Isifungo somongameli sesikhundla singaphezulu kakhulu kunesithethe esibhaliweyo okanye umsitho wesithethe. Sisithembiso esingumthetho olawulayo esithe ngqo, esisibophelelo esisemthethweni esimisela isiseko sokuziphatha nesomGaqo-siseko segunya elilawulayo. Kumazwe jikelele ehlabathini, umongameli uphakamisa isandla sakhe aze aphinde amazwi amiselwe, balukhanye ekuhleni iminqweno yabo kwaye banyanisekile kumthetho, umgaqo-siseko, nabantu abakhonzayo. Esi senzo asingomqondiso nje ofuziselayo; sisixhobo esibalulekileyo sokuvelisa, ukuxhasa nokuxhasa nokuqinisekisa ukulawulwa kwedemokhrasi.

Imvelaphi Yembali Yomongameli

Ingcamango yesifungo sokufumana isikhundla yamandulo, isekelwe kwimfuno yomntu yokwenza izifungo ezisesikweni zokuthembana negunya. ERoma yamandulo, abalawuli bafunga ukuxhasa imithetho yeriphabliki. Kumaxesha aphakathi eYurophu, ookumkani babethweswa izifungo zokukhusela icawa nommandla. Noko ke, isifungo somongameli sale mihla savela ngamandla kakhulu kwiNtlekele nokuzalwa komGaqo-siseko.

IUnited States yamisela isifungo kwiGatya II, iCandelo 1 loMgaqo-siseko, ichaza amagama acacileyo: “Ndifunga ngokunzulu (okanye ndiqinisekisa) ukuba ngokuthembekileyo ndiya kuphumeza iOfisi kaMongameli waseUnited States, kwaye ndiza kusebenza kangangoko kubuchule bam, ndigcine, ndikhusele kwaye ndikhusele uMgaqo-siseko waseUnited States.” Ukususela uGeorge Washington wayicaphula okokuqala ngoApril 30, 1789, umongameli ngamnye olandelayo uphinde waphinda esi sifungo esifanayo, ukudala umtya wokuthembeka komgaqo-siseko. Lo mnombo wembali awuyilwangabophanga ukubopha isigqengqele kumthetho ophakamileyo, hayi kwiqela lokumkani okanye iqela.

Ezinye idemokhrasi zalandela ngokufanelekileyo. IRiphabliki yesihlanu yaseFransi ifuna ukuba umongameli afunge ukuba “agcine ingqibelelo yommandla wesizwe” aze“ awuhlonele umGaqo-siseko.” Umongameli wase-Indiya wenza isifungo ‘ sokukhusela, sokukhusela nokukhusela umGaqo-siseko kunye nomthetho.” Ezi zifungo, nangona zibekwe ngokwahlukileyo, zihlanganyela iDNA eqhelekileyo: zizenzo zikawonke-wonke zokuzithoba kumyalelo osemthethweni, hayi kwiphupha lobuqu. Oku kuqhubeka kwembali kubonakalisa indima ye-mgaqo-siseko kunye nomthetho we-demokhrasi.

Indima YeOath Kumthetho Wedemocratic

Umthetho olawulwa yidemokhrasi awuzenzekeli. Kwanaxa unyulo lukhululekile kwaye lulungile, inkokeli kufuneka iguqule uloyiso lonyulo lube ligunya lokuziphatha. Isifungo sisithuthi esiphambili solo tshintsho. Sisenzo sokuphumeza into enxibelelanisa izinto ezintathu ezibalulekileyo ngaxeshanye: [ ukulingana , umthetho womthetho , [[FLT]], [[FLT: 4.]

Ingxelo

Xa umongameli efunga ukuba “ukuphumeza iofisi ngokuthembeka,” bayavuma ukuba amandla abo ayanikwa, akanikwa ngokwemvelo. Isifungo sisivumelwano phakathi kwenkokeli kunye nabalawulwa. Ukuba isifungo sophulwa ngenxa yokunganyaniseki, ubuzwilakhe, okanye ukungahoywa, okanye ukungakhathalelwa, uluntu lunesiseko sokuziphatha nesomthetho sokufuna ukuphendula. Kwimithetho emininzi, ukungqubana nesifungo seofisi kusenokuba sisizathu sokungathobeli okanye sokususwa.

Umthetho Owawusetyenziswa

Ngokufunga “ukukhusela, ukukhusela, nokukhusela umGaqo-siseko,” umongameli ngokungqalileyo ubeka uthanda kwabo kwisakhiwo somthetho esiphezulu. Oku kubalulekileyo kwidemokhrasi apho isebe eliphetheyo linegunya elikhulu khona. Isifungo sisebenza njengendlela yokuhlola: sikhumbuza umongameli ukuba akangaphezulu komthetho, kodwa abalungiseleli bawo. ngaphandle kozibopho ezinjalo, umahluko phakathi kwenkokeli yedemokhrasi kunye ne-autocrat. Isifungo sinyulwa ngabomso ukugxininisa ukuthembeka komGamGatho kumgangatho wobulungu okanye umdla wobuqu.

Ibinzana Elingundoqo Nentsingiselo Yalo

Makhe sihlolisise amabinzana amathathu aqhelekileyo kwizifungo ezininzi zomongameli nokutyhila intsingiselo yazo:

  • ithetha ukugcina umgaqo-siseko okhoyo; [[FLT:] ukhusela, ukhusela, ukhusela i- - Eli lelona binzana libalulekileyo. ithetha ukunqanda ukuzama ukurhoxisa okukhoyo komgaqo-siseko; ithetha ukukhusela ukukhusela kwiisongelo zombini zokwelinye ilizwe nasekhaya; ithetha ukuxhathisa okusebenzayo ukuzama ukurhoxisa. Basenza umsebenzi ovumayo ukuba ngumgcini wemGatho-siseko.
  • "Ulawula imithetho yelizwe” - Oku kwenza umongameli anyanzelise yonke imithetho edluliswa yindlu yowiso-mthetho, hayi leyo ithandwa yiyo kuphela. Lidinga ukuhlonela ukwahlulwa kwamagunya kunye nenkqubo yowiso-mthetho.
  • "Ngokuthembeka] uphumeza iofisi” [1] — “ngokunyaniseka” kuthetha ukukhuthele, ukunyaniseka, nokunyaniseka kwimisebenzi, hayi kwiqela okanye kwiqela. Ithintela ukutyeshelwa ngesiquphe kweembopheleleko kwaye imisela umgaqo wendlela yokwenza.

La mabinzana asiyontetho nje engenantsingiselo. Aye akhankanywa kwiimpikiswano zomthetho, iingxubusho, kunye neempikiswano zomgaqo-siseko. Umzekelo, ebudeni bokungagunyaziswa kukaMongameli Andrew Johnson ngo-1868, ukutyholwa kokwaphula isifungo sesikhundla kwabonwa ngokuphawulekayo. Kumaxesha angoku, abaphengululi neenkundla baye baphikisana ukuba izenzo ezithile zegunya ziyasiphula imfuneko yesifungo sokuzimisela “esiphelo”. [FLT: 0] Amagama anesifungo sobunzima obuyinyani.

Impembelelo Ekuzinziseni Kwedemokhrasi

Isifungo asichaphazeli nje kuphela umntu osithabathayo; sichaphazela izithethe eziphangaleleyo zezobupolitika.

Ukuthuthwa Kwamandla Ngoxolo

Elinye lamathuba abuthathaka kakhulu edemokhrasi kukunganyangeki kwegunya elilawulayo. Ukuphulukana negunya kufuneka kwamkele uloyiso kwaye kuvumele ophumeleleyo ukuba athathe isikhundla. Isifungo sokufuduswa koku njengomsebenzi ongcwele. Xa umongameli ophumayo ephambuka uthembisa ukuxhasa umGaqo-siseko omnye, ibonisa ukuqhubeka nangona utshintsho lwezifungo. Lo msitho uncomo unconywa ngokuzinzisa ulawulo-demokhrasi oluninzi emva konyulo olunengxabano. Utshintsho loxolo lwamandla eUnited States emva konyulo lwama 202020, nangona ekugqibeleni luye lwaphumelela ngenxa yokuba umgaqo wesifungo wahlala uhleli phantsi.[FLT] Lo mcimbiso uthelelo uthelelo oluno lwezifungo oluthe mpikiswano okanye ukungavumelani ukudibana nomthetho wobugroma.

Ukuthintela Ukusetyenziswa Kakubi Kwamandla

Ngokuzibophelela ekuhleni, abalawuli benza umqobo wengqondo nowentlalo nxamnye nokuphambuka kwesikhundla. Isifungo sisikhumbuzo sokuba amandla asisokwexeshana kwaye axhomekeke kwimibandela. Sinokucelwa ziinkundla, abamisi-mthetho, kunye nabemi ukuba baphendule inkokeli. Umzekelo, xa uMongameli Richard Nixon ejamelene nokungathotyelwa, ityala lokwaphula isifungo sakhe sobuso besikhundla lalisesona siphambili kumanqaku okungathobeli. Isifungo sisebenza njengesixhobo sokuthintela, sisenza kube nzima ukuba iinkokeli zihlawulise ityala lokuziphatha okungagunyaziswanga.

Imizekelo Engokwembali: Ingxolo Esengxakini

Amazwe aliqela aye ajamelana namaxesha apho isifungo somongameli sasisisicombululo okanye isidanga sengxaki:

  • United States (1801): Ukunikezelwa kukaThomas Jefferson kwaphawula ukudluliswa koxolo kwamandla phakathi kwamaqela aphikisanayo. Isifungo sakhe sokubonisa ukuba ulawulo olutsha luza kuzihlonela iinkqubo zomGaqo-siseko nakubeni ulwahlulo lwengqiqo lunzulu.
  • Filips (1986) : Emva kweNguquko yaMandla Abantu, Corazon Aquino wafunga isikhundla njengomongameli, waphula umthetho ongekho mthethweni ka-Ferdinand Marcos. Isifungo sakhe samkelwa ngumkhosi naluluntu lwezizwe ngezizwe ngenxa yokuba sivumelana nenkqubo yomgaqo-siseko.
  • Kenya (2017)]: Emva konyulo olunengxabano, iNkundla ePhakamileyo yasiphelisa isiphumo sokuqala. Umongameli Uhuru Kenyatta kamva waphinda wathatha isifungo kwakhona emva kwevoti entsha, eqinisekisa ubungangamsha bomgaqo-siseko ngaphezu kwephulo lobuqu.
  • [[NTL:0] Venezuela (2011): Emva kokufa kukaHugo Chávez, Nicolás Maduro wafunga phakathi kwezityholo zolawulo olungafanelekanga. Impikiswano ngokusebenza kwesifungo yafak ’ isandla ekuzinzeni okugqithisileyo kwezobupolitika.

La matyala abonisa ukuba isifungo asingomthetho nje kuphela, ingamisela ilungelo lorhulumente uphela. Xa isifungo sisetyenziswa kakuhle kwaye samkelwa ngamasebe onke, sidibanisa uzinzo lwedemokhrasi. Xa siphikiswa, singasophula isivumelwano sentlalo.

Ingqungquthela yeOath neyomGaqo-siseko

Ngamaxesha amanqam omgaqo-siseko ." njengomongameli ongavumiyo ukwamkela iziphumo zonyulo, ukuphikisana ngonyulo, okanye ukuzama ukubhukuqa imithetho yokugweba."Isifungo siba yingongoma ephambili. Ngumgangatho ekulinganiswa kuwo izenzo zolawulo. Ngexesha lengxaki, inkcaso, ijaji, kunye namajelo eendaba asoloko ecela isifungo sokuphendula umongameli.

Ngokomzekelo, ngowama-2020, emva konyulo lomongameli wase-U.S., abanye abenzi bomthetho kunye nabaphengululi bomthetho baphikisa ngelithi imigudu yokubhukuqa iziphumo yaphula isifungo somongameli ‘ sokuphelisa umGaqo-siseko.' Indlu yabameli yacaphula isifungo kumanqaku okungagunyazi ngokuchasene noDonald Trump ukuxhokonxa ukuvukela. Oku kubonisa indlela esifungo esinokuba sisixhobo esisemthethweni nesinokuziphatha esichasene nokwaphulwa komgaqo-siseko.

Ngokwahlukileyo koko, umongameli onamathela ngokunyanisekileyo kwesifungo angamelana neengxaki. Emva kokubulawa kukaMongameli uJohn F. Kennedy, Lyndon B. Johnson wafunga ngoMkhosi woMoya Owodwa kwisithuba nje seeyure ezimbalwa. Isifungo sakhe sokuxhasa umGaqo-siseko sanceda urhulumente waqinisekisa uhlanga nomhlaba ukuba uza kuqhubeka ngaphandle kokuphazanyiswa.

Isifungo Esikhusela Imikhosi Yama - Autocracy

Inkokeli ezizenzekelayo zisoloko zidlula okanye zigqwethe isifungo. Zingasithatha isifungo kodwa ziwachitha ngokucwangcisayo amaziko ezibophayo ukukhusela/iincouts, ukucofa okukhululekileyo, amaqela enkcaso. Kwimeko ezinjalo, isifungo siba yibala elingaphambili. Kodwa kwangoko, umbhalo wokuqala ungasetyenziswa ngemibutho echaseneyo ukuphelisa umlawuli. Isifungo sikrele eligudiweyo: linika inkokeli amandla kuphela xa igcinwa.

Imbono Ethelekisayo: Iimbono Ezingaqondakaliyo Ehlabathini Lonke

Ngoxa isifungo somongameli waseUnited States siyeyona nto idumileyo, uhlolisiso lwezifungo eziye zabonwa ehlabathini lonke lutyhila imixholo eqhelekileyo kodwa kwanendlela eyahlukileyo yezithethe.

I-France

Isifungo somongameli waseFransi siqulethwe kwiGatya 5 loMgaqo-siseko: “UMongameli weRiphabliki uza kuqinisekisa ukuba uya kuhlonela umGaqo-siseko. Uya kuqinisekisa, ngokuwamisela kwakhe, ukusebenza okufanelekileyo kwamandla kawonke-wonke kunye nokuqhubekeka koRhulumente.” Nangona ingechanekanga kangako kukwinguqulelo ye-U.S. igxininisa ukuhlaziywa nokuqhubekeka. Isifungo samaFrentshi asiquki namazwi athi “ukhuseleko, ukhuseleko, kunye nokukhusela, kodwa ukuzinikela kwaso ekuhlonelweni komgaqo-siseko kusebenza umsebenzi omnye.

I-India

UMongameli waseIndiya ufunga ukuba “ukhusela, ukhusela kwaye ukhusela umGaqo-siseko nomthetho” kunye“ nokuzinikela kumcimbi wenkonzo kunye nentlalo-ntle yabantu base-Indiya.” Isifungo seIndiya songeza intsebenziswano, sibonakalisa iimfuno zayo zobusoshiyali nezolawulo-mpukane. Ukufakwa kwe- “inkonzo kunye nentlalo-ntle” kundisa umsebenzi womongameli ngaphezu kokukhuthaza ukulungileyo kukawonke wonke.

UMzantsi Afrika

Phantsi kweCandelo 87 loMgaqo-siseko, uMongameli woMzantsi Afrika ufunga ukuba “uza kukhusela, ukhusele kwaye ukhusele umGaqo-siseko” kunye“ nokubonisa umanyano noxolelwaniso lohlanga.” Oku kubonisa imfuneko yasemva ye-parate yokuphilisa ibutho elahluleleneyo. [ Isifungo somZantsi Afrika sinxibelelanisa ngokucacileyo ukuthembeka komgaqo-siseko kuxolelwaniso lwesizwe, ulwando olohlukileyo nolunamandla.

I-Jamani

Isifungo sikaMongameli waseJamani siquka isithembiso “sokuqinisekisa amandla am kwintlalo-ntle yabantu baseJamani, ukwandisa iingenelo zabo, ukukhusela umonakalo kuwo, ukuxhasa nokukhusela uMthetho osisiseko kunye nemithetho yeQumrhu, ukuzalisekisa imisebenzi yam ngokunyanisekileyo, nokusesikweni kubo bonke abantu.” Esi sifungo sibanzi sidibaniselana intlalo-ntle, ukukhusela umgaqo-siseko, kunye nokuzinikela kokusesikweni kubo bonke abantu.

Le mizekelo ithelekisa ibonisa ukuba xa injongo engundoqo ``igunya elilawulayo ngokuzibophelela ngomGaqo-siseko' ihlala ingaguquki, uhlanga ngalunye lusenza isifungo kwimbali namaxabiso alo. Umahluko awulwenzi buthathaka ulungiselelo; ilomeleza ngokuvumela ukuphinda-phinda kwenkcubeko.

Isifungo Nentelelo

Idemokhrasi ixhomekeke ekuthembekeni. Abami kufuneka bakholelwe ukuba iinkokeli zabo ziya kusebenza ngokwemithetho. Isifungo, xa sithathwa nzulu, sakha ukuthembana. Uphando lwenzululwazi yezobupolitika lubonisa ukuba izithethe zikawonke-wonke zokuzibophelela zikhulisa ukuthembana kwequmrhu, ingakumbi ngexesha lokudityaniswa kwemimiselo. Xa isifungo sisasazwa kumabonwakude kwaye sibonwa zizigidi, sidla ngokuba ngumzuzu wesizwe esinye. Isenzo somongameli sibeka isandla kumbhalo ongcwele (njengeBhayibhile, iQuran, okanye umgaqo-siseko) okanye nje ukuphakamisa isandla sibangela unxibelelwano olungokweemvakalelo.

Ngaphezu koko, isifungo sisivumelwano somzalwana. Sidibanisa kungekuphela nje lo mongameli kodwa nesexesha elizayo, ngenxa yokuba la mazwi afanayo aya kuthethwa ngabangeni-mva. Oku kuqhubekeka kuzisa uzinzo. Abami bangalindela ukuba imigaqo engundoqo yokulawula iza kusinda kutshintsho kukhokelo. [ Ngoko ke, isifungo sintsika yokuzinziswa kwedemokhrasi.

Ucelomngeni Lokuxhathisa Amandla Enkawu

Kambe ke, amandla esifungo akazenzekela. Axhomekeke kwibutho labantu elinamandla elikunyanzelisayo. Ukuba amajelo eendaba, ijaji, kunye noluntu lungakunanzi ukwaphula izifungo, isifungo siba liphupha. Kwamanye amazwe, oomongameli bafunga kodwa baqalisa ukucekisa amaziko edemokhrasi. Le nto, eyaziwa ngokuba “bubukho bomthetho ozenzekelayo,” ibonisa ukuba isifungo sodwa asinele ngaphandle kwemiqathango nemilinganiselo enamandla.

Noko ke, naxa sisophulwa, isifungo sibalulekile. Sinika isiseko sokugwetywa ("kwinkundla yomthetho") nakwinkundla yoluvo lukawonke-wonke. Isifungo singacatshulwa ngabaqhankqalazi, abacatshuliweyo, nabagwebi, nabasebenzi bemithetho. Sisikhumbuzo esizingisileyo sothenjiswa.

Isiphelo

Isifungo somongameli asiyonto yakudala okanye umsitho ongenabungozi. Silisiqinisekiso esiphilayo, esiphefumlayo solawulo lwedemokhrasi. Siguqula uloyiso olukhethiweyo lube ngumthetho wesiseko somGaqo-siseko, sinika uphawu lokuphendula, kwaye sikhuthaza ukufuduselwa koxolo kwegunya. Ukusuka kwiingcambu zalo zamandulo ukuya kwimiba yale mihla, isifungo sisebenza njengesithembiso esinzulu sokuba inkokeli ayiyi kukhonza bona kodwa ingumGaqo-siseko nabantu.

Kwixesha lokuguquka kwedemokhrasi kunye nokuphandwa kwegunya eliphezulu, isifungo somongameli sibaluleke kakhulu kunanini na ngaphambili. Abemi, abaphengululi, kunye neenkokeli kufuneka basiphathe ngobunzulu obukhulu, beqonda ukuba xa umongameli efunga ukukhusela, ukukhusela, nokukhusela umgaqo-siseko, abathethi amazwi angenantsingiselo, benza esona sifungo sibalulekileyo sedemokhrasi esinokufuneka. Umthetho wenkqubo yonke uxhomekeke kuso.