubula umntu onelungelo lokuvota, afumane izindlu zikawonke-wonke, akhusele amalayisensi obugcisa, afanelekele iimali-mali zabafundi, okanye ahlale kwimimandla ethile. Le miphumo, eyahluka-tshintsha kakhulu ngokongavumelani norhulumente, inokuba yingozi ngakumbi kunesigwebo santlandlolo. Abahlalutyisi baphikisa ngelithi ukusetyenziswa kweso sohlwayo ngaphandle kokukhuselwa kwendlela yokhuseleko lomthetho kuchasene nomoya wenkqubo efunekayo, ingakumbi xa ukukhongolelwa phantsi kwetyala kufunyenweyo ngesicelo sokwenza into ummangalelwa angayiqondangaqondanga.
Ityala lophawu lwelizwe elaguqula ukhuseleko lwenkqubela-phambili
UGideon (1963): Ilungelo Lokucebisa
UClarence Earl Gideon wayelihlwempu elihlwempu elihambayo elilihlwempu e-Frankleant ityholwa ngokuqhekeza iholo yequla laseFlorida. Ekumangalweni kwakhe, wacela igqwetha, kodwa urhulumente wala, ecaphula umzekelo owakhe wavumela amazwe ukuba aphikise icebiso kumatyala angengawo angomantloko. UGidiyon wazikhusela kwaye wagwetywa. Kwisisele sakhe sentolongo, wabhala isibheno esibhalwe ngesandla kwiNkuNkundla ePhakamileyo, ephikisa ngelithi uMgaqo-siseko ugunyazisela igqwetha. Inkundla yavuma ukuba ingumthetho weSithandathu ugunyaziso ekuwisweni yilungelo elingundoqo elisebenzayo kumazwe akwiSinesiHlo-Garam. Isigqibo saguqula inkqubo yokugweba yaseMelika, wabhala isibhedlele inkundla yoluntu ekhusela iiofisi zikarhulumente ngokubanziswa ngurhulumente nobuhlwempunge.
Miranda v. Arizona (1966): Ukukhusela Ukuchasene Nokuziphatha Okubi
Ernesto Miranda wabanjwa emva kokuba efunyaniswe kwi-roup. Emva kweeyure ezimbini zokuncinwa, watyobela isindululo esasisetyenziselwa ukumgweba ngokudlwengula nokuqweqwedisa. Ekubhexezeni, iNkundla Ephakamileyo yagqiba kwelokuba abatshutshisi basenokungasebenzisi iingxelo ezisuka ekuncinyweni kwegunya lokufumana ilungelo lokufumana imvume ngaphandle kokuba bazixelele ukuba izigqibo zabo zeSigqibo zeNkundla zesihlanu zinyanzelekile ukuba ulwenzele ngokwabo kwaye ulwenzelo lwabo lweSijungqulululo lunganikwanga isiluleko. Ngoku iSicwangciso seSithandathu sokuzilungisa Amacala "Mandanda" — "Unelungelo lokuhlala uthe cwaka..." — zazalwa. Ngoxa izigqibo zakutshanje iNkuqululo lweNkuquluko ziye zacineka emngciphekweni kaMirda — umzekelo ngokuvumela ukuba amagosa aqhubeke ngaphandle kwesoko yokhuseleko kukhuseleko oluthile.
KwiGault (1967): Inkqubo elindelekileyo kaJuvenile
Kwimbali enkulu yaseMerika, inkundla yabantwana yasebenza ngokungacwangciswanga, kunye nabagwebi abasebenza njengamanani angootata abanokuvalela abantu abaselula ngaphandle koninzi lwezokhuseleko olunikwa abantu abadala. Oko kwatshintsha ngetyala likaGerald Gault, inkwenkwe eneminyaka eli-15 ubudala egwetyelwe ukuya kwisikolo soshishino iminyaka emithandathu ukwenzela ukubiza ucingo olungcolileyo — ulwaphulo-mthetho apho umntu omdala ebenokujamelana nomgangatho ophezulu wama-50 okanye iinyanga ezimbini entolongweni. Inkundla Ephakamileyo yathi ulutsha olujongenezobundlobongela isobo inelungelo lokufumana imigaqo elungileyo, kuquka isaziso sokufumana izityholo, ukucebisa, ilungelo lokuthetha amangqina, ilungelo lokujamelana nolwaphulo-mthetho. [FLD:] [FUR.[0] [FUR.FF:]
Maryland (1963): IDuty to Disculor Expoint Ubungqina Bokuphembelela
Nangona ingadumekanga kakhulu kune [[FLT: 0] IGideon okanye [[FTL:2] imaranda , Brady] v. Maryland yenye yezona nkqubo zibalulekileyo ezifunekayo zokuqinisekisa iimvavanyo ezilungileyo. Inkundla ePhakamileyo yakholelwa ukuba abatshutshisi kufuneka batyhile ubungqina obulungileyo kummangalelwa — kuquka ubungqina obungakhuthazi amangqina okumangalelwa — nanini nanini nakufumana ubungqina obubonisa ukuba kukho ityala okanye isohlwayo. Lo msebenzi, owaziwayo ngokuba "Umthetho weBrady," ubalulekile ngenxa yokuba uthintele imeko ekufihleni ubungqina obunganyani. Kodwa, uqheliso obenziswayo; ukwenziwa kobugxeko-gxel; uthe qha, uphelo-mxeka, ufumana ubungqina obulungileyo, ubungqina obukho.
Inkqubo Efanelekileyo Kwixesha lamanani
Uhlaziyo Logcino-lwazi nohlaziyo lwesine
Ukudubuleka kogcino-lwazi lwamanani kuye kwanyanzelisa iinkundla ukuba zicinge ngokokuba yintoni ebangela "ukuphendla" iinjongo zoMphetho wesine. ICercenter v. United States [2017], iNkundla yathi ukufikelela kwindawo yeselfowuni egqume ixesha okanye iiveki kukuphengulula okudla ngokubalwa yi-imfuno. Noko ke, uluvo lwalumxinwa, yaye iinkundla ezisezantsi ziye zazama ukulusebenzisa kwezinye iindlela zolwazi, kuquka ipleyiti yelayisensi, i-drone metagege, kunye nomgaqo ofaneleyo ovela kubaqondisi-mfo. Umgaqo ofanele ukuba abantu kufuneka baphawulwe malunga nokuphazamisa korhulumente ulawulo uyalwa ngokunjalo njengoko ukuqokelelwa kogcino-data kuyinto ekhoyo kwaye ingabonakali.
Ukuvavanywa kwemithetho-siseko nokugwetywa
Amaphondo amaninzi ngoku asebenzisa i-algorithm zekhompyutha ukuvavanya ubungozi bokumangalelwa ekuvani nasekugwetyweni kwebheyile. Ezi zixhobo, ezifana ne-COMPAS, zenzelwe ukunciphisa ikhethe lomntu kwaye zikhuthaza ukungaguquguquki. Kodwa abahlalutyi baye baphakamisa inkxalabo enzulu efunekayo: i-algorithm zidla ngokuyiprofita, ithetha ukuba imisebenzi yazo yangaphakathi iyimfihlo kwaye ayinakucelw'ilwa ngemfihleko. Abameli abasayi kwazi ukuba i-algorithm ibabhale njani okanye bacinge ukuba ziziphi na izinto eziqwalaselweyo. Oku kubangela ukuba ukuchanabeka kwemithetho enjalo efihlakeleyo kudla ngokunjalo, kodwa ingxube i-AIAL idlala indima enkulu kwinkqubo yokusesikweni.
Imbono Yamazwe Ngamazwe Kwinkqubo Elindelekileyo
Nangona inkqubo efanelekileyo isoloko inxulunyaniswa ne-United States, umgaqo wokuvavanywa ngokufanelekileyo uqashelwa kwiinkqubo zomthetho jikelele. Inqaku le-10 leSindululo somhlaba wonke samaLungelo aBantu lichaza ukuba "Wonke umntu unelungelo lokulingana ngokupheleleyo nokuthethwa ngokusesikweni nakuwonke-wonke yinkundla ezimeleyo nengakhethiyo". Isivumelwano saseYurophu samaLungelo samaLungelo oluntu ngokufanayo siqinisekisa ilungelo lokuvavanywa ngokusesikweni, kuquka ilungelo lokufumana uncedo olusemthethweni, nelungelo lokuhlola amangqina. Amazwe amaninzi aqhelekileyo — kuquka iKhanada, i-Australia, kunye noManyene noBukumkani — aye aphuhlisa inkqubo eqinileyo ekhuselekileyo ngokusemthethweni nangezigwebo zomthetho. Umzekelo, iSicangcango seKhana saseMali siqulethe ukukhuselwa okungaqinisekiyo nokuzigosa, ilungelo lokuzibamba ngaphandle kokulibala nokungalibazi, ukuzama ukuzama ukuqhuba imigaqo elungelenelisayo, imigaqo elungele ukulingana nemali elungele ukulingana.
Ukuze ufumane ushwankathelo olufikelelekayo lwendlela iNkundla yaseYurophu yamalungelo abantu enyanzelisa ngayo ukuchotshelwa kobulungisa, bona Ikhonco yesikhokelo saseYurophu kwiGatya 6 leNgqungquthela yaseYurophu yaMalungelo abantu.
Isiphelo: Inyathelo Elibalulekileyo Elibalulekileyo
Imo-siseko asiyonkqubo emileyo kodwa ngumgaqo ophilayo omele uhambelane neemeko ezintsha. Ukusuka kwimimandla yamaxesha aphakathi ye-Runnymede ukuya kwimimandla yedabi lamanani yenkundla yale mihla, ingcamango engundoqo ihlala ifana: urhulumente kufuneka asebenzise amandla akhe ngokuzibamba, ngokusesikweni, nangokuphendula. Imingeni efunekayo namhlanje — phantsi kwenkqubo yokuzikhusela exhotyisiweyo, ubuchule bobungcali, ukuvaleka kwe-algoric, kunye nobuchule bokuhlola iingcebiso elikhoyo — iyamangalisa, kodwa ayinamandla. Ngokuqonda iziseko ezingokwembali, ukhuseleko olubini lweproclethratic kunye nento encinci, kunye neziphumo zokwenene zehlabathi zeemeko zerekhothi, abo basebenza okanye abafunda inkqubo yokulungisa inkqubo yokulungisa.
Ukugcinwa kwenkqubo efanelekileyo kufuna ukuphaphanyiswa yiyo yonke i-arhente: abagwebi abamele banyanzelise imithetho kwanaxa ingeyomfuneko, abamisi-mthetho abamele banike oovimba abafanelekileyo ukuze bakhusele, abatshutshisi abamele bawuhlonele umsebenzi wabo wokufuna okusesikweni kunokufuna iinkolelo nje kuphela, kwaye abemi abamele bafune ukuba bacace kwaye baphendule. Xa inkqubo efanelekileyo iqinile, inkqubo yokusesikweni ifumana igunya layo. Xa ibuthathaka, inkqubo iba ngumatshini wokudala usizi nempazamo. Uzibophelelo olufanelekileyo ekugqibeleni luzibophelele kwingcamango yokuba wonke umntu, akukho nto abatyholwa ngayo, igcina isidima sakhe soluntu — yaye imele ihlonelwe phantsi komthetho.