Table of Contents
Kwindlu encinane yenkundla yamatyala esemaphandleni aseMelika, abemi abaqhelekileyo abalishumi elinesibini bahlanganisana kwigumbi lokuququzelela ukugqiba isiphelo sommelwane wabo abamangalelwa ngolwaphulo-mthetho. Kwinkundla yenkundla yenkundla yezomthetho yephondo eNew York, abagwebi bavavanya ubungqina obuntsonkothileyo bemali kwityala lequmrhu elirhwebeneyo. Kwiintendelezo ezininzi zobugqwesi bohlanga lonke imihla, abemi babekela bucala ubomi babo okwexeshana ukuze babe nenxaxheba kwizenzo ezingundoqo zedemokhrasi: [FLT: 0] ukuqululisa njengejaji kwinkqubo yokulawula imicimbi yaseMelika.
Inkqubo yokuvavanya imela ngaphezulu kakhulu kunendlela yokulungisa iingxabano `iquka umgaqo wenguquko wokuba okusesikweni kuhambele ebantwini, kungekhona kwiphondo. Esi sakhiwo, nengcambu ezisusiweyo emva kweenkulungwane phambi kokusekwa kweMelika, siyaqhubeka sisebenza njengesixhobo esibalulekileyo sokukhusela ukulwa nobuzwilakhe, umkhokeli obonakalisa ulawulo lwedemokhrasi. Kodwa nangona singekho kumgangatho ophezulu nokubaluleka kwedemokhrasi, inkqubo yabagwebi ijongene nocelomngeni olukhulayo olusongela ukusebenza kwayo nobukho bayo.
Ukuqonda kutheni ityala lejaji limele ityala ledemokhrasi lingafuni ukuxilonga nje kuphela oomakhareji bezomthetho kodwa injongo yabo enzulu yedemokhrasi. Kwixesha lokungathathi nxaxheba kwezentlalo-ntle, ukwanda kokungaqiniseki ngemibutho, kunye nokuzixhalabisa ngokuqhubekayo ngenkqubo yokusesikweni, ukuchophela kwetyala kuhlala kusenye yeendawo apho abemi abaqhelekileyo basebenzisa khona amandla karhulumente. Eli gunya //ukugweba izibakala, ukusebenzisa umthetho, kwanokwaphelisa ukutshutshiswa ngokungekho bulungisa
Imbali Yokuvavanywa KukaJury
Imvelaphi Yamandulo Nophuhliso LwamaNgesi
Ingcamango yomgwebo woontanga bomntu iqala phambi kovavanyo lwaseMelika ngeenkulungwane. [[FLT: 0] I-Athene yamandulo yaqesha amagosa aphambili angamakhulu okanye amawaka akwizilingo ezibalulekileyo, ebonisa umgaqo wedemokhrasi wokuba okusesikweni kufanele kuvele kuluntu kunokuba kuvele umthetho ozenzekelayo. Ezi jaji zinkulu, ngelixesha zingatshati, zamisela umzekelo wokuba abemi abaqhelekileyo banokugweba imiba entsonkothileyo yomthetho nenyaniso.
Oyena khokho othe ngqo wenkqubo yabachopheli-tyala baseMerika wavela eNgilani yamaxesha aphakathi. IMagna Carta yewaka linamakhulu ali-1215 yavakalisa ukuba akukho mntu okhululekileyo onokuthi afakwe entolongweni, ahlulwe amalungelo, okanye atshatyalaliswe ngaphandle "komgwebo osemthethweni woontanga bakhe okanye umthetho welizwe" Ngexesha ekuqaleni olinganiselweyo kwigunya, lo mgaqo wanwenwa ngokuthe ngcembe wanwenwa kubemi abaninzi, waseka inkundla yabagwebi yamaNgesi njengenkululeko esisiseko yenkululeko [.
Izigwebo zamaNgesi zavela kumaqela amangqina asekuhlaleni awayesazi izibakala zetyala kumntu ofumana ityala ongakhethi buso owava ubungqina bunikelwa enkundleni. Ngenkulungwane ye-17, amajaji afumene amandla okukhupha izigqibo ngokubanzi zokuba netyala okanye angenatyala, kunokuba aphendule nje imibuzo ecacileyo. Ityala le-1670 lika-Case-[ liqinisekise ukuba abachopheli-mthetho abanakohlwaywa ngenxa yesigwebo sabo, ukuqinisekisa ukuzimela kwetyala kwigunya lejaji.
Inkqubo yabachopheli-tyala yamaNgesi yayingaphikiswa. Iinkqubo zeNkcubeko ngaphandle kwemiqathango yaba ziimpatho zobuzwilakhe, ngeli lixa imiqathango yamathanga kwiityala abachopheli betyala yakhuthaza ukuguquka kwemeko yaseMelika. Ityala [[FLT: 0] 1735] likaJohn Peter Zenger ekoloni laseNew York, apho ijaji yabagwebi yakhulula umshicileli owayetyholwe ngokuvukela umthetho, yabonisa amandla abagwebi okuxhathisa inyathelo elicinezelayo likarhulumente.
ISicwangciso somGaqo-siseko saseMerika
OoTata Abasunguliweyo, befumene iinzuzo zombini zokuvavanywa kwetyala labachopheli-tyala kunye nokucinezelwa kwabo, kwafaka amalungelo abachopheli-tyala kuwo wonke umGaqo-siseko. Oku kwakungekokukhetha nje okuqhelekileyo kodwa kwakungukuzinikela kwentanda-bulumko, abaDali babejonga izijungqu njengezibalulekileyo ekuthinteleni ingcinezelo karhulumente nasekulondolozeni ulawulo oluqhelekileyo.
Article III, Icandelo 2 lomGaqo-siseko lithi "Uvavanyo lwazo zonke iintambo zolwaphulo-mthetho, ngaphandle kwetyala lophengululo, luza kuba nguJury." Eli lungiselelo, eliqukiweyo kumGaqo-siseko wantlandlolo phambi kweBhili yamaLungelo, libonisa ukuba abaGakeli bamba phambili kwiityala zabagwebi. Ingcaciso zokuba amatyala avele kurhulumente apho ulwaphulo-mthetho luyekiwe khona ukuhambisa amarhamncwa e-Ngilani ukuya kwityala.
IsiHlalisi-Mpanzi-mvume se-sexth sandisa amalungelo okuchophela amatyala, siqinisekisa abamangalelwa bezaphuli-mthetho "ilungelo lokuchotshelwa ngokukhawuleza nakuwonke wonke, limgwebi ongakhethi tyala weLizwe kunye nesithili apho ulwaphulo-mthetho luza kuba lunikiwe khona. Le ngxelo yongezwa imigaqo ebalulekileyo: ilungelo lokwazi izityholo, amangqina, inenkqubo enyanzelisayo ekufumaneni amangqina, kwaye inesiluleko esisemthethweni.
IsiHlalisi seNkqutyana esilondolozwe kumatyala abachopheli-tyala asekuhlaleni, sichaza ukuba "Izintlu zomthetho oqhelekileyo, apho ixabiso eliphikisanayo liza kugqitha kuma-20 dollar, ilungelo lokuchophela ityala liza kugcinwa." Ngelixesha lomnyango ongaphezulu kwe-2020 obonakala uyinto engaqhelekanga namhlanje, oku kupheliswa kwathintelwa ekuphumeleni izigwebo kwimiba-tyala kwimicimbi eyinyaniso, ukugcina indima yejaji njengeyona ifumana inyaniso iphambili.
Indaleko Kwimbali YaseMelika
Ukuphunyezwa kwetyala labachopheli-tyala eMelika kuvele ngokuphawulekayo ukusuka kumbono wabaQalisi. Ekuqaleni, izigwebi zazilinganiselwe kumadoda amhlophe aphethe impahla, ebonisa ukuthintelwa kwemiqathango yamandulo eMelika. uqulunqelo lwenkonzo yabachopheli-mgwebi luthelekisa ulwandiso lwamalungelo abami, neqela ngalinye elisandul' ukukhutshwa ngokuthe phunyezwe lifumana amalungelo abagcimi.
Isigqibo sokuqulunqwa kwakhona soHlaliso sichazwa njengesongezelelweyo kwinkonzo yabachopheli-mgwebi baseAfrika, kodwa uzalisekiso olusebenzisekayo lwathatha enye inkulungwane. Straud v. West Virginia ngo1880 salela ukucalulwa kweentlanga kwimiqathango yejaji, kodwa ucalulo olucwangcisiweyo lwaqhubeka kwiindlela ezahlukeneyo. Kwade kwaba babatson v. Kentucky ngo1986 iNkunkulu yenkundla yanikezela ngezixhobo ezinentsingiselo zokulwa nocalulo lohlanga kwijaji ekhetha ijaji.
Inkonzo yamabhinqa yokuchophela amatyala yalandela indlela efanayo yokufumana imvume. Nangona ayefumana umsebenzi olinganayo ngo-1920, amabhinqa ayengaqiniseki ngenkonzo yejaji de kube ngu 1975 Taylor v. Louisiana isigqibo. Amanye amazwe ayewagxothe ngokupheleleyo amabhinqa, amanye enza inkonzo yawo ibe yeyokuzithandela, kwaye amaninzi awazikhululanga ngokuzenzekela amabhinqa aneembopheleleko zobuntwana. Ezi zicikidi eziboniswayo neziqikelelo zobufana zobufana ngexesha lokukhaphela abamangaleli bokwenyaniso.
Umlinganiselo wamalungelo abachopheli-tyala uguqukile ngokutolikwa. INkundla ePhakamileyo iye yagqiba kwelokuba ukuchotshelwa kwamatyala abachopheli-tyala akufuneki kuququzelo lwetyala oluthatha iinyanga ezingaphantsi kwezithandathu entolongweni, ukuba iijaji zinokuba zincinane kuneshumi elinesibini kwezinye iimeko, kwaye eso sigqibo singqinelanayo asisoloko sifuneka kwiinkundla zikarhulumente. Olu hlengahlengiso lulungelelanisa inkxalabo eluncedo nemigaqo-siseko, nangona abahlalutyi bephikisa besithi ziyawahlaza ii-qhinga.
Isiseko somGaqo-siseko sovavanyo lokuQonda
Ukuqonda IsiHlomelo Sesithandathu
IsiHlalisi-mthetho se-Imprimendment se-Intestem eqinisekisa ukuvavanywa kwabejaji abachopheli-tyala siqulethe amalungu amaninzi asebenza kunye ukuqinisekisa okusesikweni. Imfuneko yokuvavanywa "kwelishwa" ithintela urhulumente ekubekeni izityholo kubamangalelwa ngokungenasiphelo, lo gama "uwonke" uvavanyo luqinisekisa ukuba ukubonakala nokuphendula. Imfuno "i-parcomment comment" ifuna ukuba bonke abachopheli-mthetho basebenze ngokusesikweni kunye nomelo olulungelelanisiweyo.
Iimfuno zendawo----ukuthi amatyala ejaji avele kwiphondo nakwisithili apho ulwaphulo-mthetho lwenzeka khona", ziqinisekisa iinjongo ezininzi. Ziqinisekisa imigangatho yoluntu iphembelela ubulungisa, zithintele ukuqokelelwa koogxalaba, kwaye zikhusele abamangalelwa ekuzanyweni kwiindawo ezikude ezinobutshaba. Oku kuyimfuneko kudibanisa ubulungisa noluntu, kwenza iimvavanyo zoonobumba bemiqathango yasekuhlaleni ngaphakathi kwenkqubo yolawulo.
Ukungakhethi buso akuthethi ukuba izikwere ezingekho mthethweni mazingabi nazigwebo nakucingwa. Kunoko, kufuneka abagwebi abanokujonga kakuhle ubungqina phezu kwayo nje imbono yabo. Iindlela eziyingozi, apho amagqwetha nabagwebi babuza ukuba ngabagwebi abanokuba ngabagwebi, bazama ukuchonga baze babakhuphe abo iimkhethe zabo zinokuthi bathintele ulwano olusesikweni. Le nkqubo, nangona bengafezekanga, iyavuma ukuba ukungathathi cala kuyinto engenakubakho xa befuna iingqondo ezivulekileyo.
Ukudibana kwengxelo yetyala netyala labachopheli-tyala kungqineke kubalulekile. Amandla abameli okunqumla amangqina e-examine phambi kwejaji anceda abachopheli-mthetho ukuba bahlole ukuthembeka kwabo ngokuziphatha, ngokungqinelana, nangokuphendula xa becela ucelomngeni. Oku kufunekayo kubungqina, ngaphandle kokubekwa phantsi, kuqinisekisa izigqibo ezisisiseko kubungqina obuvavanyiweyo kunokuba zingavavanywanga izityholo.
Ukuhlaziywa Kwehlabathi Nokukhunjulwa Kwamakhaya
Ngeli xesha izigwebi zifumana ingqalelo kawonke-wonke, izigwebi zidlala iindima zedemokhrasi ezibaluleke ngokufanayo. UMthetho wokuHlaziya wesixhenxe ulondoloza amalungelo aqhelekileyo omthetho ochophela amatyala, uthintela abagwebi ukuba bangabahluli abasebenzi ekucombululeni iimpikiswano zabucala. Oku kukhusela kudlulela ngaphaya komonakalo olula kwintengiso entsonkothileyo, amatyala emveliso, kunye neentengo zamalungelo abantu.
Umahluko phakathi kwengxelo esemthethweni nelinganayo umisela ukubakho kwenkundla yabachopheli-tyala. Umthetho oqhelekileyo wembali uthi `ukukhutshwa kwesivumelwano, ukungakhathali, ukumeneka'. "ukufumana amalungelo ejaji," ngeli xesha ufumana imicimbi elungelelanisiweyo, imisebenzi ekhethekileyo, utshintsho-------arhente-exenel'. Lo mahluko ubonakala ubalulekile: isakhiwo sisoloko similisela ukuqinisekisa okanye ukuphepha iimvavanyo zejaji ezisekelwe kwingqikelelo yequmrhu.
Igalelo lokuhlola kwakhona lithintela abagwebi ekubhukuqeni iingxelo ezifunyenwe ngabachopheli-tyala ngaphandle kwemigaqo emiselweyo njengeminyanzelo emitsha yokuvavanya esekelwe ekungaphumelelini kwesigqibo. Olu khuselo luqinisekisa ukuba iingcali eziphezulu zomthetho azinakusuka nje ziluyeke ulwaphulo-mthetho oluphezulu lungavumelani nesigwebo soluntu. Ngoxa abagwebi benegunya kwimibuzo engokwasemthethweni, izigqibo eziyinyaniso zihlala ziliphondo labachopheli-tyala.
Izalathiso zolawulo-moya zamakhaya zisebenza imisebenzi ebalulekileyo yedemokhrasi engaphaya kwesigqibo sempikiswano. Zihlola amandla equmrhu ngokuvumela abemi abaqhelekileyo ukuba bagcine amashishini efuna umonakalo. Ziqinisekisa okanye ziyigatye imilinganiselo yoluntu ngenxa yehambo esengqiqweni. Zinikela igalelo lolawulo-lwazi lwedemokhrasi kumlinganiselo womonakalo, ingakumbi ngenxa yezono ezingaqondakaliyo ezifana neentlungu nokubandezeleka okungekho milinganiselo yentengiso.
Uvavanyo Lwedemokhrasi
Ukuzinikela kwabaqulunqi ekuchopheni amatyala abachopheli-tyala kwabonakalisa ingcamango yedemokhrasi entsonkothileyo, hayi nje ekhethelwayo. Umgaqo wokuba amandla karhulumente afumaneka ebantwini. Ngokubeka amandla agqugqisileyo ezandleni zabemi, iinkundla zejaji zenza abantu babe nenxaxheba ekulawuleni kunokuba bangenelele kwiinkalo ezingekho mthethweni.
I Juries ikwasebenza njengamaziko anxibelelanayo phakathi kwabantu kunye negunya likarhulumente. Alexis de Tocqueville waphawula ukuba amajaji aseMerika "okuqala naphambili yayilulungiselelo lwezopolitiko" olufanele lujongwe njenge "lunye uhlobo lolawulo lwabantu" olungaphaya kweziphumo, ukufundisa abemi ngomthetho, ulawulo, kunye noxanduva lwesizwe.
Imfuneko yesigwebo esiphezulu [ ibonisa inkxalabo zobulungisa kunye nokufaneleka. Abameli abagwetywa ngabalinganayo norhulumente kunamagosa karhulumente okanye abaphathi-ntlalo banokuqwalaselwa ngokungakhethi buso. Ngaphezu koko, izigqibo ezinikezelwa ngoontanga zinegunya elingaphezulu kunezo zinyanzeliswe zicaciswe zizikhulu zecawa, zikhuthaza ukwamkelwa ngokuphulukana namaqela.
Inkxalabo yomthetho ochaseneyo nolawulo-mthetho olufuna ukuchotshelwa kwetyala ivavanywa ngokusemthethweni. Babesoyika amandla aphakathi ukuba aphelise ulawulo lwasekuhlaleni kunye nokuthatha inxaxheba kwabemi. Inkqubo yabachopheli-mthetho babenyanzelisa ukuba impembelelo yasekuhlaleni igcinwe ngaphakathi kwinkqubo yorhulumente, beqinisekisa ukuba umthetho wesizwe utolikwa ngokuthabatha inxaxheba kwe-demokhrasi. Olu lungelelwano phakathi kwegunya lorhulumente kunye nedemokhrasi yasekuhlaleni lusafuneka kurhulumente waseMelika.
Indlela Okusebenza Ngayo Ukukhetha Ibhobhini Yanamhlanje
IChibi LeJury Nenkqubo Yomxholo
Ukhetho lwangoku lwabachopheli-mthetho luqala ngokudala amaqula anokwenzeka eejaji athathwe kuludwe lokubhalisela, iirekhodi zelayisensi yomqhubi, kunye nezinye iisiseko zikarhulumente. Le njongo ininzi izama ukuthatha abemi ababanzi abanqamleze amacandelo, nangona isaphosa iinguqu, ezingezo zixhobo, nezingaphandle kwesiseko solawulo. Ezinye izalathiso ngereji yengxelo yemali, iiroll, okanye ezinye imithombo ukuphucula umelo.
Isalathisi esibizwa, esisenokuba sijongene nemisebenzi eyahlukeneyo yokuxilongwa. Amatyala aqokelela ulwazi olusisiseko malunga namanani abantu, umsebenzi, kunye nobunzima obunokwenzeka. Amazwe amaninzi avumela ukugqitywa kwe-intanethi kunye nokulungelelaniswa kolwazi, eqonda ukuba ukulungelelaniswa koncedo kuphucula ukuthobela. Ukungaphumeleli ukuphendula iziphumo ezilandelayo kunye nezigwebo ezinokwenzeka, nangona ukunyanzeliswa komthetho kuthe kwahluka ngokubanzi.
Ukucinezelwa nokuzithethelela kubangela ukuba kubekho indibano yabachopheli-tyala enzima. Ukungawi kwesigwebo kungasusa imisebenzi ethile . /oogqirha, othisha, abaphendula ngongxamiseko − bajongwa njengababaluleke kakhulu kwinkonzo yejaji. Ingxengxezo zobunzima zomthwalo wemali, iimbopheleleko zokunyamekela abasebenzi, okanye imiba yempilo inciphisa amaqula abachopheli-tyala. Ngoxa kuyimfuneko ukugweba okusesikweni, abagwebi abaninzi bangali kwibhunga elincinane nakumgangatho ongcono wezoqoqosho.
" imfuneko yokunqamleza icandelo" imiyalelo yokuba amaqula abonakalisa ukwenziwa kwequmrhu labachopheli-tyala abonise ukwenziwa koluntu, kodwa ayiqinisekisi ukusetyenziswa kolwahlulo lwezijungqu zokwenene. Iinkundla zisebenzisa uphando lwezibalo ukuchonga identing kodwa zinyamezele ukuphambuka okukhulu kumelo olugqibeleleyo. Olu lungelelwano phakathi komelo olufanelekileyo nolawulo olusebenzayo lubangela uxinzelelo oluqhubekayo.
Idityanisiwe: Ukukhetha i Jury Eyokwenene
I-Voir .
Ucelomngeni lokususa abachopheli-mthetho abangenakukhetha buso ngenxa yolwalamano, amava, okanye ukubonakalisa ikhethe. Umgwebi owaziyo ummangalelwa, uye walixhoba lolwaphulo-mthetho olufana netyala, okanye uvakalisa ukungakwazi ukulandela umthetho kufuneka akhutshwe. Ucelomngeni lokubangela umqathango / ukucalulana okanye ukucalulana ngokweemeko.
Imingeni enzima ivumela amagqwetha ukuba asuse abagwebi ngaphandle kokuchaza izizathu, nangona ucalulo olusekelwe kuhlanga, ubufana okanye ezinye iimpawu ezikhuselweyo lungavumelekanga. Icala ngalinye lifumana imiqobo elinganiselweyo yokukhulula, ukunyanzelisa izigqibo eziqulunqayo malunga nokuba yeyiphi inkqubo yejaji eyingozi enkulu. Ukuzikhulula ngelixa kudidelwa, ngokuqikelelwa, kuphucula ukulunga ngokuvumela amaqela asuse abalawuli bejaji ababonakala benekhethelo kodwa abangahlangani nemilinganiselo.
Imfundiso yeBatson, enqanda ulwaphulo-mthetho, idala inyathelo eliziinyawo ezintathu xa kuthethwa ukuba ucalucalulo lukhona. Umchasi kufuneka abonise iprima facie, umceli-mceli makanike ingcaciso yohlanga-luhlanga, kwaye inkundla igqibe ukuba ucalucalulo luyenzeka kusini na. Ngeli xesha kusenjalo ubuchule obubalulekileyo bomqobo beBatson busaqhubeka budityaniswa, njengokuba izizathu zokwalal'amanani zisoloko ziphumelela ekuhlolweni.
Inzululwazi Nendlela Yokukhetha Uvavanyo
Ukukhetha kwale mihla kubandakanywa kakhulu [[FLT: 0] abacebisi abasebenzisa inzululwazi yengqondo, intlalo-ntle, kunye nogcino-lwazi ukuchonga abachopheli abalungileyo. Ukuvavanywa kwejaji elungileyo, amaqela agxininisayo, kunye nohlolo loluntu lwazisa iindlela zokukhetha abachopheli-mgwebi. /_Abantu abafana nezigqibo ezigcina iimvavanyo."Ingxelo yenyani yengxelo ekunikezelweni kwetyala.
Uphando lwezentlalo lwezibonelelo zezentlalo ezinokuba ngabasemagunyeni luphakamisa imibuzo emitsha yemilinganiselo yokuziphatha nesebenzisekayo. Ii-attorney eziya zisanda ngokubakho ngabagwebi kwi-intanethi ukuze bafumane ulwazi ngesimo sengqondo, abahlobo, namava. Nangona ulwazi lukawonke-wonke ludla ngokuba luhle, lunxibelelana nabachopheli-juji okanye lusebenzisa iintambo zokukhohlisa. Iinkundla zizama ukulungelelanisa ukubonakala kobuqu nokungafihlisi kwisizukulwana senkqubo yamanani.
Uphando olupheleleyo lwekhethe lutyhila ukuba wonke umntu uhlala enekhethe elingaziyo elichaphazela ukwenza izigqibo. Ezinye iinkundla ngoku zisebenzisa imfundo ecacileyo yokucalula izalathisi, zinethemba lokuba ukuqiqa kunciphisa impembelelo yokungachaphazeli. Abahlalutyi baphikisa imfundo enjalo ngokuthi benze abagwebi baluphazele kakhulu uhlanga okanye ezinye iimpawu. Le ngxoxo ibonisa umlo omkhulu wokuhlangabezana nokungavumelani kwemigaqo ngokweenkqubo ezibonakala zingeyonxalenye.
[[NTLA] Ukubaluleka kokukhetha okuninzi okusoloko kugqitha umboniso wokuvavanya . Amagqwetha anamava athe amatyala aphumelele okanye alahleka ngexesha le-voir eshwaka, hayi iimpikiswano zokuvala. Oku kuphakamisa imibuzo yokuba ukhetho lwejaji elinabileyo lusebenza kubulungisa okanye luneengenelo ezizityebi ezinokukwazi ukuhlawula abacebisi kunye nezininzi zevoirdad.
Amandla Nenkqubo Yokukhululeka Kwentshayelelo
Ngaphakathi Kwigumbi LeJury
Xa unikezelo lobungqina luqukunjelwa kwaye abagwebi benika imiyalelo esemthethweni, amajaji aqalisa owona msebenzi wawo ubalulekileyo: uqulunqelo . Le nkqubo, eqhutywa ngasese ngaphandle koshicilelo okanye ujongisiso, imela ukwenza izigqibo zedemokhrasi. Abalishumi elinesibini (okanye abambalwa) abafokazi kufuneka bafikelele kwisivumelwano kwimicimbi yenkululeko, ityala, kunye nemithetho esesikweni.
Uphando lubonisa ukuba abantu abaphambili banempembelelo ephawulekayo. Basoloko bephezulu ngokugqithisileyo, befunda, benobuchule, bendoda, bemhlophe.
Uphando lweqela lutyhila iipateni zoqikelelo oluxelwe kwangaphambili. Imivoti yokuqala isoloko ixela kwangaphambili izigqibo zokugqibela, njengoko iindawo ezininzi zithanda ukuphumelela ngoluvo okanye uxinzelelo. Abalawuli abajongi bajongene noxinzelelo olukhulu lwentlalo ukuze bavumelane, nangona iimfuno zokungalingani okanye ukugqibela okuphezulu kukhusela izikhundla ezincinci. Umzekelo "wesibini unomsindo" womntu omnye oguqulele ku-11 uhlala ungowodwa.
Abasebenzi basebenzisa iindlela ezahlukeneyo zokwenza izigqibo. Ii-glasi zejaji ezifumana ubungqina obucwangcisiweyo zihlola ubungqina kunye nemiqondiso phambi kokufikelela izigqibo. Iijaji ezigwebayo zithatha iivoti zangaphambili ze zilungelelanise iindawo ezixhasayo. Iindlela zokuchaza zilungiselela ukuchaza ubungqina, ngezona zilinganiso ezikhoyo. Ezi ndlela zokwahluka-hlukeneyo zingakhokelela kwiziphumo ezahlukeneyo ukusuka kubungqina obufanayo.
Ukuqonda Imiyalelo Yomsebenzi
Imiyalelo ye Jury `imithetho esemthethweni egwetywayo inikela ``iingqwalaselo ezibalulekileyo kodwa eziyingxaki. imiyalelo yepateni , iphuhliswe ukuqinisekisa ukungaguquguquki nokuchana kwasemthethweni, isoloko isebenzisa ulwimi oluntsonkothileyo olungokomthetho olungaqondakaliyo kwijaji. Uhlolisiso lubonisa ukuba abagwebi basoloko bengaziqondi kakuhle imiyalelo ebalulekileyo malunga nomthwalo wobungqina, ukubekwa kobumsulwa, kunye neenkcazelo ezithile.
Umgangatho osengqiqweni wokuthandabuza ubonakalisa imingeni yomyalelo. Iinkcazelo zoluhlu ukusuka ku "ulweyiseko oluqinileyo" ukuya ku "ukunyaniseka" ukuya kuqikelelo oluntsonkothileyo malunga nezigqibo ezibalulekileyo zobomi. Abalawuli bazama ukuguqulela ezi ndlela zingabonakaliyo kwimigangatho yesigqibo esiqinileyo. Abanye baphikisa oku kuphambana koku kukwenza ube nobubhetyebhetye-bhetye, ngexa abanye bebujonga njengobukruthalha ubulungisa obungaguquguqukiyo.
Imiyalelo emisela imigaqo emisela ukusetyenziswa kobungqina obukhethekileyo qha qha qha, icingelwa ukuba uluvo lwangaphambili lufanele luthembeke, hayi ukuba abagwebi abasebenza ngengqondo abangakwaziyo ukuqhuba imithambo-luvo. Uphando lwengqondo lubonisa ukuba abantu abanako ukukutyeshela ulwazi abalufumeneyo. Le miyalelo ilinganiselweyo isenokuba ziiNtsomi ezisemthethweni ezigcina intuthuzelo enkundleni kunokuqinisekisa okusesikweni.
Imigudu yotshintsho iquka imiyalelo yolwimi olucacileyo, imibhalo ebhaliweyo yokuququzelela, kunye nokuyalelwa ngaphambi kokunikelwa kobungqina. Ezinye iinkundla zivumela abagwebi ukuba babuze imibuzo ngemiyalelo, nangona abagwebi besoloko bengavumi ukucacisa ukuhlaziywa kokoyika ukuhlaziywa. Ingxaki yomyalelo ibalaselisa ukuchasana phakathi kokuthathi-nxaxheba ngokuchanekileyo okusemthethweni nokulawulwa ngolawulo-demokhrasi.
Isigwebo Nemiphumo Yaso
unikezelo lwe-VT lumele incopho yamandla abachopheli-mthetho. Umlawuli ophambili ubhengeza "ityala" okanye "ayinatyala" ukuqhelisela amandla ombuso ngqo, ngaphandle kokunxibelelana. Lo mzuzu uquka ulawulo oluqhelekileyo oluqhelekileyo. /_Abemi abaqhelekileyo bathetha norhulumente, isigqibo sabo esithwele iziphumo kurhulumente kufuneka banyanzele.
Imfuno zesigqibo ezahlukeneyo .(ukungalingani, ukusetyenziswa kweqhinga elikhulu, okanye uninzi olulula (_lubonisa iingcamango ezahlukeneyo zedemokhrasi. Iimfuno zokungalingani zikhusela amazwi ambalwa kwaye zifuna ukuvumelana kokwenyaniso kodwa zivumela ukuba kubekho ukuxhathisa okukodwa kokuphazamisa okusesikweni. Imithetho ephezulu yokhuseleko oluncinane kunye nokusebenza. Ubungqina bakutshanje beNkundla ePhakamileyo bokuba amatyala anzulu afuna ukungalingani kokhuseleko olukhethekileyo olufanelekileyo lwabamangalelwa.
Ijung jung jurs(a apho abachopheli bejaji bengenakufikelela kwisivumelwano esifunekayo", banokukhupha iimpendulo ezahlukeneyo. Abagwebi banganika uAllen izityholo ezikhuthaza ukuqiqa okuthe rhoqo, nangona imiyalelo yokuncedisana isemngciphekweni wokunyanzeliswa kwesigwebo esinyanzelekileyo. Iityala ezingekho mthethweni ezikwizigwebo ezixhotyisiweyo zivumela ukuqulunqwa kwakhona, nangona iijaji ezininzi zinokukhawuleza zigxothwe. Amaqondo abachobi abachopheli-jaji aba-i-i-i-5-10%, acebisa inkqubo yokucinga ngesigqibo ngokuqhelekileyo yenza impikiswano.
Ukudibana kwetyala lasemva komthetho kuphakamisa imiba esesikweni nesebenzisekayo. Ii-attorney zingabuza abachopheli bejaji ukuba baqonde izigqibo baze baphucule ukusebenza kwexesha elizayo. Abamadadi bakhangela iimbono zejaji kwiimeko eziphezulu. Abanye abachopheli bamkela amathuba okuthoba, ngexa abanye befuna ukubuyela ekuzifihleni. Iinkundla ziyakwazi ukubeka umlinganiselo wokubonisana kakuhle nemfundo ngokuchasene nemicimbi yangasese nemibandela yokugqibela.
Ukwenziwa kwemiqathango: Uvavanyo lwedemokhrasi
Amandla Okungayamkeli Imithetho Engafanelekanga
Ukungagqibeki kokwenza into `ukungalungi ngaphaya kwetyala elicacileyo ngenxa yokuba umthetho okanye isohlwayo kubonakala ngathi asilunganga ```igunya eliphambili lenkqubo yabachopheli-tyala'. Eli gunya, nangona linganikwanga ngokucacileyo, lisuka ngokungenakunqandwa kwizigqibo ezingenakuqwalaselwa kunye nezikhuseli eziphindiweyo. I Juries zingalumkela ngokunempumelelo uxanduva olucinezelayo, kwanaxa abamangalelwayo bewuchasa umthetho.
Imizekelo engokwembali ephelisayo ibonisa ukubaluleka kwalo mandla. Iijaji zaseMantla zibakhulula rhoqo abo bamangalelwa phantsi koMthetho we-Fugitive Slave Act, ngokunempumelelo ukuphelisa ukubuya okunyanzelisayo kwamakhoboka aphumileyo. Iziphumo zemithetho yezemali yokuzingca zisoloko zingenatyala abalawuli abacacileyo.
Ukupheliswa kweziyobisi kwenzeka kakhulu kumatyala, ingakumbi kumatyala otywala aqhubela phambili ekugunyazisweni ngokusemthethweni. AmaJulie asenokugweba abamangalelwa abakholelwa ukuba babegwetyelwe ngokungekho sikweni, bejamelene nezityholo ezigqithisileyo, okanye bafumane izigwebo ezigqithisileyo. Oku kulahlwa komthetho kungabonisa ukungathotyelwa kwamagosa aphambili omthetho okanye iinkqubo zokugweba.
Amandla okuphelisa adlulela ngaphaya kokugwetywa ukuquka ukuqiniseka kwiityala ezincinci phezu kwazo nje izityholo ezixhaswe kakhulu. AmaJulies angazivakaliswa zisigwebo esincinci esinyanzelekileyo angagwetywa kwizenzo ezincinci zokunqanda imvukelo ezikrakra. Oku "kuphelisa ingqwalaselo encinane" kuvumela iintambo zokudibanisa iinaliti phakathi kokulandela umthetho nokuthintela ukungabikho kokusesikweni.
Impikiswano Engokwahlukana
Iimpikiswano ezixhasa ukupheliswa kolawulo lwedemokhrasi kunye nokhuseleko lwesazela. Ukuba iijaji zimela ilizwi labantu kwinkqubo yokusesikweni, kufuneka zibe negunya lokuchasa iinkqubo zomthetho ezingekho sikweni. Abagwebi bagweba ngokuchasene nesazela babonakalisa isiseko sokuziphatha esinemilinganiselo esesikweni. Umthetho wokhuseleko unika i-valve ngokuchasene nomthetho ogqithisileyo nowesigqeba.
Ukuchaswa komthetho kuphakamisa umthetho ongenanto. Ukuvumela ukuba abagwebi bawutyeshele umthetho kubangela ukuba kungabikho ngqiqweni kunye nocalucalulo. Ulawulo olusetyenziselwa ukukhusela amakhoboka abalekeleyo lukwakhusela amahlokondiba akhuselekile. Ukubekwa kolawulo-siseko komthetho kungasingela phantsi idemokhrasi ngokuvumela abemi abalishumi elinababini baphumeze izigqibo zabameli abanyuliweyo. Isicelo esitshintshayo sithetha ukuba abamangalelwa ababekwe endaweni efanayo bajongene neziphumo ezahlukeneyo ezisekelwe kwimimiselo yabacholi-jaji.
I I-Unifigult Jury Association abaxhasi bomyalelo ocacileyo wokuphelisa, abaphikisi-zigwebi kufuneka bawazi amandla abo okwenyaniso. Iinkundla ezininzi ziyawathintela amabinzana atshitshileyo, aziwafundisi amandla, kwaye zingasusa abachopheli abavakalisa injongo yokutshisa. Oku kudala ukudideka kwamandla akhoyo kodwa angenakuvunywa, aziwa kubamangali abacuphisi abancuphi kodwa abafihleke kakhulu.
Iinkundla zisebenzisa iindlela zokusetyenziswa kwenqanawa ngendlela ezahlukeneyo. Abagwebi bayalela abagwebi "bamele" ukulandela umthetho ngexa besazi ukuba abanakuwunyanzelisa lo myalelo. Imibuzo enzima yalatha kwaye ikhuphe abashiyi abanokwenzeka. Izigqibo ezikhethekileyo ezifuna umlinganiselo othile wokophulwa kwezinto eziyinyaniso. Le migudu igcina intsomi yokuba iijaji zisoloko zilandela umthetho ngeli lixa zigcina isivalo sokhuseleko esitshitshisiweyo.
Iimeko Ezidumileyo Ezaguqula Ulawulo - melo LwaseMerika Ngezilingo Zobunyulu
Ityala LikaJohn Peter Zenger (1735)
Ityala lezenger [[[FLT: 0] lamisela imizekelo ebalulekileyo yokucinezela inkululeko kunye nenkululeko yabachopheli-tyala. UZenger, umshicileli waseNew York, wajamelana netyala lokuvukela umthetho lokupapasha ukugxekwa kwerhuluneli yamakoloni uWilliam Cosby. Phantsi komthetho okhoyo, inyaniso yayingelulo lukhuselo kuvukeli-mthetho weligebengu.
Igqwetha likaZenger, uAndrew Hamilton, wabongoza abagwebi ukuba baphumeze ityala phezu kwako nje ukuba netyala elicacileyo elisemthethweni, ephikisa ngelithi abantu abakhululekileyo bamele babe nelungelo lokugxeka urhulumente. Ukugwetywa kwejaji kwachasa imiyalelo yomgwebi kwaye kwamisela umgaqo wokuba amajaji agwebe umthetho kunye nezibakala. Lo mzekelo wangaphambili wokuphelisa ityala ubonakalisa indima yamajaji njengovavanyo oluqhelekileyo kumandla karhulumente.
Isiphumo sesigqibo sadlulela ngaphaya kwenkululeko kaZenger. Saseka imigaqo yenkululeko yokushicilela kamva ifakwe kwiSihlaziyo sokuqala kwaye sabonisa ukuba amabanjwa eejaji ayakuchasa igunya leBritane. Ityala laba yingcamango yeenguqulelo, ebonisa ukuba amajoni aqhelekileyo anokuthomalalisa igunya lenkosi ngenkonzo yejaji.
Ityala Lika - Anthony Burns (1854)
Anthony Burns ukuvavanywa kwetyala phantsi koMthetho we-Fugitive Slave Act wabonakalisa ukuxhathisa kwamacholacholi aseMantla ekunyanzelweni kobukhoboka. UTshisa, owasinda kubukhoboka eVirginia, wabanjwa eBoston waza wajongana nobukhoboka. Ngoxa ishwangusha lakhe ligqitywe ngukhomishinala kunokuba abe ngumgwebi, laxelelwane netyala labonisa ukuba liphuthile igunya labachopheli-tyala.
Xa abasemagunyeni babebagweba abo babezama ukukhulula uBurns kwintolongo, abagwebi baseBoston abazange bavume ukuvalela amatyala phezu kwabo nje ubungqina obucacileyo. La matyala aphule umthetho wesizwe ofuna uncedo lwabemi ekubanjweni abasabayo.
Ingxoxo kaBurns yabonisa indlela iinkundla zabachopheli-tyala ezinokuba yiyo ngayo imibutho yezentlalo eqhubela phambili yezobupolitika. Abaxhasi bezenkolo basebenzisa amatyala njengeeqonga kwiingxoxo ezichasene nobukhoboka, besazi iijaji ezinovelwano zisenokubukhulula bungaphi na ubungqina. Oku kusetyenziswa kobuchule kweenkundla zabachopheli-tyala njengoko iinkundla zezobupolitika ziqhubeka kwiimeko zale mihla zokuqhankqala.
IScottsboro Boys Cases (1932-1937)
Amatyala athe aphenduliswa ngokuphandle indlela ukwenziwa kwetyala labachopheli-tyala okuchaphazela ngayo okusesikweni. Abafana abasibhozo abamnyama bajamelana netyala lokudlwengula e-Alabama ngenxa yobungqina obuthandabuzekayo. Zonke iijaji ezimhlophe zakhawuleza zawafumana nangona ebuthathaka ekuthethweni. INkundla ePhakamileyo yaziguqula kabini iinkolelo, imisela imizekelo ebalulekileyo ngokuphathelele ingcebiso elisebenzayo kunye nocalucalulo lwabachotho.
Powell v. Alabama wamisela ukuba abamangalelwa bafuna umelo olusebenzayo olusemthethweni, hayi nje ukudibana kwe-proma yesiluleko. Norris v. Alabama ayizange ivunyelwe ngokucwangcisiweyo ukususwa kwama-Afrika akwinkonzo yabachopheli-mgwebi, nangona ukuphumeza okusebenzayo kwathatha amashumi eminyaka. La matyala abonisa indlela engasetyenziswa ngayo igqibo yokufumana isiqinisekiso sokufumana imvume.
Ityala leScottsboro labonisa ukuba kukho ukungavisisani okusemntla kunye noMazantsi kwisimilo sabachopheli-tyala. Xa indawo yaguqukela kummandla owahlukeneyo, ijaji yavala ityala kunokuba ifake ityala. Oku kungafani kwemeko yejaji yabachopheli-tyala kwabalaselisa indlela ikhethe lasekuhlaleni elikuphembelela ngayo okusesikweni lize liphakamise imibuzo yokuba ngaba ngaba ngaba ngaba ngaba ngabangakhethi bubulungisa bokwenene kunokwenzeka na kwiimeko eziphenjelelwa kakhulu.
Ityala leChicago Seven (1969-1970)
Ityala ICicago 7 emva kweNgqungquthela yeDemocratic Commission yowe-1968] ibonise ukuvavanywa kwamatyala abachopheli-tyala njengendawo yemfazwe yezobupolitika. Abameli bajongwa ngesityholo sokutyholwa ukuphembelela izidubedube, nangona abaninzi babebona ukutshutshiswa njengempindezelo yezopolitiko yokulwa nemfazwe.
Ityala laba yisekisi, kunye nabamangalelwa besebenzisa amaqhinga emidlalo yabanqolobi ukubhenca oko babekugqala njengetyala. UBobby Seale wayebotshelelwe enkundlani aze afakwe izikhonkwane. UAbbie Hoffman noJerry Rubin babenxibe iingubo zomthetho. UAllen Ginsberg wangqina ngokwanda kolwazi. Umboniso ojolise ekuphembeleni abachopheli-tyala abahleliyo kunye noluntu ngokubanzi "ubuxoki"
Phezu kwayo nje isiphithiphithi, abachopheli-mthetho bayithatha nzulu indima yabo, bakhulula kangangeentsuku kwaye bafikelela kwisigqibo esinzima. Bakhulula bonke abamangalelwa beqhinga − ngokulahla ingcamango eyintloko karhulumente (____ngoxa begweba izityholo ezithile zomntu ngamnye. Esi sigqibo siphazanyisiweyo sabonisa ukuba iijaji ziyakwazi ukuhlula ngobulumko ubungqina kwanakwimo yezopolitiko.
ISimpson Cristial Treade (1995)
Ityala lesiCII] laba yintelekelelo yesithethe ebonakalisa ucalucalulo olunzulu lobuhlanga kwibutho lamaMelika. Ityala labagwebi abamnyama lininzi nakuba kubonakala ngathi bubungqina obuninzi bothusa abantu abamhlophe baseMelika ngexesha abantu abaninzi abantsundu beyijonga njengeyonto enqabileyo yokuziphendulela kwihambo engafanelekanga yamapolisa.
Isigqibo sabalaselisa indlela abahlali abachaza ngayo ubungqina ngeliso lelensi ezahlukeneyo. Apho abatshutshisi babona ubungqina benzululwazi bokuziva benetyala, amagqwetha akhusela ngempumelelo baphakamisa amathandabuzo ngokuphatha amapolisa ngokuphatha ubungqina kwaye bacebisa ukuba ikhethe lobuhlanga ekuphengululeni. Ukukhawuleza kwabagwebi emva kokuvavanywa kwetyala ixesha elide kwabonisa ukugwetywa kwabo ngokugqithisileyo ngokubhekiselele kwimigaqo yezomthetho.
Ityala likaSimpson labonisa impembelelo yale mihla yesixhobo sonxibelelwano kwiityala zabachopheli-tyala. Abachopheli bejaji abangenalucalulo bafumana ityala elingabalulekanga phantse ukuba lingangenzeki. Ukuzikhetha kwabachopheleyo kwabachopheli-mthetho kangangeenyanga ezisibhozo kwaphakamisa imibuzo ngenkxwaleko yengqondo yenkonzo yabachopheli-mvo kwiimeko eziphezulu. Ulwamkelo lwesigqibo lwabonisa indlela izigqibo zabagwebi ezinokuvuselela ngayo kunokuba zisombulule iingxwabangxwaba zentlalo.
Iingxaki Zexesha Elidluleyo Ezajamelana Nenkqubo Yobu Jumpi
Ukuvavanywa Kwetyala LobuJuli Elingapheliyo
Mhlawumbi esona sisongelo sikhulu kwidemokhrasi yabachopheli-tyala kukungafumaneki kwenkqubo kufutshane nokunyamalala. Okungaphezulu kwama-95% kwetyala lolwaphulo-mthetho kubangelwa kukucetyiswa, hayi ukuvavanywa. Iinkundla zabachopheli-tyala zamakhaya ziye zarhoxa ngokufanayo, namatyala amaninzi ehla okanye asombululwe ngesinye isigqibo sempikiswano. Ityala labachopheli-mgamsheli liguquke ukusuka kwindlela eqhelekileyo ukuya kutsho kwinkangeleko.
Iimeko ezininzi eziqhubela ekucinezeleni ityala liyehla. Imithetho eqatha yokugweba idala umngcipheko omkhulu phakathi kwezicelo ezinikezelwayo nezigwebo zasemva kwetyala, inyanzela abamangalelwa ukuba bamangalelwe ukuba bavume ityala kungakhathaliseki ukuba banetyala. Ityala elincinane lisusa ityala, lithintele iijaji ekuthinteleni isigwebo sokuvavanya. Isigwebo sokuvavanywa.
Iindleko zokumangalelwa kwemiba yelizwe ziyenza iimvavanyo zibe zezezoqoqosho ezingekho ngqiqweni kwiimpikiswano ezininzi. Iindleko zokufunyaniswa kwemali, amangqina obuchule, kunye neendleko zamagqwetha zingadlula amaxabiso akhoyo etyala. Iingxelo zokuthengwa kwabathengi kunye nezivumelwano zemisebenzi eziphambukisa amatyala avela kwiinkundla. Kwanaxa iityala zisekho, abadlali abaqiqeleyo bezoqoqosho bakhetha ukucombulula ubungozi obunokuthenjwa ngenxa yomngcipheko wokuvavanywa.
Oku kuthoba imicimbi kuba [[FLT: 0] iimvavanyo zobujukujeku zisebenza imisebenzi yenkqubo engaphaya kwesombululo setyala ngalinye. Zivelisa imizekelo esemthethweni, zibhenca ihambo karhulumente ekuqwalaselweni, kwaye zigcina unxibelelwano lwabemi kwinkqubo yokusesikweni. Ngaphandle kweetyala ezithe rhoqo, umthetho uya usiba ngobuchule kwaye ususwe kwimpembelelo yedemokhrasi.
Impembelelo yobuxhakaxhaka kwiimvavanyo ze Jury
Ubugcisa bamanani buguqula zonke iinkalo zokuvavanya abachopheli-tyala, buvelisa amathuba kunye nocelomngeni. ngoku bulawula iimeko ezininzi (ii-imeyili, imibhalo, ii-ofisi zezentlalo-ntle, ii-data zeseli, kunye nenkcubeko yamanani. Abaququzeleli mabavavanye ubungqina obuntsonkothileyo obungazange bubekho xa iinkqubo zejaji ziphuhlisa.
Ubugcisa bokwandiswa butshintsha uvavanyo olunamandla. Ubuchule bekhompyutha, iintetho ze-media, kunye nokwakhiwa kwakhona kwento yokwenene kunamandla okuphembelela amaqumrhu eentloko. Ngoxa ubugcisa bunokubucacisa ngokucace gca ubungqina obuntsonkothileyo, bungasebenzisa kwakhona ngokukhetha okanye ngempembelelo engaphaya kwexabiso lemvakalelo. Ukufikelela kobugcisa obuphezulu kwamaqela obutyebi kunyusa inkxalabo esesikweni.
unikezelo lwe-Internet ngexesha lokuvavanywa ludala iingxaki ezintsha. Ngaphandle kwayo imiyalelo yokuphepha uphando okanye ingxubusho, abagwebi bangafumana lula ulwazi malunga namatyala, amaqela, okanye umthetho nge-cellphone. Ii-ofisi zezentlalo-ntle ngenkonzo yejaji zingatyhila uphando okanye zimemele impembelelo yangaphandle. Iinkundla zizama ukulinganisa i-IMPUMGP, kunye nokulawula ulwazi kwisizukulwana esinxulumene nayo.
Isifo se-COVOID-19 sanyanzelisa ukuba kuthathwe ngokukhawuleza amatyala akude, kuquka iinkundla zamatyala eziqulethwe ngokupheleleyo kwi-intanethi. Ngoxa ubugcisa buye benza ukuba kuqhubekeke ukusetyenziswa inkundla, ukuvavanywa kwenyani kuphakamisa inkxalabo enzulu ngokweenkcukacha, uphando oluyimfihlo, kunye nokuzibophelela okukhuthaza ukwenza izigqibo zobuchule. Iziphumo zexesha elide zezenzo eziqhelekileyo aziqinisekanga.
Iindidi, Umelo Neebhas
Phezu kwazo nje iimfuno ezisemthethweni zommeli wejaji, iinguqu ezikhoyo zabachopheli-tyala zihlala zisengxakini. Iintlanga ezincinane, abantu abaselula, kunye nabemi abafumana imali ephantsi bathenjiswa ngenxa yoluhlu loluhlu, imilinganiselo yokukhulula, imiqobo yentlalo-ntle. Oku kusetyenziswa phantsi komqathango kunciphisa ukulingwa nokulawulwa kwedemokhrasi.
Ucalucalulo olupheleleyo luchaphazela ukwenza isigqibo sejaji ngeendlela abathathi-nxaxheba abangazaziyo. Uhlolisiso lubonisa ukuba abagwebi abalula ngakumbi ukumangalela abamangalelwa beentlanga ezahlukeneyo, bagweba ubungqina obufanayo obusekelwe kwiempawu ezikhohliweyo, kwaye basebenzisa abantu abaqhelekileyo nangona besenza imigudu enyanisekileyo. Le ngcamango isebenza ngaphantsi kolwazi oluphaphileyo, ibenza babe nzima ukuhlangabezana neendlela zesithethe.
Iinguquko ezahlukeneyo zizama ukuphucula umelo nokunciphisa ukucalucalula. Ezinye iindawo zisebenzisa uluhlu oluthe ngqo oluvela kumthombo , zinika imbuyekezo engcono, kwaye zinciphisa ii-jaji ezikhululayo. Uqeqesho olupheleleyo lwejaji, ngexa kuthandabuza, zizama ukunyusa uphando. Ezinye zicebisa iimfuno zolwahlulo okanye utshintsho lwezingcinga zokuqinisekisa ukuba iijaji ezahlukeneyo zikho.
Olu celomngeni ludlulela ngaphaya kwamanani aqhelekileyo aquka iindlela ezahlukeneyo zokucinga nokulungisa ulwazi. Iinkqubo zoluvo, kwanokuba zihlukene ngokwemiba yabantu, zingaba nembono efanayo yehlabathi elinganisela imbono. Idemokhrasi ebonakalisa ulawulo-lwazi lokwenyaniso ifuna amava obomi ahlukeneyo, iindlela zokucinga, kunye neenkcubeko zenkcubeko zokuphanda.
Ukhuthuzo lukarhulumente nolokungalawuleki
Isimo sengqondo sikawonke-wonke ngenkonzo yabachopheli-tyala siye sasuka kwikratshi loluntu ukuya ekuphepheni umthwalo. Abemi abaninzi bajonga umsebenzi wejaji njengethuba lokuphuma kwinxaxheba yedemokhrasi. Imali ehlawulwayo, umqeshi, kunye nokuphazamiseka kobomi kwenza abaninzi bangakwazi ukunikela inkonzo yetyala.
Ityala eliphezulu lisoloko ligqwetha ukuqonda okusemngciphekweni wetyala. Amajelo eendaba agxininisa kwizigqibo ezicacileyo, ukuphengulula ukungalungisi, neziphumo eziphikisanayo kunokusetyenziswa komthetho okuqhelekileyo. Le ngxelo ithenjiweyo ithelekisa ukuthembana kwinkqubo yabachopheli-tyala kwaye idimaza ukuthabatha inxaxheba ngokuzithandela.
Imfundo yeKHIVI emalunga nenkonzo yejaji ayizange iphele kakhulu kwizifundo zesikolo. Inkoliso yamaMerika ayizange ifunde ngembali, injongo, okanye inkqubo de ifumane izimemo. Oku kungazi kubangela inkxalabo ngenkonzo nokungaqondani ngamandla nembopheleleko yabachopheli-tyala. Ngaphandle kokuqonda ukubaluleka kwedemokhrasi yamatyala, abemi abanayo intshukumisa yokuba nenxaxheba enentsingiselo.
Ukubekwa komthetho ngobuchule kunegalelo ekuzahluleni abami. Iinkqubo ezintsonkothileyo, imiyalelo engaqondakaliyo, kunye nomthetho olawulayo zenza abagwebi bazive njengabangaphandle kwinkqubo yabo yokugweba. Xa abemi beziva bephantsi kunokuba begunyaziswe yinkonzo yabachopheli-tyala, ukuba nenxaxheba kwedemokhrasi kuba yisithethe esingenamsebenzi kunokuba ibe lulawulo olunentsingiselo.
Ukuqinisa Izilingo Zokunyamezela Ngokulawulwa Ngumoya
Ukukhetha I Jury Nenkonzo Etshintshiweyo
Utshintsho olunentsingiselo kufuneka luthethe kwimiqobo yezoqoqosho ethintela ukuthabatha inxaxheba ngokwahlukeneyo. Imali ehlawulwayo yemihla ngemihla, idla ngokufumana ii-R35-50, ayisondeli kumvuzo omncinane, yenza inkonzo ibe nzima kubasebenzi ngexesha leyure. Abaqeshi abacela ukunikezela ngekhefu elihlawulwayo, njengoko amanye amazwe enza, aya kwenza ukuba inxaxheba ikwazi ukuthelekisa. Intlawulo yejaji ingaguqula inkonzo yejaji kwingxaki yemali iyenzekelele ukudityaniswa kwemali.
Ubuxhakaxhaka bungakhupha ubuchule bokuchophela ityala ngelinye ixesha buphucula umelo. Ii-University zeNtetho eBalulekileyo, iinkqubo zocwangciso oluthambileyo, kunye nenkqubo yokucwangcisa enzima ukwenzela ukuvavanya kuqala kunciphisa amatyelelo akwinkundla. Izikhumbuzo zokubhalelana ngefowuni kunye nolungiselelo loxwebhu lwamanani zingenza uphucuko nokuthobelana. Olu tshintsho lunganceda ngokukhethekileyo abo baneengxaki zezithuthi okanye abacwangci abangaguqukiyo.
Isixokelelwano sovavanyo olunye/usuku olunye sinciphisa uphazamiseko ngokulinganisela inkonzo kwientsuku ezingezozodwa ngaphandle kokuba ikhethwe ukuvavanya. Le ndlela, eyamkelwa ngamagunya amaninzi, yenza inkonzo yabachopheli-tyala ikwazi ukuthe ngqo kwaye ilawuleke. Idityaniswe nocwangciso olungcono lokuphepha ukulinda okungeyomfuneko, ezi nguqu zihlonela ixesha labasebenzi bejaji ngexesha loxa begcina inkqubo ifuna.
[[NTL: 0] Imfundo yequmrhu lomsebenzi ingaphucula ukwenza izigqibo ngaphandle kokulalanisa. Iinkqubo zolwamkelo ezicacisa iinkqubo zokuvavanya, uvavanyo lobungqina, kunye nezenzo zobuchule zizakulungiselela abachopheli bemali ukwenzela inkonzo esebenzayo. Iinkqubo ze-Prestriation zinokubanceda abachopheli beejaji ukuba baphumeze amava kwaye banikezele ingxelo yokuphucula inkqubo.
Ukukhusela Nokuvuselela Ilungelo Lokuvavanywa Kwetyala
Ukuthotywa kwetyala lejaji eligwebayo kufuna ukuqhubana nemikhosi eqhuba isibongozo sokuxolisa nokuhlaliswa. Ukunciphisa utshintsho izigwebo zokuvavanywa ziya kubuyisela ukhetho olunentsingiselo ngokuphathelele ukusebenzisa amalungelo abachopheli-tyala. Ukugweba okanye ukumisela isigwebo esikhutshwayo kuya kuthintela ukunyanzelwa ngezigqibo ezigwetywa ngabatshutshisi.
Imali eyaneleyo yokukhusela uluntu ingaqinisekisa ukuba abamangalelwa bayakwazi ukufikelela kwiziphumo ezifanelekileyo zokuvavanywa kwetyala. Iinkqubo zangoku zidla ngokunyanzela abakhuseli ukuba bakhuthaze ukucela enoba kufanelekile kusini na. Abakhuphi beetyala abanolwayo baya kuvumela abaxhasi ukuba bahlolisise, balungiselele, bazame iimeko kunokuba bazame nje ukucela ukuququzelelwa.
Utshintsho lomthetho wamakhaya lungabuyisela ukufumaneka kwetyala labachopheli-tyala. Ukunciphisa umlinganiselo onyanzelekileyo wokulawula, ingakumbi kubathengi nakumongo wemisebenzi, kungabuyisela amatyala kwiinkundla. Iinkqubo ezilula zamatyala amancinane zingenza ukuvavanywa kusebenze ngokwezoqoqosho. Ulungiselelo lokuzinzisa lungenza abamangalelwa abakwiklasi ephakathi bavavanyeke ngokufanelekileyo.
Ukusinda ekudibaniseni unxulumano lwebutho labemi kumatyala abachopheli-tyala kufuna utshintsho lwenkcubeko ngaphandle kokuguqulwa ngokusemthethweni. Imibutho ye-COVIC inokubhiyozela inkonzo yabachopheli-mkhethe njengenxaxheba yedemokhrasi. Abaqeshi bangayigqala inkonzo yabachopheli-mfa njengemisebenzi yophuhliso lophuhliso lophuhliso lophuhliso kunye nobuchule bokwenza izigqibo. I-Media isenokugqubuthela ulawulo lwezobulungisa, hayi nje amatyala ashukuxakekayo.
Ukuvavanywa Kwabasebenzi Bexesha Eliqhelekileyo
Iinkundla kufuneka zilungelelanise iinkqubo zokulingwa kwindlela yonxibelelwano kunye neendlela zolwalatho. Indima esebenzayo -----ekwane nemibuzo, ukunikezela izinto ezibhaliweyo, kunye nokuvumela abafundi bale mihla abaqhelane nokuqhubekeka kolwazi. Amanye amagunya avumela abaququzeleli ukuba banikezele imibuzo yamangqina, baphucule ukuqonda xa begcina imida efanelekileyo.
Imiyalelo ecacileyo yenkundla yolwimi izakuphucula uluvo kunye nokwenziwa kwesigqibo. Imiyalelo esisiseko ephuhliswa ngabacuphi bolwimi kunye nezazi ngengqondo iyakwazi ukugcina ucoselelo olusemthethweni ngexa kuqinisekiswe ukuqonda. Ukunika imiyalelo ebhaliweyo nokuvumela ukufikelela kwinkcazelo engokwasemthethweni kuzakunciphisa ukudideka kwaye kuphucule ukuthembeka kwesigqibo.
Ubungqina obubonakalayo obubonisa ukuba ukufundiswa kwala majelo eendaba kungaphucula ukuqonda okukhoyo. Kunokuba zivale ubugcisa, iinkundla zingasebenzisa ixesha elifanelekileyo lokunxibelelana. Iinkqubo zokunxibelelana, iinkqubo zokuchaza, kunye nezixhobo zokulungiselela ukulungiselela izinto zinokubanceda abagwebi balawule amatyala anzima. Ukuqeqesha amagqwetha ekusetyenzisweni kobugcisa okuphumelelayo kuya kufaka umgangatho wokudlala.
Iintsuku ezifutshane zokuvavanya kunye nekhefu elithe rhoqo lingagcina ingqalelo kwisizukulwana sokuncitshiswa koqwalaselo. Kunokuba iintlanganiso zovavanyo lwexesha elide zivavanye unyamezelo, iimvavanyo zinokwenziwa ukuze kusebenze kakuhle ulwazi. Oku kusenokuthetha ukuba iintsuku ezivavanyiweyo ezingakumbi kodwa izigqibo ezingcono, ukurhoxa korhwebo olufanelekileyo lomgangatho wokulunga.
Ukwakha Ukuqonda Nokuzibandakanya Noluntu
Imfundo engokwasemthethweni yezentlalo-ntle kufuneka iquke intlawulo eninzi yenkqubo yabachopheli-tyala. Abafundi kufuneka bafunde imbali yabachopheli-tyala, bagcine iinkundla, babe nenxaxheba kwiinkundla zejaji ezihlekisayo, baze baqonde iimbopheleleko zabo zexesha elizayo. Le mfundo kufuneka igxininise inkonzo yabachopheli-mvolorho njengokusetyenziswa kwamandla, hayi ukuthwala umthwalo, kwaye banxulumanise amalungelo abachopheli-tyala ekuthabatheni inxaxheba kwidemokhrasi ngokubanzi.
Ityala lenkundla yeNkundla yeNkqutyana linokufumaneka ngokungena ngokuqulatha, koovimba, kunye nokukhuphela ulwazi. Ngelixesha ukhusela ubucala bobuntlola, ukubonakala okuninzi kuya kususa iimvavanyo zentelekelelo nokubonakalisa ulawulo lobulungisa. Ukubona ucebisiso olululo lwesiqhelo lungabuyisela ukholo olunengxaki ngokushwankathela.
Iinkqubo zokuganana ezidibanisa iinkundla nabemi zazinokukhuthaza ukuqonda nokuthembana. Ukutyelela inkundla, ukutyelela amagumbi okufundela, kunye neenkqubo zokuhlola inkundla zabemi zibangela ukuba abantu baqhelane ngaphambi kokuba kufike izimemo. Iinkqubo ezinxulumene nomthetho zinceda abemi baqonde inkqubo yabo yokusesikweni ngaphambi kokuba bayifune.
Utshintsho lufuna ukwakhiwa kwabantu abanobudlelane abanobudlelane. Abaququzeleli bezobulungisa, abasebenzi bezoshishino, abaxhasi bezoshishino, nemibutho yoluntu bonke banemiqathango kwinkqubo yokuchophela ityala esebenzayo. Ngokugxininisa kwintsabelo yomanyano ngokusesikweni, ngokunempumelelo, nangokufanelekileyo, izigqibo ezisemthethweni, imibutho emikhulu inokuyoyisa ukuchasa okuqinileyo ekuguquleni.
Isiphelo: Ukubaluleka Kokuvavanywa Kolawulo - melo Lokukhusela Ulawulo - melo
ukuququzelelwa kwamatyala abachopheli-tyala ekukhuseleni idemokhrasi idlula indima yayo kwityala ngalinye. Ijaji nganye ibandakanya umgaqo wenguquko wokuba igunya likarhulumente elipheleleyo lihlala nabantu, kungekhona amagunya angoogqeba okanye angoosomashishini bezobupolitika. Xa abemi abaqhelekileyo behlanganisana ngabom ngenkululeko, ngempahla, nangezobulungisa, basebenzisa ulawulo lwabo lohlobo olunyulu, kwaye benza izigqibo zedemokhrasi ezisisigxina, kunye neziphumo ezinyanzelisayo.
Kuyo yonke imbali yaseMerika, amajaji aye asebenza njengesazela sedemokhrasi, ehlola urhulumente ophathwe kakubi, enyanzelisa umthetho osemthethweni woluntu, kwaye enyanzelisa ukuba kulungelelwe ubulungisa. Ukusukela ekuxhathiseni kwegunya laseBritani ngokuhambelana namalungelo abantu ngokuhambelana nenkqubela yezomthetho yabemi, amajaji aye alungiselela ukuba kubekho ingxubusho yedemo-demokhrasi xa amanye amaziko engaphumeleli. Le mbali ibonisa ukuba iimvavanyo zabagwebi aziyo inkqubo yezentengiso kodwa ziyiyo nje imigaqo yedemokhrasi esisiseko efanelwe lukhuselwayo nokuhlaziselwa.
Imingeni ejongene nenkqubo yejaji yexesha elinye .ukuvavanywa kwetyala, ukungaphumeleli komelo, ukuphazanyiswa kobugcisa, kunye nokudityaniswa kwesiphiwo soluntu, kuyingozi ngaphezu kwesisombululo sempikiswano esifanelekileyo. Zibeka engozini yokwaphula unxulumano olungqalileyo lwabemi nolawulo lobulungisa, ukuguqula umthetho ukusuka kwintetho yedemokhrasi ukuya kumgangatho wezobugcisa ukuya kumgangatho wobugcisa. Xa iimvavanyo zabachobi ziphela, idemokhrasi iphulukana nenkqubo ebalulekileyo yokulawula ukulawulwa.
Kanti ezi zicelo zikwabonisa amathuba okuvuselelwa kwedemokhrasi. Iinkqubo zotshintsho eziqinisekisa ukuba inxaxheba ebanzi, iinkqubo ezifanelekileyo, kunye nokubotshwa komcimbi wetyala zinokubuvuselela ubomi boluntu ngaphaya kweenkundla. Abami abafumana inxaxheba yedemokhrasi ngokulandelayo ngenkonzo ye-odemokhrasi kusenokufuna amandla afanayo kwezinye imimandla zikarhulumente. Imikhwa yokucinga, ukujonga ubungqina, kunye nokwakhiwa kwenkonzo yabachopheli-mfama komeleza izithethe zedemokhrasi ngokubanzi.
Indlela engaphambili ifuna ukuqaphela ukuba ukuvavanywa kwetyala lisebenza ngaphandle kokugqiba ukuba linetyala okanye lityala. Bafundisa abemi ngomthetho nangolawulo, bakha ikomkhulu lentlalo ngokwenza izigqibo ezisebenzisanayo, kwaye bagcine ilungelo ngokuthabatha inxaxheba yoluntu. Le misebenzi yedemokhrasi ifuna ukuphuculwa kwenkqubo yabachopheli-tyala kwanokuba abagwebi abanobuchule banokugqiba amatyala ngendlela ephumelelayo.
Kubemi ngabanye, ukubizwa kwinkonzo yabachopheli-tyala kumele zombini iimbopheleleko namathuba. Ngoxa umsebenzi wabachopheli-tyala uphazamisa iinkqubo zesiqhelo nokubeka iindleko, unika amathuba anqabileyo okusebenzisa igunya loburhulumente lokwenyaniso. Wonk ’ umntu uba ngumgcini-gosa wedemokhrasi, akhusele abanye abemi ekungekho sikweni ngoxa enenxaxheba ekuzixhaseni ngokwezenkquzela koluntu. Le mbopheleleko ifanelwe yintlonelo, ilungiselelwe, kwaye ibophelele ngentliziyo iqulene.
Ikamva ledemokhrasi yaseMerika lingaxhomekeka ekuvumeni kwabemi ukwamkela inkonzo yejaji njengesabelo sedemokhrasi kunokuba nembopheleleko enzima. Kwixesha lokuthomalalisa izifungo zoluntu nokungathembani kwequmrhu, iinkundla zamatyala zihlala ziyindawo enye apho abantu abaqhelekileyo babumba khona ngokungqalileyo okusesikweni. Ngokuqinisa, ngokukhusela, nangokuthatha inxaxheba kwiinkundla zokuchophela ityala, amaMelika angaqinisekisa ukuba okusesikweni kuhlala kusezandleni zabantu, kungekhona kwiingcamango zomGaqo-siseko kodwa kuqheliselwa mihla lemihla ngemihla.
Inkqubo yabachopheli-mgwebi ingqinelana nokholo olugqithiseleyo lwedemokhrasi kubulumko, okusesikweni, kunye nomgwebo wabemi abaqhelekileyo. Phezu kwako nje ukungafezeki kwayo, ukuchophela ityala kuyaqhubeka kubandakanya imbono yedemokhrasi yokuba igunya likarhulumente lifumene ebantwini kwaye kufuneka lihlale linetyala kubo. Logama nje abemi behlanganisana kumagumbi abachopheli-mgcisa bebophelele, idemokhrasi igcina eyona ndlela yayo isisiseko yokuzilawula ngokwamandla, ubungqina, isazela kunokuba banyanze, abaphathi-maqumrhu, okanye abaphathi.
Ukuze idemokhrasi iphumelele, abemi kufuneka baqonde, baxabise, baze bathabathe inxaxheba kwiinkundla zabachopheli-tyala. Oku kuthetha ukuphendula izimemo ezizizizo ngokuzithandela, ukulungiselela ngokucamngca, nokukhusela iziko ekukhukuliseni idemokhrasi. Kuthetha ukuxhasa utshintsho olunwenwayo lolwandiswayo lolwandiso lobudlelane ngexesha logcino-lwazi. Okubaluleke kakhulu, kuthetha ukuvuma ukuba zonke izigwebo zejaji zimela ulawulo-demokhrasi kwisenzo , maxa wambi, kodwa ekugqibeleni zibonakalisa ulawulo lolawulo-siseko lwamatyala oluphezulu oluchaza uluntu olukhululekileyo. Ukubaluleka kwezili zokukhusela idemokhrasi akunakuphinda kumiselwe: zona ngokwazodwa, ziqhelise ityala elinye ngabemi abasebenzisa amandla amangalisayo omgwebo ngegama lolawulo-demokhrasi.
