Ulawulo-moya, ekumphakathi walo, yinkqubo yokulawula apho amandla ehlala khona nabantu. Noko ke, indlela amandla asetyenziswa ngayo yahluka kakhulu phakathi kwemizekelo emibini engundoqo: idemokhrasi engqalileyo kunye nedemokhrasi emele idemokhrasi. Le nqaku linika abemi idemokhrasi amandla okuvota ngqo kwimithetho nakwimigaqo, ngelixa abameli be-demokhrasi abachopheleyo amagosa olawulo-melo ukwenzela izigqibo kubantu. Inkqubo nganye ithwala iinzuzo ezikhethekileyo nezithintelo ezibunjwe kukuditya okungokwezobupolitika, ubunjani benkqubo yezomthetho-siseko somgaqo-siseko, kunye nozinzibo zoluntu. Eli nqaku linikela ukuthelekiswa okudemokhyo ngqo nemelo olungummeli, iimimiselo yezomisungulo, iinkqubo zangoku, amandla, kunye nobuthathaka bokwenza isigqibo sokuba inkqubo yezo elungele ukulawulwa kwabantu ngexesha eliqhelekileyo.

Ukuqonda Ulawulo - melo Olungqalileyo

Yidemokhrasi ethe ngqo luhlobo lolawulo-mgangatho. Kunokunika abemi inxaxheba ngqo ekwenzeni izigqibo, kunokuba bavumele loo ndima ukuba banyulwe abameli. Lo mzekelo ubonakalisa imvelaphi yawo kwiAthene yamandulo, apho abemi bamadoda bahlanganisana kwiNdibano ukuze bathethe kwaye bavote ngomthetho, imicimbi yemikhosi, nezigqibo zokugweba. Kwihlabathi langoku, ulawulo-demokhrasi olungqalileyo lusetyenziswa ngokuqhelekileyo ngokusetyenziswa kwezabelo-demokhrasi, amanyathelo abemi, nokukhumbula unyulo, ukuvumela abavoti ukuba bavume okanye bakhanyele imithetho ethile.

ISwitzerland ngumzekelo obalaseleyo okhoyo wolawulo-lwazi olungangqalanga. Inkqubo yayo yorhulumente idibanisa abameli abanyulwa rhoqo ngoorhulumente besizwe kunye noovimba bamatyala abakwizindululo zomgaqo-siseko, izivumelwano, kunye nomthetho omkhulu. Abemi baseSwitzerland nabo banokusungula inyathelo eliqhelekileyo lokusungula imithetho emitsha okanye iinguquko, ukuba nje baqokelela inani elaneleyo lokutyikitya. Le nkqubo yentlalo ibonakalisa indlela idemokhrasi engqalileyo esebenza ngayo ngakwicala lamaziko abameli. Amanye amazwe, anjenge-Itali kunye namanye amazwe e-U.S., kwakhona asebenzisa i-endendium kunye namanyathelo, nangona kusetyenziswa kwizikali ezithengingqi ezithe ngqo.

Kwidemokhrasi engqalileyo, uvotelwa ugqiba ngokucacileyo umcimbi ngamnye. Oku kufuna umgangatho ophezulu wokuthabatha inxaxheba kuluntu, ngokufuthi kubandakanya iqonga lovota ngombane okanye iibhokisi zobugcisa bomthambo. Ukunyuka kobugcisa bamanani kuvuselele umdla wedemokhrasi ngqo, kubangela ukuba kubekho inxaxheba ebanzi kuphando lwe-intanethi kunye neenkqubo zokuvota. Noko ke, ukuzalisekisa ngokupheleleyo idemokhrasi kumlinganiselo wesizwe akuqhelekanga ngenxa yocelomngeni oluqhelekileyo nolusebenzisekayo.

Isiseko Sembali Nemfundiso

Imvelaphi yentanda-bulumko yedemokhrasi engqalileyo ilele kwingcamango yolawulo-moya oluthe ngqo, apho igunya elisemthethweni lisuka kukuthanda kwabantu abadibeneyo. Abacinga njengoJean-Jacques Rousseau baphikisa ngelithi inkululeko yokwenyaniso ifuna abemi ukuba bathabathe inxaxheba ngqo ekuyingeniseni umthetho, njengokuba oku kumele kuthomalalise ulawulo lukawonke-wonke. Kumsebenzi wakhe iNgqungquthela yeNtlalo-ntle yezentlalo-ntle [, uRoussourced ibostion imele ukuba imithetho imiswe ngabantu ngokwabo ukuze balondoloze inkululeko nokuthintele ukonakala. Le njongo ikhuthaza imibutho yokulawula okuziindawo yokwahlulwa ngokweembono kuyo yonke imbali, ukusuka kwiintlanganiso zedolophu zaleengca zale mihla.

Iingenelo Zolawulo - melo Oluthe Tye

Idemokhrasi engqalileyo inikela iingenelo ezininzi ezinyanzelisayo ezinokunyusa ukufaneleka kwezobupolitika nokudibana kwabemi.

  • Isivumelwano sobumi esithe chatha: Xa abantu benomthetho ongqalileyo wokuthetha, basengozini kakhulu yokuhlala benolwazi ngemibandela yezobupolitika kwaye benenxaxheba kubomi bentlalo-ntle. Ubandakanyeko oluthe ngqo lungaguqula imibandela engenanto ibe ngabemi abakhutheleyo, ikhuthaza impucuko eyomeleleyo yedemokhrasi.
  • Ukungavumelani okuthe ngqo: idemokhrasi ethe ngqo ivumela oorhulumente ukuba bathabathe inyathelo ngokukhawuleza ekuphenduleni uluvo lukawonke-wonke. Kwimicimbi engxamisekileyo efana nokubuyiselwa komgaqo-siseko okanye ukuququzelelwa kwesivumelwano, ii-asendsum zingadlula kwiinkqubo ezinde zomthetho-siseko ze zibonise ukuthanda kwabantu okukhoyo.
  • I-Tranca kunye nokubekwa komsebenzi: Ngenxa yokuba abemi babona ngqo oko kuvotelwayo nendlela kwenziwa ngayo izigqibo, idemokhrasi ethe ngqo ingawanciphisa amathuba olwando lwegumbi lokugcina impahla kunye norhwaphilizo.
  • Ukusetyenziswa kwemisebenzi emincinane: Ngelixesha isoloko igxekwa kulawulo oluninzi, idemokhrasi engqalileyo iyakwazi ukunika iinguqu ezincinci xa zisetyenziswa ngobuchule. Umzekelo, ii-arhententeum zasekuhlaleni zinganika uluntu i-veto kwimisebenzi enokuba yingozi ngokungenakuthelekiswa nanto, njengeengozi zemekobume okanye iinguqulelo zosetyenziso lomhlaba.

Iingozi Zolawulo - melo Oluthe Tye

Phezu kwazo nje ezi nzuzo, idemokhrasi engqalileyo ikwaneengxaki eziphawulekayo ezinokudodobalisa ulawulo oluphumelelayo.

  • Ukuxinanisa kunye nobunzima bobuxhakaxhaka: Imiba emininzi yenkqubo `njengentlawulo yerhafu, ukunyanzelisa impilo, okanye umthetho wemekobume(ukufumana ulwazi olukhethekileyo.] Ummi oqhelekileyo usenokuba uswele ubuchule bokujonga iingcinga ezintsonkothileyo, nto leyo ekhokelela kwizigqibo ezingenziwa kakuhle okanye ekuphathweni ngenkohliso.
  • Isilikhi seMajority Tyranny: idemokhrasi Ethe ngqo ingakhubaza “iinginginya,” apho uninzi lwabavoti lunganyanzela khona ukuthanda kwalo kwiqela elincinane. Ngaphandle kokhuseleko lwamaziko, ii-asextendim zingaphumela kwimigaqo-nkqubo yokuhlasela amaqela ajongene nomngcipheko.
  • [[NTL: 0] Ukudinwa okuqhutywayo nokurhoxa komsinga: ivoti rhoqo kwimibandela emininzi ingabadimaza abemi, ikhokelela ekulahlekeni nasekuvotini abaphantsi. Xa abavoti bexinezelekile, bangatsiba iibhola zomsebenzi okanye baxhomekeke kwimiqathango enzima, icuthe ubunjani bokwenza izigqibo.
  • Ucelomngeni lobunyani nololuvo: ukulungiselela rhoqo intengiso kunye neenyathelo eliphambili zifuna ulawulo olubalulekileyo, kuquka iibhola zokushicilela, ukuseka izitishi zonyuso, kunye nolwazi lokusasaza. Kumazwe amakhulu, ezi ndleko zingathintela.
  • I-Populism kunye nokwenziwa kwesigqibo seMvama: idemokhrasi ethe ngqo ingakhulisa ubugcisa bomvoti, njengoko izibongozo ezingokweemvakalelo zisenokutshintsha abavoti kwimibandela entsonkothileyo. Uhlolisiso lubonise ukuba amaphulo okuthumela i-assendum asoloko exhomekeke ekuphuculweni okugqithisileyo noloyiko, nto leyo ekhokelela kwizigqibo eziphikisana nomdla kawonke wonke wexesha elide.

Ukuqonda Ulawulo - melo Lommeli

Idemokhrasi emela abameli ngumzekelo obalaseleyo kwihlabathi lanamhlanje, apho abemi bemi be-odoli bekhethela ukwenza izigqibo zenkqubo. Le nkqubo yavela kwixesha lokukhanyiselwa njengesicombululo esisebenzisekayo sokulawula abantu abaninzi, abahlukeneyo. Endaweni yokuvota bonke abami kumbandela ngamnye, abameli bakhethwa kwingxoxo yamabomu, kunye nomthetho wezobugcisa, ngokufuthi ngaphakathi kwemiqathango yomgaqo-siseko. Imizekelo iquka iUnited States, iUnited States, uBukumkani baseJamani, iIndiya, kunye nezinye iidemocracy.

Kwidemokhrasi emela abameli, unyulo lusebenza njengenkqubo eyintloko yokuphendula. Abami bavota abathathi-nxaxheba abasekelwe kwiqonga leqela, kwingqibelelo yomntu ngamnye, nakwizikhundla zenkqubo. Xa benyulwe, abameli kulindeleke ukuba balungelelanise izilangazelelo zabo nokulunga koluntu ngokubanzi. Iinkqubo zepalamente zikho, ezifana nenkqubo zepalamente (apho isigqeba esiphezulu siphuma kwindlu yowiso-mthetho) kunye neenkqubo zomongameli (apho umgangatho othe wakhethwa ngokwahlukeneyo).

Imbali

Ingcamango karhulumente ongummeli inemvelaphi yakudala kwiindibano zamaRoma kunye neepalamente zamaxesha aphakathi, kodwa yacaciswa ngokupheleleyo ebudeni benkulungwane ye-17 neye-18. Abacingisi abafana noJohn Locke kunye noMontesquieu baxhasa ukwahlulwa kwamagunya kunye nokumelelwa ukuze kuthintelwe ubundlobongela kunye nokulawula ubunkimbinkimbi bebutho lanamhlanje. Imvukelo yezolawulo-siseko solawulo-bulunga-siseko samaMerika namaFrentshi, kunye neendlu zowiso zowiso-mthetho ezinyulwayo zisebenza njengelizwi labantu. Ekuhambeni kwexesha, i-cuffragerage, yanwe, kunye nemigangatho yedemokhrasi yakhula ngokudiyo, nangona ingumendezo zisemfezekisa, nangona ingumsebenzi ofanelekileyo.

Iingenelo Zolawulo - melo Lommeli

Idemokhrasi emela abameli inikela amandla amaninzi ayenza ifaneleke kwibutho elikhulu, elintsonkothileyo.

  • [[UMTL: 0] Uphando noMqathango: Amagosa akhathelelweyo asoloko enolwazi olukhethekileyo, abasebenzi, inkxaso, kunye nokufikelela kubungqina obungochwepheshe. Bangabandakanyeka kuqikelelo olucingisisiweyo, bevavanya ubungqina kunye nokungasebenzi korhwebo, nto leyo enzima kuwonkewonke ukwenza kwinkupho nganye.
  • Ubuchule kunye nobuchule: oorhulumente abameli banika uzinzo lweziko ngokweenkqubo ezisisigxina, iinkqubo ezimiselweyo, kunye neenkonzo zoluntu ezingoogqhinga. Oku kuqhubekekisela phambili kuvumela ucwangciso olude kunye nokuphumeza inkqubo ngaphandle kwe-06 yeevoti ezithe ngqo.
  • Ukhuseleko lwamalungelo amancinane: Abameli bangaxhasa amaqela amancinane anokungahoywa kwivoti engqalileyo. Ukhuseleko lomGaqo-siseko, olufana neendleko zamalungelo nohlolo lomthetho, ludityaniswa lula kakhulu kwinkqubo yabameli, ukukhusela ukuxhatshazwa kwenkokeli.
  • ubuchule nokungalawuleki: izikali zedemokhrasi ezimelayo ngokunempumelelo kubemi abaninzi. Endaweni yokufuna ukuba wonke ummi avote kwiimbambano ezingamakhulu, abameli baphatha isahlulo esikhulu somsebenzi wowiso-mthetho, bekhulula abemi ukuba bajolise ingqalelo kwizigqibo ezibanzi zezobupolitika.
  • Unyulo oluthe rhoqo luvumela abemi ukuba basuse abameli abangasebenziyo okanye abonakeleyo. Ngelixesha bengafezekanga, le nkqubo inika uvavanyo lwamaxesha ngamanye amandla kwaye ikhuthaza ukusabela kuluvo lukawonke-wonke.

Iingozi Zolawulo - melo Lommeli

Phezu kwako nje ukulingana kwayo, idemokhrasi emela abameli ijamelana nocelomngeni oluzingisileyo olunokuphelisa ukuthembana nokuphumelela kwayo.

  • Uxhulumaniso phakathi kwabameli nabemi: ekuhambeni kwexesha, amagosa anyuliweyo anokugqunywa kwinkxalabo yeqela lawo, aqale athembeke, amabhongo obuqu, okanye afune intsebenziswano kuluntu ngokubanzi. Oku kudibanisa kuzisa ucaphulo lwempululo kwaye kufuna iindlela ezithe ngqo zokuthatha inxaxheba.
  • [[NTL:0] Uphakamiso lweLobbining kunye neMdlalo ekhethekileyo: Amaqela enzala anokusebenzisa impembelelo engalinganiyo kumthetho ngokunikezela, igalelo, intsebenziswano, kunye noqheliselo lwendlu ejikelezayo. Oku kululaza umgaqo wokumela okulinganayo kwaye kungakhokelela kwiinkqubo ezinceda abambalwa kwiindleko ezininzi.
  • [[FLT: 0] Ukungakhathali kovotelwa nokungahoywa komkhosi ophantsi: Xa abemi bevakalelwa kukuba ukuvota kwabo kwenza umahluko omncinane, okanye bonke abatshakazi bayafana, basenokudibanisa. Umvoti osezantsi unciphisa ilungelo loorhulumente abanyuliweyo kwaye uyakwazi ukumela izityebi, abavoti abavunyiweyo.
  • [[NT.0] I-Gridlock kunye nePartisan Polare: iinkqubo zomelo, ingakumbi ezo zineendawo ezininzi ezifana ne-veto yase-U.S. Congress, zingavaleka ngenxa yokungasebenza kwemithetho-siseko. Ukuhamba-hamba kwenqanawa kusoloko kuthintela ukulalanisa, kushiye iingxaki ezibalulekileyo zingalungiswanga.
  • [[NTLA] Ukumiselwa koxanduva: Abameli abangeyomfuneko bangakhokelela kwisithethe sokungalawuleki, apho abemi beyekelela imbopheleleko yokulawula baze bathathe inxaxheba kwiminyaka embalwa. Oku kunokuphelisa ubuchule boluntu kwaye kwenza uluntu lube buthathaka ekupheliseni imiyalelo.

Uhlalutyo oluthelekisayo: ii-v ezithe ngqo. Umelo lwedemokhrasi

Ukuthelekisa ezi nkqubo zimbini kutyhila ukuphuma korhwebo kumacala amaninzi angundoqo.

Ukwenza isantya Sesigqibo

Idemokhrasi ethe ngqo ingavelisa izigqibo ezikhawulezileyo kwimiba ethile, njengoko kubonwa kwii-asentus ezinokugqitywa kwiiveki ezimbalwa. Noko ke, imfuneko yokuququzelela amavoti nokwazisa abavoti isenokucotha izinto ukuba imbambano intsonkothile. Idemokhrasi yomelo ibandakanya ukuchotshelwa kweekomiti, iingxoxo zomgangatho, kunye nokuzinziswa, okunokuthi kulibazise isenzo. Kodwa loo nkqubo yokususa ityala yenzelwe ukuvelisa iziphumo eziqwalaselwe ngenyameko.

Ubungqina

Idemokhrasi ethe ngqo idla ngokukhuthaza imigangatho ephakamileyo yokuzibandakanya kwezobupolitika okuqhubekayo. Abahlali babandakanyeka ngokukhutheleyo kwimibandela yokuphanda, ukuphikisana ngayo, nokuvota. Ngokwahlukileyo, idemokhrasi emelayo ingakhuthaza ukuba abemi abangathathi-nxaxheba, ngokuzibophelela kunyulo kunye nokusebenza ngamathubh ’ athile. Noko ke, izixhobo zale mihla (umz., i-intanethi, uqingqo-mali lokuzinyoba) ziyawufica lo mgca ngokuvumela amalungu okuthatha inxaxheba ngqo kwimibutho yabameli.

Umbuzo

Kwidemokhrasi yabameli, ukuphendula kuxhomekeke kunyulo. Abasebenzi bamazwe bangagweba ngokusekelwe kwingxelo yabo epheleleyo, kodwa kusenokuba nzima ukubeka ityala lokusilela okukhethekileyo kwemigaqo-nkqubo. Kwidemokhrasi ethe ngqo, ukuphendula kukhawulezile: ukuba i-assendum ivelisa iziphumo ezingalunganga, abemi kuphela abanokubekwa ityala, nto leyo enokuthi inciphise ukubekwa ityala.

Ukukhuselwa Kwamalungelo

Idemokhrasi emela idemokhrasi, kunye novavanyo lwayo kunye nolungelelwano, uhlalutyo logwebo, kunye nokhuseleko lomgaqo-siseko, ngokuqhelekileyo zinika ukhuseleko olomeleleyo lwamalungelo amancinane. Idemokhrasi ethe ngqo, engenazo ezi ziphumo, ityekele ngakumbi kubuzwilakhe boninzi. Noko ke, ezinye iinkqubo ze-projekthi zifuna ii-arhente eziphezulu, zinika umaleko wenkuselo.

Ukuchaphazeleka

Idemokhrasi yomelo ngokunempumelelo kubemi abaninzi abahlukeneyo. Idemokhrasi ethe ngqo iba lucelomngeni oluthe ngqo njengoko inani labavoti kunye neembambano zinyuka. Noko ke, ubugcisa bunciphisa le miqobo ngokuthe ngcembe, bunceda ilizwe lonke ukuba likwazi ukuvota kunye nokuqhubeka livota.

Iimodeli Ezilungisiweyo: Ukudibanisa Ulawulo-melo Oluthe Ngqo nolunomelo

Uninzi lweedemokhrasi zale mihla ezidibanisa amalungu enkqubo yombini ukuthatha amandla eenkqubo zombini ngoxa zizama ukuthoba ubuthathaka. Umzekelo weSwitzerland yeyona iphuhlisiweyo, enomthetho wendibano osetyenziswa ngurhulumente wengingqi ngexesha elininzi uvumela igalelo elingqalileyo lommi kwimibandela emikhulu. Ngokufanayo, iUnited States isebenzisa urhulumente omela urhulumente kumgangatho worhulumente kodwa ivumela amazwe noomasipala ukuba babambe imigaqo-siseko kunye neenkomfa zasekuhlaleni.

Ukuthatha inxaxheba kucwangciso loqingqo-mali olunemichiza exutyiweyo, uvulindlela ePorto Alegre, eBrazil, kwaye ngoku esetyenziswa kumawaka ezixeko ehlabathini lonke. Abahlali bavota ngqo indlela yokwabela inxalenye yoqingqo-mali lukamasipala, ukudibanisa uvelela abameli nokwenza izigqibo ezithe ngqo. Lo mzekelo uye wandisa ukubonakala, ukucutha, nokuphinda uqulunqe abantu abakwindawo esezantsi. Ukufunda ngokufunda ngakumbi ngamanyathelo oqingqo-mali okwahlula izithuba mhlaba wonke

Amaqonga amanani afana [[FLT: 0] anika enye indlela exubileyo, apho abemi banokuvota ngqo kwimibandela okanye bathumele ivoti kwiingcaphephe okanye koontanga abathembekileyo. Oku kuguquka kuvumela ukuba babe nenxaxheba ngokuthe ngqo ngexesha ugcino-lwazi. Amaqela amaninzi ezobupolitika, anjengePirate Party eJamani nePartive ePhakathi leIceland, avavanye ngedemokhrasi empompon ngenxa yesigqibo sangaphakathi.

Ii-Referendolum ngokwazo zisoloko zisetyenziswa kwinkqubo yabameli. Umzekelo, eUnited Kingdom, ama-arhente esizwe agqibele ukuba ngamalungu e-European Union kunye neenguqu kwinkqubo yokukhetha. Ngelixesha ezivota zinokuzinzisa impikiswano, zikwanokwahlula unyulo kwaye ziphenjelelwe ziimeko ezifutshane. Enclopædia Britannica ukungeniswa kwe-endex [ kunika imvelaphi ebhekele phambili ekusetyenzisweni kwazo nasekuthintelweni kwazo.

Isiphelo: Yiyiphi Elunge Ngakumbi?

Umbuzo wokuba ngaba idemokhrasi engqalileyo okanye emelekileyo ilunge ngakumbi akanakuphendulwa ngokungqalileyo kuzo zonke iimeko. Idemokhrasi ethe ngqo ingaphezulu kwimimandla emincinci, enomdla apho abemi banexesha nomdla wokuzibandakanya ngokunzulu nembambano nganye. Ikhuthaza ukuba kubekho inxaxheba ephakamileyo, ukubonakala, nokusabela. Ngokuchaseneyo, idemokhrasi, ilungele abantu abaninzi, abantsonkothileyo apho ubuchule, uzinzo, kunye nokhuseleko oluncinci luyimfuneko.

Ukwamkelwa kobuchule nobuthathaka benkqubo nganye, indlela edityanisiweyo equka iziqalelo zombini isoloko isisombululo esiluncedo. Ubugcisa bale mihla bunika amathuba amatsha okudibanisa inxaxheba ngqo nezakhiwo zabameli, okunokwenzeka ukwanda kombutho wesizwe ngaphandle kokunikezela okanye ukukhusela amalungelo. Umzekelo, amava aseSwitzerland abonisa ukuba ii-arhente ezithenjiweyo ezilungiselelwe kakuhle zinokuba kunye nesakhiwo esinamandla somelo. Ngokufanayo, uqingqo-mali kunye nedemokhrasi yokwabelana lubonisa iziphumo ezinika ithemba ekukhuthazeni isigqibo esipheleleyo.

Ekugqibeleni, uhlobo lwedemokhrasi "olona lulungileyo” luxhomekeke kubukhulu, iinguqu zebutho labantu, inkcubeko yezobupolitika, kunye nezibonelelo zobugcisa. Iinkokeli nabemi kufuneka baqwalasele ukuzama iindlela ezahlukeneyo ukufumana ulungelelwano olufanelekileyo kwiimeko zabo ezithile. Ingxoxo phakathi kwedemokhrasi engqalileyo neyomelo ayilukhetho olubini kodwa sisimemo sokuyila ulawulo olunokwahlukana kwaye olunempumelelo.