Ukuqonda Inkqubo YePanchayati Raj

Inkqubo yePanchayati Raj imele iliwa lolawulo olufanelekileyo emaphandleni aseIndiya, imisela umgaqo wokuba idemokhrasi imele ifikelele kwiingca eziphungulweyo. Isekwa njengesakhiwo esinemitha emithathu, iquka iGram Panchayats kumgangatho wedolophana, iPanchayat Samitis kumgangatho webloko, neZilla Paris ixhobisa umgangatho wesithili. Le nkqubo inika amandla asebenzayo kuluntu lwasekuhlaleni ngokukwazi ukuthatha inxaxheba ngokuthe ngqo ekwenzeni izigqibo ezibumba ubomi babo bemihla ngemihla (ukusukela ekulawuleni amanzi nococelo lobuhlwempuzelo. Inkqubo yenzelwe ukuvala umsantsa phakathi korhulumente nolawulo, iqinisekisa ukuba ukuphuhliswa kwemithetho yasekuhlaleni kubonakalisa izinto eziphambili kunemiqatha.

Umthetho - siseko wePanchayati Raj waqiniswa ngoMthetho weSigqibo we- 73th woMgaqo-siseko wowe-1992, owaqalisa ukusebenza ngoApril 24, 1993. Lo mthetho wesithethe wanika izihlalo ezisisigxina zasemaphandleni, uzenze zibe ziingingqi zolawulo loburhulumente. Isivumelwano sagunyazisa ukusekwa kwenkqubo yesithathu kwilizwe ngalinye enabemi abangaphezulu kwezigidi ezibini, usungule unyulo oluthe rhoqo phantsi kolawulo lweBhunga loMgaqo-Mgaqo-siseko, kwaye ubeke ikota yesithathu yezihlalo zamabhinqa kunye nezihlalo ezilinganayo zeShedys Caste (SC) kunye neSSTS. Namhlanje, iIndiya ikho ngaphezu kwe-555 fram Panschaat, malunga ne-6, u-Panchaat Samitis, kunye no-Zhadspalas zigidi ezithene

Imvelaphi KaPanchayati Raj

Ingcamango yamabhunga edolophana okanye i-panchayats ayiyonto yexeshana. Ubungqina obusuka kwixesha leVdic (c. 1500-500 BCE) bubonisa ukuba iindibano zasekuhlaleni ezaziwa ngokuba [ zi-sabaspans kunye [[FLT:]] kunye [[FLT]] isicimo sokuzi-[ ziphethe imicimbi yezomthetho neyolawulo kumgangatho wengingqi. Ngexesha le Mibundlotho yeMauryan neGupta, i-Implast, kunye nebhunga lenkqums , i-mali, kunye ne-mali, kunye nengxube. I-Muqual yabona ixesha lokuqhubekeka kwezi zithethe zezithethe, nangona imbini zimbalwa.

Ulawulo lwamathanga lwaphazamisa ezi ndawo zolawulo lwemveli. Ulawulo lwamaBritane, olunomdla oyintloko ekukhutshweni kwengeniso, lwayibangela yabuthathaka imizimba yasekuhlaleni efuna ukuzilawula. Umthetho weSigqibo sika-Mayo ngo-1870 wazama ukuvuselela iibhodi zasekuhlaleni, kodwa yayisisisixhobo sokuhlawula irhafu kunokuba inike amandla. Isigqibo sowe-1882 Ripon, sasidla ngokubizwa ngokuba yi "Magna Carata yequare-deta yasekuhlaleni," ikhuthaza imibutho enyuliweyo kodwa yasekuhlaleni yayiyigcina ingaphantsi kwamagosa aseBritane. Urhulumente waseIndiya IZenzo zonyaka ka1919191919 kunye no1935 wazisa iDiarchy ne-Implacy, wanika amaphondo ukulawula izidumbu zasekuhlaleni, kodwa ingqondo yamahlalo yawayingela ithinte ukuthotyelwa kobunyani.

Intlanganiso yeposi- ezimeleyo, iNdibano yeNkqutyana yaphikisana ngendima ye-pankayats yedolophana. Ngelixesha uMahatma Gandhi waxhasa .Gram Swaraj (ukuzilawula ngokwakho), uGqr. B.Ambedkar wavakalisa inkxalabo malunga nolawulo lwezigaba kwimizana. UMgaqo-siseko wasekuqaleni wabeka i-panchayats kwiMithetho Yemithetho Esezantsi kaRhulumente (Fricle 40), ebongoza ukuba zilungelelanise njengemiqathango ye-RGOPG. Noko ke, ukwenziwa kwahlala kubuthathaka kwaye kungaxelwanga kumatyala.

Isiphelo sotshintsho safika ngo-1953 ngeKomiti yeBalwant Rai Mehta, eyancomela inkqubo ekwiziqu ezithathu zolawulo lwasekuhlaleni enamandla okwenyaniso kunye nezibonelelo. Oku kwakhokelela ekusungulweni kweekomiti zePanchayati Rajip (Printati) kumaphondo amaninzi, eqala ngeRajanhasthan neAndrahsh ngo195959. Noko ke, inkqubo yabandezelwa yinkxaso eguquguqukayo, ukuchasana nenkxaso eqinileyo, kwaye ingenamali. Ikomiti ye-Ashhok Mehtatati Committee (1985). IKomiti yeSingvi (1986) ichaza ukuncomela komGenegano ye-Genegalelo lwe-Genegalelo loMgaqo-siseko se-19797).

Ukubaluleka Kwenkqubo YePanchayati Raj

Ukukhuthaza Ukuba Nenxaxheba Kwidemokhrasi

Panchayati Raj uzisa idemokhrasi kwiminyango yabemi basemaphandleni. Unyulo oluthe rhoqo, oluqhutywa yiKhomishoni yeSizwe yoNlatho, luvumela abemi bengingqi ukuba bakhethe abameli babo. IGram Sabhas (iindibano ze-virus) isebenza njengee-odoli zedemokhrasi apho bonke abantu abadala banokuthatha inxaxheba ekucebiseni, ekuvumeleni uqingqo-mali, kwaye bagcine amagosa anyuliweyo ekwaluleni ityala. Olu khetho lwezonyango lwezobupolitika lukhuthaza ukubhalisa kwezentlalo, nokuzimela ubuninikazi kwinkqubela yasekuhlaleni.

Iqinisekisa uphuhliso lwangaphakathi

Iqumrhu lasekuhlaleni likwindawo ekhethekileyo ukuchaza iimfuno ezikhethekileyo zoluntu lwalo. IGram Panchayat kummandla wedama-prane ingabeka indawo ekhuselekileyo yamanzi, ngelixa enye kwindawo eneenduli ingaqwalasela kunxibelelwano lwendlela. Le nkqubo ivumela ucwangciso olulungeleleneyo ngokuvumela iPanchayat ukuba ilungiselele iiplani zophuhliso lwaminyaka le ezihambelana nezobume. Iingcinga ezifana neMacatma Garnalm-National Briaking Actal Act Act (MGRERAGA) kunye nePradhantari Yahona iqawa esetyenziswa kwiPanchaats, iqinisekisa ukuba imali ifikelele abaxham abazamkelweyo. Uhlolisiso lubonisa ukuba iidolokhwe ezisebenzayo kunye ne-Gramyalks zinezinga ezingcono, izinga eziphucukuhle zempilo.

Amandla Anika Amabhinqa Namaqela Awenziwe Imigca

UHlomelo lwe- 73rd lwamkela inxalenye enye-3 (ngoku lwande ukuya kutsho kuma-50% kumaphondo amaninzi) yezihlalo zamabhinqa, kunye noxanduva olulungelelanisiweyo lwe-Shedymard Castes kunye nezizwe ezigobileyo. Oku kuvuma kuye kwaguqula ulawulo lwasekuhlaleni. Ngaphezu kwesigidi samabhinqa ngoku akhonza njengabameli be-pankayat, imigaqo evavanya ubhishophu enzima kunye nokuzisa ingqalelo kwimiba efana nezempilo yoomama, imfundo yabantwana abantwazana, kunye nogonyamelo lwasekhaya. Ngokukwanjalo, i-SC/ST bameli baqinisekisa ukuba imithetho ithetha ngocalucalulo olusekelwe kwicandelo kunye ne-zoqoqosho. Imithetho yemithetho yezomthetho yabafazi ikhuthaza ukuphumelela kwezi nkonzo zasekuhlaleni.

Ukuphuhlisa uLawulo oluLuhle lwezibonelelo

Iqumrhu lasekuhlaleni lilawula ubuncwane bendalo obunjengemibhobho yamanzi, amahlathi, namazwe aqhelekileyo asebenza kakuhle kakhulu kunee-boucess ezikude. I-Panchayats idlala indima engundoqo ekuzalisekiseni i-National Moralmical Teater Programme, i-Swach Bharat Mission, kunye neeprojekthi zolawulo olupheliswe ngamanzi. Ukulawula okuphantsi kwamanzi kunciphisa ukonakala ngokucutha unxibelelwano lomyalelo nokubonakala okuphezulu. Inkqubo yezentengiselwano zemali yezemali (PFMS) ngoku ihamba ngemali yemali yePanchayats, kunye nophicompuza-zincwadi zentlalo-ntle (ezithiweyo) kunye nezigunyazwe zigunyazwe phantsi kweMGREGGA).

Ukomeleza Ukuphendula

Abameli abachanekileyo banokuphendula ngqo kwimiqathango yabo. Abahlali-mali bangabuza i-sarpanch ngexesha leentlanganiso ze-Gram Sabha, befuna inkcazelo zokulibazisa, kwaye bevota ngaphandle kokusetyenziswa kwemiqathango. Olu lwalamano luqinisekisa umgangatho wokuphendula umgangatho ophezulu karhulumente onqongopheleyo. Ilungelo kuMthetho wolwazi (2005) linika abemi amandla okufikelela kwiirekhodi nokuphakamisa izikhalazo. Ngaphezu koko, iiKhomishini zemali zincomela ukukhutshwa konyuso lwemali, imisebenzi, kunye neenkonzo zePanyats, ukuqinisekisa ukusetyenziswa kwazo.

Inkcitho yeNkcubeko

IPanchayats isoloko isebenza njengeqonga locombululo lwemfazwe kumgangatho wedolophana. Ngokwesithethe [[FLT: 0]nyya pankachayats (iinkundla zemfazwe) zisingatha iimpikiswano ezincinane, zinciphisa umthwalo kwiinkundla ezisesikweni. Kwimizana emininzi equka ukuququzelela imfazwe, inceda ibhulorho yantlukwano yahlula-hlula kwaye ikhuthaze imvisiswano. Le nkqubo ikwadibanisa uluntu kwimithendeleko, ukuphendula kwentlekele, kunye nokuthelekisa iinkonzo ezingcono.

Ucelomngeni Olujamelene Nenkqubo YePanchayati Raj

Nangona ingumgaqo-siseko yaye iphumeza izinto, inkqubo yePanchayati Raj izama ukumelana nocelomngeni olungapheliyo olubangela ukuba ingasebenzi. Le asiyomiqobo nje yolawulo kodwa yimiqobo yesakhiwo nezobupolitika esekelwe ngokunzulu kulawulo lweIndiya.

Ukungahlawulwa Kwaneleyo Kwemali

Ngeli xesha isiHlanzo se- 73th sagunyazisa ukuba oorhulumente bahlulele imali iPanchayats, ulwabelo lwenyani lusoloko lusilela. IiPanchayat ezininzi zixhomekeke kakhulu kwintlawulo esembindini nakwizibonelelo zikarhulumente, ezilinganiselweyo ukunyusa ubuncwane bazo ngerhafu, iindleko okanye iirhafu zomsebenzisi. NgokweMinistry of Panchayati Raj, intengiso yengeniso yemali yemali yemali yemali engaphantsi kwesihlanu% yoqingqobhanki yePanchayat kumaphondo amaninzi. IKomiti yee-Ronday, ethetha ukuncomisa i-denti, isoloko ibona ukunconywa kwayo kungenamdla wokwenza ucwangciso kunye nemikhosi yasekuhlaleni kunye nePanchayat's ukuze isebenze njengemibutho esebenzela ii-ofisini kunokuba i-atmoverivel elungele ukuxhasa ii-yo.

Ukunqongophala kwabasebenzi abaqeqeshiweyo

IGram Panchayats isoloko ingenabasebenzi abanamachule − njengabaphathi-mali, oononjineli, kunye nabaphathi beplani , ukuze baphathe imisebenzi entsonkothileyo efana nokulungiselela uqingqo-mali, ukwenziwa kweprojekthi, kunye nokuthotyelwa kwemithetho yophicotho-zincwadi. UNobhala ongundoqo, usoloko enzima kwaye engaphantsi kwekhono. Abameli abaninzi abanyuliweyo, ingakumbi abafazi kunye namalungu okuqala, banemfundo elinganiselwe kwaye bafumana uqeqesho olungelungangangeneli. Iinkqubo zokwakha zobuchule zikhona, njengalowo ukwakhiwa ngaphantsi kweRashtriya Gram Swaj Awahiyan, kodwa bafikelela kuphela kwinxalenye yabameli abazizigidi ezithathu.

Ukungavumelani Kwezobupolitika Nebutho Laseburhulumenteni

Oorhulumente bephondo kunye namasebe emigca badla ngokubhinqisa iPanchayats ngokuzibamba imisebenzi okanye ngokwenza izakhiwo ezinxulunyanisiweyo. Umzekelo, iMagstate yeSithili isenokudlula kuZilla Paris ekusebenziseni amaqhinga. Ukungenelela kwezobupolitika kweenkokeli zebutho lasekuhlaleni okanye umgangatho karhulumente kungagqwetha izinto eziphambili kunye nokuxhasa. Ngaphezu koko, ukungabikho kucacile kwi-11th Shedyuli (edweys ezidwelisa imibandela engama-29 yePanchayats) kukhokelela ekudibaniseni ulawulo kunye nengquzulwano nesebe leminxeba.

Amandla Alinganiselweyo Kumgangatho Wasekuhlaleni

Ukubuyiselwa kwachaza imisebenzi yePanchayats ngokuphangaleleyo, kodwa uninzi lwamazwe lucothe ukucutha zonke iinqobo ezingama-29. Imimandla exhalabisayo njengemfundo, impilo, kunye nezolimo isoloko ihleli phantsi kolawulo lukarhulumente. Kwanaxa imisebenzi itshintshiwe, ubuncwane bemali obuhambisana nalo rhulumente kunye negunya lolawulo ayinjalo. Oku "Ukwenziwa kojijeko ngaphandle kokuncitshiswa kwemali" kuguqula iPanchayats njengezinto ezilindelekileyo. Ngenxa yoko, abemi bengi bezigqala njengezinto ezingekho mandla, zinciphisa ukholo lwabo kwinkqubo.

Izithintelo Entlalweni Nokubanjwa

Naphezu kwamathandabuzo, amaqela anamandla afunyaniswe ngenkampu ephezulu okanye afunyaniswe ngeendawo zomhlaba asoloko elawula izigqibo. Abameli bamabhinqa, nangona begunyaziswe ngumgaqo-siseko, maxa wambi basetyenziswa njengeeprojekti yizalamane ezingamadoda `anto eyaziwa ngokuba "sarpanch pati''. Amagxamesi aphembelela ulwabeko lwezibonelelo, kunye namaqela acekelwe phantsi afumana iingenelo oluncinane. UGam Sabbah, amele angenelwe rhoqo ngamacandelo amakhulu kuphela, ashiya amahlwempu nangenalwazi lwamazwe.

IMiba eBalulekileyo

Umsantsa phakathi kwenkqubo kunye nozalisekiso uvala. Ingxowa-mali elungiselelwe ukuphuhliswa isoloko iphononongwa okanye iphoswe. Ikhampate-bhulorho kunye neNkqutyana-mali (CAG) inikela ingxelo eqhelekileyo yokubalaselisa ukungahambelani kwiingxelo zePanchayat. Uphicotho-zincwadi lwezentlalo, nangona lufunwa ngokusemthethweni phantsi kwe-MGNREGA, luqhutywa ngokungaqhelekanga kwaye lusoloko lucinezelwa rhoqo ziincalucalulo zasekuhlaleni. Ngaphandle kokuzihlola ngokuqatha, ukonakala kuyakhula.

Imigudu Yokomeleza UPanchayati Raj

Utshintsho olungomGaqo-siseko nolungokwasemthethweni

UMthetho we-73rd IsiHlanzo soMphetho-mvaba ngokwaso wawulinyathelo elingundoqo, kodwa amanyathelo alandelayo aye ajolise ekunikezeleni phambili. i-Panchayats (Inani leeNtlanganiso kwimimandla ecwangcisiweyo) UMthetho (PESA), 1996[ wandisa inkqubo kwimimandla yesizwe, iqonda iinkqubo zolawulo lwesithethe. [[FLT:]14]Ikhomishini (20)[FLT] yandisa isabelo sokunika iPanchayats ngokuphawulekayo, ukusuka ngonyaka-59696, ukuya ku-202020.[FF:20]

Amaphondo amaninzi aye atshintsha imisebenzi yawo yePanchayati Raj ukuze ahlule imisebenzi engakumbi kwaye omeleze iGram Sabhas. Umzekelo, iCandelo lokuCwangcisa abantu leKerala (1996) lokucwangcisa ngokufanelekileyo kumgangatho wasekuhlaleni, edala imodeli yolawulo lokuthatha inxaxheba. U-Odisha noRajastan baye basungula ingqeqesho esekelwe ekusebenziseni intsebenziswano ephakathi kwe-fival nenkculo.

Iinkqubo zoqeqesho nokwakhiwa komsebenzi wecawa

Inkonzo yePanchayati Raj, inikezela ngoqeqesho lokukhetha abameli kunye nabasebenzi. [[FLT: 0] [Iqela] i-RASHIYA Gram Swarati MB (RGSA]] inikela uqeqesho lokuchonga amasebe kunye neenkonzo. [[FLT:]] I-National Institute of Moral Development kunye ne Panchaytari Raj [NYKATRAGR] [[FLT: 3] ifaka ikhosi yezifundo zesatifiketi, e-ediging, kunye nemisebenzi. [[FGramet][3] [FT]]

Ukuhla komgangatho wemali kunye nobuxhakaxhaka

Udibaniso lwendlela yokuphatha Imali i-Public Financial Programme (PFMS) kunye I-Direct Ingene Ukudluliswa (DBT) ihlise ii-aincape. Inkqubo ye-National Social Confective Confective Programme (NFMS) ngoku inikezelwa ngePanchaats, ngemali encoxwe ngqo kwii-akhawunti zoxhaso. [iiiindawo edaliweyo ye-MGNRE iqinisekisa ukuphendula.

Ukukhuthaza uXhosa nokuQelana

Imibutho yamakhaya kunye namaphulo eendaba afekta indima ebalulekileyo ekufundiseni abahlali ngamalungelo abo phantsi kwenkqubo yePanchayati Raj. Iinkqubo ezifana no- UNICEF'S uqinisa i-pankachayat kunye [[[FLT:] ne-[FLT:]'Awad' izinyuko zotyani ezilawulayo [[[FLT:]] iinyathelo eziphambili zolawulo [[FLT]] ezithengezele inxaxheba. [FLT] [FLT] [FL:] [4]GRAM] uHass Day Republic (January 26)[FLT: 5] kunye [FLT] noNdlkstrives transmes transmes (3: FLD]) phantsi kocwangciso locwangciso lobuzwezwezwezwezwezwezwelonke]

Igrama Eqinisayo ISabhas

Ukuphawula iGram Sabbas njengecandelo elisembindini ledemokhrasi, uninzi lwamazwe lugunyazise ubuncinane beentlanganiso ezine ngonyaka. IModell Panchayat Goverliance (MPG) imigaqo igxininisa indima yeGram Sabbas ekucebeni, uphicotho-zincwadi lwentlalo, kunye nezikhalazo ze-redsal. IKomiti ye-National Expert on Panchayati Raj (20) icebisa ukuba imvume yeGRAM.

Ukulungelelanisa Ikamva

Inkqubo yePanchayati Raj ibaluleke kakhulu namhlanje kunanini na ngaphambili. Njengoko i-Indiya isenza idolophana ngokukhawuleza, i-locance ihlala ingulawulo lwe-inchpinpun yokunciphisa ubuhlwempu, ukhuseleko lokutya, kunye nokumelana nemozulu. Isifo seCHOVAID-19 sagxininisa ukubaluleka kwemizimba yasekuhlaleni ekulawuleni iingxaki. . .Panchayats yaba ziindawo eziphambili ekuqinisekiseni ukugcinwa komsebenzi, ukusasazwa koncedo, kunye nokhuthulo lwempilo. Ngokufanayo, i- u-National Liveliturals Mis Mis Mis Mis (NRLM)[FLM:1] kunye [FLT:] kunye [FLT] ne[FLT:] i-In Mis Missionsion[FLT] ixhomekeke kwiPanchaatrouvections yoncedo lwamaqela ozizo oluluncedo.

Ngoko, ukuqaphela umbono we Gram Swaraj, utshintsho oluninzi luyafuneka:

  • I-Dvolution epheleleyo: Ama- States kufuneka adlulisele zonke ii-asethi ezingama-29 kunye nemali eyaneleyo, iinkonzo, kunye nobhetyebhetye.
  • I-Fasical Signices: IPanchayats kufuneka zinikwe inkxaso kwirhafu yepropati ye-levy, irhafu yomsebenzi, kunye nerhafu yomsebenzisi, noorhulumente belizwe bebiza ilahleko yemali.
  • Ukwenziwa komsebenzi womsebenzi: Ukunikwa koonobhala abafanelekayo, oononjineli, kunye nabagcini- mali kumgangatho weqela leqela lamanani baza kukhulisa impumelelo.
  • [[UMTHETHO: 0] Uphicotho-zincwadi oluqulunqweyo nolubonisa ngaphaya: Uphicotho-zincwadi lwentlalo lwaminyaka le olugunyaziswa ngamaqumrhu azimeleyo kufuneka lunyanzeliswe.
  • Izifundo ezisuka kuPanchayati Raj kufuneka zizise ukomeleza ulawulo lukamasipala.
  • [[FLT: 0] Udibaniso olungundoqo: Ukwandisa usetyenziso lwe [[FLT:] eGramsawarij[[FLT: 3] kunye ne-Panchayat Enterprise Admide [PET:5] iyakwazi ukuqukuqela imigca kunye nesigqibo- sedata- senziwe.

Inkqubo yePanchayati Raj ayilolungiselelo lomgaqo-siseko nje kuphela kodwa luvavanyo oluphilayo lwedemokhrasi. Impumelelo yayo ixhomekeke ekuthandeni koorhulumente bezobupolitika, ekuphapheleni abemi, nasengqibelelweni ngabameli abanyuliweyo. Xa inikwe igunya elipheleleyo, iPanchayats inokuguqula i-Indiya isuka kwiqela elisembindini ibe yidemokhrasi yephondo apho idolophana nganye inelizwi elinamandla khona.

Oovimba Nokufunda Ngokungakumbi

Ekuqukumbeleni, inkqubo yePanchayati Raj ihlala ibalulekile ekukhuthazeni amaxabiso olawulo-mpukane kunye nokukhuthaza inkqubela-phambili epheleleyo eIndiya. Ukuqinisa le nkqubo kuqinisekisa ukuba uluntu lwasekuhlaleni lunelizwi elilawulayo, elikhokelela kulwando oluthe tye oluthe tye luyekelelayo naluxhaswayo kwiingingqi zase-Indiya. Uhambo olusuka kwilifa le-koloni ukuya kumgangatho ophantsi womgaqo-siseko wokuzilawula luye lwanzima, kodwa isithembiso se-Gram Swaraj[ siyaqhubeka sikhuthaza utshintsho kunye nokuxhathisa okufanayo.