Table of Contents

Indima yoMongameli onguMongameli ophetheyo kukhangelo lwesibhakabhaka itshintshe ngokuphawulekayo ukusuka kwizithethe ukuya kumgangatho wokhokelo oluncinci olubumba inkqubo yesithuba nelaphu le-NASA. Ukuqonda le ndaleko kunika uluvo olubalulekileyo kwindlela iUnited States ebumba nokuyiphumeza ngayo umbono wayo wokuhlola indalo, ukususela kwiintsuku zangaphambili zogqatso lwesithuba ukuya kutsho kwizicwangciso zentengo zanamhlanje zenyanga kunye ne-Mars.

Imvelaphi Yobuongameli ObusisiGqeba Sesithuba

ISizwe seAeronautics kunye neBhunga leSibhaka-bhaka lamiswa ngumthetho weSizwe we-Aeronautics kunye nomthetho wesithuba ka-1958, ekuqaleni ophethwe nguMongameli Dwight Eisenhower. Noko ke, esi sakhiwo sangaphambili siza kukhawuleza sifumane iinguqulelo ezibalulekileyo eziza kuchaza indima yoMongameli weSizwe kwinkqubo yesithuba kangangamashumi eminyaka ezayo.

Phambi kokuba abe ngumongameli, uJohn F.Kennedy wacenga iKhonkxa-ntle ukuba iguqulele uMthendeleko ukuze umvumele amisele umzekelo wokunika usihlalo weli bhunga kwisekela lomongameli wakhe, uLyndon B. Johnson. Esi sigqibo sangqineka singaphezulu kakhulu kunesenzo somfuziselo .Isakhiwo esiza kuphinda sibuyekezwe ngabaphathi bexesha elizayo abafuna ukuphakamisa ukubaluleka kokuhlola isibhakabhaka kwisebe eliphetheyo.

Lyndon Johnson: Umongameli Wokuqala Okhokelayo Kumgaqo - siseko Wesithuba

UMongameli Lyndon Johnson wayezinikele kwimigudu yokuhamba emgangathweni, kwaye njengeNdlu yeNtlanganiso noMongameli onguMongameli, waye negalelo elikhulu ekumiseleni izibonelelo zentlangano kwinkqubo yokuhamba kwesithuba, ekubeni wayekumgangatho wobuqu wenkqubo yesithuba ngexesha lomongameli ongumongameli. UGawulayo wabandakanyeka kungaphaya kolawulo lolawulo; wayengummeli okhutheleyo owayeqonda iziphumo zejiyongazwe lobupolitika zokhangelo lwesithuba ngexesha lemfazwe yomlomo.

Kennedy wabeka uJohnson, isekela lakhe lomongameli, ekuphatheni i-odolo loluntu, naxa uJohnson waba yintloko-phambili emva kokubulawa kukaKennedy, waqhubeka exhasa iinjongo zodweliso lwenkqubo kaApollo. Oku kuqhubekeka kwabonisa indlela umanyano lobuKhosi bobuMongameli olunokuluqinisekisa ngayo uzinzo kwizithuba zexesha elide kwanangexesha lotshintsho lwezopolitiko.

UGqr. Johnson uGcino njengoMongameli onguMongameli kunye noMongameli wamva wabonakalisa ukubaluleka kokusetyenziswa kwenkxaso yegunya eliphezulu kwiinkqubo zesithuba ezinomkhamo ophezulu. Ukubandakanyeka kwakhe ngokunzulu kwinkqubo yeApollo kwanceda ukugcina uxinzelelo ngexesha leminyaka yolucelomngeni yoo1960, kwananjengokhuphiswano oluphambili njengomkhosi weVietnam kunye neenkqubo zombutho omkhulu ezidibeneyo zoqingqo-mali.

IBhunga leSizwe leSigqeba seMimandla: Amathuba omsebenzi

IBhunga leSizwe le-Aeronautics neSibhaka-bhaka lafumana amaxesha amaninzi exesha elithile ekho nelokuwohloka kuyo yonke imbali yaseMerika. Ibhunga layekwa ngo- 1973 ngexesha lobungangamela bukaRichard M. Nixon, libonisa utshintsho kwindlela inkqubo yesithuba eyayilawulwa ngayo kumgangatho wesigqeba esiphezulu.

Ngo- 1989, uMongameli uGeorge H. W. Bush wamisa kwakhona iBhunga leSizwe leSibhaka-bhaka elamiswa ngomyalelo ophezulu, owamiswa ngo-1993 nguMongameli uBill Clinton. Ngexesha lolawulo lwamaTsh, ibhunga labekwa nguMongameli onguMongameli uDan Quayle, ephawula ukubuyela kuBuongameli benkqubo yesithuba sesithuba emva kwesithuba seminyaka elishumi elinesithandathu.

Ibhunga leQuayle labonisa ukuba oomongameli bobufazi banokusebenzisa impembelelo ebalulekileyo kulwalathiso lweNASA. Umongameli ongumongameli uQuayle kunye nomphathi-mphathi webhunga wengingqi wendlu yabasebenzi bacela uncedo lwentloko yabamhlophe yendlu ekubongozeni uMongameli uBush ukuba asuse uMphathi we NASA Richard ngenene kuba babe bevakalelwa kukuba ngenene babezakuthintela ucwangciso olutsha lokulungisa nokuqukuqela iinkalo ezininzi zodweliso lwenkqubo yesithuba. Esi siganeko sibonisa amandla kunye nempikiswano enokwenzeka enxulumene nomphathi-ofisi wesithuba sesithuba.

Ixesha Lanamhlanje: Abalawuli Abaseburhulumenteni njengeeNkokeli zeSiphakamiso

Emva kwekota yenkulungwane yomkhosi, iBhunga leSizwe leSibhaka-mandla lavuselelwa ngo2017, lingenisa ixesha elitsha lokubandakanyeka koMongameli osisiGqibo kukhangelo lwesithuba esiqhubeka nanamhla.

Umongameli onguVimba uMyeko Pence noLawulo lweTrump

NgoJuni 30, 2017, uMongameli uDonald Trump watyobela umyalelo wegunya lokumisela kwakhona iBhunga leSigqeba seSizwe, elaliphethwe nguMongameli onguMongameli Mike Pence. Oku kuvuselelwa kwabonisa ukuqwalaselwa kwendlela yokulawula izithuba ezifuna umgangatho ophezulu womanyano oluphezulu lwamaziko amaninzi karhulumente kunye namaqabane amaqumrhu azimeleyo.

IBhunga leSizwe leSibhaka-bhaka lisebenza njengeofisi yophuhliso lwenkqubo yezopolitiko kwaye lisingatha imicimbi yezentengiso, yokhuseleko lwesizwe, kunye nenkqubo yesithuba sezizwe ngezizwe, eyakhiwe ngamalungu omgangatho wekhabhinethi kwaye ixhaswe liQela loMsebenzisi, kwaye liphethwe ngumongameli waseUnited States.

Umongameli Pence wazisa ihlombe lomntu kwindima yakhe. Kwiziko lophando lweNASA, wathetha kunye naye ukuba xa uMongameli uTrump wamcela ukuba ahlale ehleli kwibhunga, uPence akazange atyhile ngokukhawuleza inkanuko yakhe yexesha elide yokuhlola isibhakabhaka, ekhumbula ulutsha olubukele ukuhla kwenyanga kumabonwakude.

Emva kokubekwa kwayo kwakhona, ibhunga ladibana okokuqala ngo-Oktobha 5, 2017, kwiSmithsonian National Air kunye neSpace Museum yeSteven F. Udvar-Hazy Center kunye neMyuziyam ye-Space eChantilly, eVirginia. Kwiminyaka elandelayo, ibhunga liza kudibana rhoqo ukuze licombulule imicimbi yenkqubo yesemkhathini echaphazelekayo.

Inkqubo Ka - Artemis Nokubuya Kwesithembu

Enye yezona ziphumo zibalulekileyo zobuKhokeli boMongameli uPence yaba kukunyuka kwenkqubo yokubuya kwenyanga yeNASA. NgoDisemba 11, 2017, uMongameli Trump wasayinwa iSpace Policy Direcide 1, utshintsho kwinkqubo yesithuba yesizwe enika u-U.S.-inqwelo-moya, udweliso lwenkqubo oludityanisiweyo namaqabane omntu odidi oluthile ukubuyela e-Moon, elandelwa ziintshukumo ze-Mars nangaphaya.

NgoDisemba 9, 2020, intlanganiso yesibhozo neyesibini yeBhunga leWhite House National Space phantsi kokhokelo loMongameli uMike Pence wabenzela kwiZiko leMmandla leKennedy, yaye kwanikwa izibhengezo eziphambili kuquka iSigqeba seSizwe seSibhaka-bhaka esitsha kunye negama le-18 le-NASA SONS kwiQumrhu lika-Artemis.

Inkqubo ka-Artemis, ebizwa ngegama lothixokazi waseGrisi kunye nodade boApollo oliwele, imela icebo leNASA lokubuyisela abantu kummandla wenyanga nokumisela ubukho obuzinzileyo apho. Umongameli onguPence ugunyaziso lwezicwangciso waquka ukumisela ixesha elinobundlobongela kunye nokukhusela inkxaso yezopolitiko kumazwe aqeshiweyo kumacala orhulumente.

Ngexesha leentlanganiso zeBhunga leSizwe leSpace, uPence wagxininisa ukubaluleka kobudlelane boluntu ekufikeleleni ezi njongo. Wabalaselisa indlela iinkampani zezorhwebo eziza kwenza ngayo indima ebanzi ekuhloleni isibhakabhaka, urhulumente esebenza njengeqabane nangabathengi kunokuba abe yedwa abasebenzisa izithuba ezisemkhathini.

Umongameli waseKamara Harris noLawulo lweBhiden

Ulawulo lweBiden lwaqhubeka noqheliselo lobuKhosi boMongameli obunguMongameli wenkqubo yokuhamba kwesithuba. IBhunga lesiZwe seSikhala liyibhunga leNdlu yeMibutho emhlophe elijongene nokuqinisekisa ukuba iUnited States ifumana amathuba atyebileyo anikezelwa yimisebenzi yaselubhakaleni, kwaye phantsi kokhokelo lwesitulo sayo, uMongameli Kamara Harris, iNSPC icebisa kwaye inceda uMongameli ekuphuhliseni nasekuzalisekisweni kwenkqubo kunye nobuchule besithuba.

Ingumongameli waseKamara Harris ophethe umongameli, indima yebhunga kukucebisa uMongameli malunga nenkqubo yesithuba somhlaba kunye nobuchule, nokuqinisekisa iUnited States ukuba ifumana amathuba anikezelwa yimisebenzi yesithuba selizwe.

Umongameli oyisekela uHarris uchazwa nguMphathi weNASA uBill Nelson u-"aficiodo" kwaye uye wabonakalisa isibopho sokuqhubela phambili ukhokelo lwe-C. Indlela yakhe yokusebenza igxininise intsebenziswano yehlabathi lonke, inzululwazi yemozulu, nokuqinisekisa ukwahlukahlukana kwabasebenzi besithuba sasemajukujukwini.

Ngaphantsi kokhokelo lwakhe, iBhunga leSizwe leSibhaka-mandla liye laba neentlanganiso ezininzi ezithetha ngeenkalo ezahlukeneyo zomgaqo-nkqubo wesithuba. NgoLwesithathu, ngoDisemba 20, uMongameli onguMongameli Kamara Harris wabeka isigxina kwintlanganiso yeBhunga leSiphakatho seSizwe sase-U.S., iBhunga lesithathu eliza kubanjwa ngexesha loLawulo lweBiden-Harris, ibhekisa ingqalelo kwintsebenziswano yezizwe ngezizwe.

Iimbopheleleko nemisebenzi engundoqo yooongameli bezi mini kumgaqo-nkqubo wesithuba

Ukuhlala kwiBhunga leSizwe leSigqeba

Indima yokuqala ephambili yoMongameli onguVimba wesiXhosa kumgaqo-nkqubo wesithuba kukulawula iBhunga lesiZwe leSibhaka-mandla. Le ndawo ibandakanya ukuhlanganisa amagosa omgangatho wekhabhinethi, ukhokelo lweNASA, abaphathi-mikhosi besithuba, kunye nabameli abasuka kushishino lwezentelo-mashishini e-Melika ukudibanisa imisebenzi yesithuba kuwo onke amacandelo.

Indima yeBhunga leSizwe leSibhaka-bhaka kukucebisa umongameli ngomgaqo-nkqubo wesithuba kunye nobuchule, nokuhlola iinjongo ezinde zelizwe ukwenzela imisebenzi yasemkhathini, kwaye ibhunga liquka iinkokeli kurhulumente kwiinkqubo zesithuba sasekuhlaleni nesomkhosi.

Ezi ntlanganiso zisebenza njengeefolom zokubhengeza inyathelo elingundoqo lenkqubo, ukuqwalasela inkqubela kwiinkqubo ezikhoyo, nokulungisa imingeni evelayo ekuhloleni isibhakabhaka nasekusebenziseni. Ukhokelo loMongameli onguMongameli onguMongameli ophetheyo luqinisekisa ukuba inkqubo yokuhamba kwesithuba ifumana ingqalelo kumgangatho ophezulu kakhulu karhulumente.

Ukukhuthaza Intsebenziswano Yamazwe Ngamazwe

Oomongameli bale mihla baye bagxininisa ukubaluleka kobudlelane bezizwe ngezizwe ekuhloleni isibhakabhaka. Ngokusebenzisana neSebe loRhulumente lase-U.S., iNASA iye yamkela izigqeba ezingama-33 kwiMithetho ka-Artemis ukususela oko yamiselwa ngowama-2020, ishumi kunyaka ophelileyo kuphela, kwaye iMithetho ka-Artemis imisela imigaqo eluncedo yokukhokela intsebenziswano yokuhlola isibhakabhaka phakathi kwamazwe, kuquka nabo banenxaxheba kwinkqubo ye-Artemis yeNASA.

Ezi zivumelwano zezizwe ngezizwe zidlulela ngaphaya kwezivumelwano zezobuzwe ukuquka igalelo eliqinileyo kwiintlanganiso zesithuba. Amazwe anjengeKhanada, iJapan, kunye namalungu e-European Space Agency anikela iintsimbi ezichuliweyo kunye nobuchule kwinyathelo lokuhlola inyanga, ebonisa indlela ukhokelo lobuKhosi obusisi olunokunceda ngayo ukuba kubekho intsebenziswano yehlabathi.

Ukusetyenziswa kwemali yeNASA

Oomongameli abaluncedo benza indima ebalulekileyo ekukhuthazeni uqingqo-mali lweNASA phakathi kolawulo nakumaziko eBhunga. Inkxaso yabo ephezulu inganceda ekukhuseleni iinkqubo ezifuna utyalo-mali oluqhubekayo kwiminyaka emininzi.

Ngexesha lolawulo lweTrump, iingxubusho kwiintlanganiso zeBhunga leSigqeba seSizwe zaziquka iziphakamiso zoqingqo-mali zeNASA. Ukunconywa nguMongameli oyiKhosi kolu qingqo-mali kwanceda ukunxibelelana kwezinto eziphambili zolawulo nokwakha inkxaso yokuhlola isibhakabhaka.

Ukuncedisana neziko leNASA kunye nabasebenzi

Oomongameli abaluncedo basoloko betyelela i-NASA kwiindawo ze-OF kulo lonke ilizwe, bedibana nezazinzulu, iinjineli, abahambi ngeenkwenkwezi, kunye nabaxhasi. Olu tyelelo lusebenza iinjongo ezininzi: zinyusa imilinganiselo yokuziphatha, zibonakalisa inkxaso ephezulu yomsebenzi we-NASA, kwaye zivumela oomongameli abaphethe amagunya ukuba bafumane uhlaziyo lwenkqubela yenkqubo.

Umongameli ophethe uPence watyelela amaziko eNASA kaninzi, kuquka iziko le-Kennedy Space Center, Marshall Space Space, kunye neSiko leDison Space. Olu tyelelo lusoloko lungqamana nezona zibalulekileyo, ezifana nokuqhama kwenqanawa okanye isibhengezo samanyathelo amatsha.

Ngokufanayo, uVice President Harris uye watyelela izakhiwo zeNASA, kuquka iGoldard Space Flight Center, apho wahlola imifanekiso yesatellite waza wafunda ngeenkonzo zenzululwazi yoMhlaba ezihlola ukutshintsha kwemozulu neemeko zemekobume.

Ukuzibekela Usukelo Olufanelekileyo Nexesha Elifanelekileyo

Oomongameli abaluncedo baye basebenzisa iqonga labo ukubhengeza iinjongo ezithe nkqi ezinika amandla amaNaSA kunye neqela lesithuba esibanzi. La mathuba okuzimisela anokuba nempembelelo ebalulekileyo ekucebeni inkqubo nakukwabiwa koovimba.

Kwintlanganiso yesihlanu yeBhunga leSiphakamiso seSizwe ngoMatshi 2019, uMongameli uPence wavakalisa ixesha elikhawulezayo lokubuyela kweminye imimandla ehamba ngeenkwenkwezi kummandla wenyanga, evavanya iNASA ukuze ifezekise olu sukelo ngo-2024. Ngoxa eli xesha lokusebenza kwenqanawa lingqineka linehlombe, lakhuthaza iNASA ukuba ivelise iindlela ezintsha nonxulumano ukuze iphelise inkqubo ka-Artemis.

Uphuhliso lwezithuba zentengiso oluthe gqi

Uqoqosho lwale mihla lubandakanya iinkampani zabucala, yaye oomongameli abaluncedo baye badlala indima ebalulekileyo ekukhuthazeni imisebenzi ye-oyile yezorhwebo. Oku kuquka imigaqo-nkqubo exhasayo eyenza amacandelo azimeleyo akwazi ukuthabatha inxaxheba kwizithuthi zasemajukujukwini, kwimisebenzi yesatellite, kwanakusetyenziswa kwemicebo yenyanga.

IBhunga leSigqeba seSizwe phantsi kooPhathiswa booPhathi-mandla bobabini noHarris liquke abameli abasuka kwiinkampani ezinkulu zenqwelo-moya nakuqalo lwesithuba. Oku kugada kunceda ukuqinisekisa ukuba inkqubo yesithuba karhulumente ixhasa kunokuthintela uphuhliso lwezorhwebo.

Ukuqaliswa komgaqo-nkqubo Oyintloko Okuphenjelelwa Lukhokelo Lomphathi Ophetheyo

Alathisi Osunguliweyo

Ngexesha lolawulo lweTrump, iBhunga leSizwe leSibhaka-bhaka lavelisa iiPhondo eziliqela ezidala iMigaqo-nkqubo yePhondo yeSikhala eUnited States. Le miyalelo yathetha ngokuhlola isibhakabhaka kwabantu, ulawulo lwesithuba, ulawulo lwenqwelo-moya, neminye imiba ebalulekileyo.

I-NASA ejoliswe kwakhona kwi-PlaneGradity-Play Directive-1 kwi-oyile yokuhlolwa komntu ngaphaya kokujikeleza okusezantsi komhlaba, igxininisa ukubuya kwenyanga njengelitye lokunyathela kuMars. I-Space Policy Directive-3 yamisa inkqubo yokuqala ebanzi kubaphathi benqwelo-moya, ijonge ucelomngeni olukhulayo lojikelezo lwenkunkuma kunye nomanyano lweziphekephekepheke.

Le miyalelo yabonisa indlela umongameli ophethe iSizwe seBhunga leSpaces anokuthi ngayo aphumeze iziphumo ezicacileyo ezikhokelela kwisebe likarhulumente lize limisele amathemba kwicandelo labucala.

UArtemis Uyavumelana

I-Artemis Applications imela ukuphunyezwa kwemithetho ephambili yezobuzwe kummandla wendalo, ukuseka imigaqo yokuhlola isibhakabhaka ngoxolo nentsebenziswano. Ezi ngxelo zinika ingxubusho efana nokuvela kwengxelo kwimisebenzi yesithuba, ukusetyenziswa kwezixhobo zoncedo longxamiseko, ukubhaliswa kwezinto ezisemkhathini, nokusetyenziswa koovimba besithuba.

Ezi zivumelwano zamazwe ngamazwe ziqinisekisa ukuba ukuhlola inyanga kuqhubeka ngendlela elungeleleneyo ukuze kungenelwe amazwe amaninzi ngoxa kusetyenziswa ukhokelo lwaseMerika.

Isakhelo sokwahlula-hlula isithuba sentengiselwano

Ngexesha lentlanganiso yeBhunga leSitya seSizwe, uMongameli weSipheko uHarris wavakalisa ukukhululwa kweSikhundla seSipheko se-Novel sase-United States kunye noMthetho weSidama esiKhulu, ocetyelwe ukumisela izenzo iSebe elinoLawulo oluPhezulu eliza kusebenza ukuzalisekisa, nto leyo eya kuba luncedo kumagunya omthetho anzulu anikwe ngumthetho.

Le mithetho ithetha ngocelomngeni lokulawula iindidi ezintsha zemisebenzi yesithuba sorhwebo ezingangeni kakuhle kwimiqathango ekhoyo yomthetho. Njengoko iinkampani zabucala zisukela iprojekthi engaqhelekanga efana nokwenza izithuba, ukhenketho olujikelezayo, kunye nemigodi yeplastiki, izakhelo ezicacileyo zokuphinda zilungelelaniswe ziba yimfuneko.

Umgaqo-nkqubo wokwenza izibonelelo zesithuba

Ulawulo lweTrump lwakhupha umyalelo wolawulo oluphezulu kusetyenziso lovimba wasemkhathini, usenza inkqubo ye-U.S. malunga nokuchatshazelwa nokusetyenziswa kobuncwane ngaphandle kwesithuba. Le nkqubo ixhasa imigudu yorhwebo ukukhupha nokusebenzisa ubuncwane obuvela kwinyanga, kwii-asteroid, nezinye iziqu zezulu, ezinika ucaciso olusemthethweni kwiinkampani ezityale ngee-thekiniki.

Inkxaso eluncedo yoMongameli wale nkqubo yanceda ukoyisa ukuxhathisa kolawulo kunye nenkxalabo yezizwe ngezizwe, ukuseka isakhiwo esilungelelanisa izilangazelelo zentengiso kunye nezibophelelo zezizwe ngezizwe phantsi kweSivumelwano seOuter Space.

Impembelelo Yokubandakanyeka Komongameli Kwinkqubo YeNASA

Uphuhliso lwenkqubo olukhawulezileyo

Uqwalaselo loMongameli okwiqondo eliphezulu lungakhawulezisa uphuhliso lwenkqubo ngokusika imiqobo yabaphathi kunye nokuqinisekisa izibonelelo ezaneleyo. Xa uMongameli ongumPhathiswa ngokobuqu exhasa inkqubo, lubonisa ukuba inyathelo lokuqala lifanelwe yinkxaso.

Inkqubo ka-Artemis yangenelwa kule mpembelelo, isekela loMongameli Pence lincedisa ekukhuseleni imali, ekuncediseni kunye nokugcina uvutho-phambili lwezopolitiko njengokuba kwavela imingeni yobugcisa.

Ukukhuthaza uXhosa noXhosa loLuntu

Ukuba ngumongameli ophetheyo ekuhloleni isibhakabhaka kwenza ukuba kubekho ijelo leendaba ne-NASA kuphela enokuba nomdla onzima ukufikelela. Xa uMongameli onguMongameli ophetheyo ethetha ngeenkonzo eziqhutywa emmandleni, ethetha ngeephulo ezitsha, okanye ebhengeza amanyathelo amatsha, kuphakamisa ezi zinto ebantwini.

Oku kuganana kukawonke wonke kufeza iinjongo ezininzi: kwakha inkxaso kushishino oluqhubekekayo kukhangelo lwasemkhathini, kukhuthaza ulutsha ukuba luphishekele imisebenzi yenzululwazi kunye nobunjineli, kwaye kuqinisa ukubonakala kweMelika njengesizwe esihamba emoyeni.

Ukulungelelaniswa Komanyano

Imisebenzi yesithuba ibandakanya amaqumrhu amaninzi karhulumente angaphaya kwe-NASA, kuquka iSebe loKhuselo, iSebe loBuxhakaxhaka, iSebe loRhulumente, kunye namaqumrhu obuNtloko. Indawo yoMongameli oPhakamileyo ivumela ukunxibelelana phakathi kwaba bameli kumgangatho ophezulu.

IBhunga leSizwe leSiphakamandla lihlanganisa iinkokeli ezivela kwaba bameli, liqinisekisa ukuba iinkalo zomgaqo-nkqubo wezentengiselwano, ezorhwebo, ezobuzwe, kunye nolawulo lwentlalo-ntle yezolawulo. Olu manyano lubalulekile ekucombululeni iingxaki ezinzima ezifana nolawulo lwenqwelo-ntaka, ezifuna intsebenziswano phakathi kwabasebenzi baseluntwini nabaphathi bemimandla yasemkhosini.

Ukuxhasa uphuhliso lombane

Oomongameli abaphetheyo baye basebenzisa iqonga labo ukugxininisa ukubaluleka kokuphuhlisa isizukulwana esilandelayo sabasebenzi abanolwazi ngemilengalenga. Oku kuquka ukuxhasa amanyathelo okufundisa e-STEM, ukukhuthaza ukwahluka-hluka kwabasebenzi basemkhathini, nokubalaselisa amathuba omsebenzi kwicandelo lasemajukujukwini.

Ngokutyelela iiyunivesithi, ukuthetha kwiziganeko zezoshishino zenqwelo - moya nokudibana nabafundi, oomongameli abaphetheyo banceda abantu abaselula bafune imisebenzi eya kunceda ukhokelo lwaseMerika kumashumi eminyaka azayo.

Iingxaki Nezityholo Kukhokelo Lwesigqeba Somphathi Ophethe Isithuba

Ukulungelelanisa umnqweno nenyaniso yobuchule

Olunye ucelomngeni abajamelene nalo oomongameli kukuzibekela usukelo olunamandla olunokukhuthaza abantu ukuba benze izinto kodwa olusengqiqweni ukuze lufikeleleke.

Oononjineli beNASA kunye noomphathi mabalinganisele imigaqo yomongameli osisigxina kunye nezithintelo zobuchule, uqingqo-mali, kunye neemfuno zokhuseleko. Oku kunamandla kungenza uxinzelelo olusebenzayo lolwakhiwo kodwa kungakhokelela kwilindelo olungekho ngqiqweni ukuba alunakulawulwa.

Ukulondoloza Umanyano Ngaphesheya kolawulo

Iinkqubo zesithuba ezifuna amashumi eminyaka ukugqitywa, ukuqukunjelwa kolawulo oluninzi lweenkokeli. Ngelixesha umongameli onguMongameli ophetheyo ebesoloko exhasa ukuqhubekeka kweenkqubo ezinkulu ezifana noArtemis, utshintsho kulawulo lungazisa iinguquko kwizinto eziphambili nezigxininiswayo.

Utshintsho olusuka kwiTrump ukuya kubaphathi be Biden lubonise ukuqhubekeka okunamandla kwinkqubo yommandla, kunye nolawulo oluxhasa ukhangelo lwenyanga kunye nodweliso lwenkqubo ka-Artemis. Noko ke, kwavela umahluko kwimimandla enjengenzululwazi yemozulu kunye nentsebenziswano yezizwe ngezizwe, ebonisa izinto eziphambili zolawulo ngalunye.

Ukusingatha Izinto Eziza Kuqala

Oomongameli abaluncedo kufuneka balungelelanise inkqubo yesithuba nezinye iimbopheleleko ezininzi. Ngelixesha abanye oomongameli abaPhathiswa njengoPence noHarris bebonise umdla onamandla wobuqu ekuhloleni isibhakabhaka, kwakhona balawula imicimbi yasekhaya, yemicimbi yangaphandle, neminye imiba ebalulekileyo.

Ucelomngeni kukuqinisekisa ukuba inkqubo yesithuba ifumana ingqalelo eyaneleyo ngaphandle kokutyeshela ezinye imimandla ezibalulekileyo. Isakhiwo esisesikweni seBhunga leSizwe leSibhaka-bhaka sinceda ngokudala iintlanganiso ezithe rhoqo kunye neenkqubo ezigcina inkqubo yesithuba kucwangciso loMongameli onguVimba.

Ikamva Lobuongameli ObusisiGqeba - mandla Ekuhloleni Isithuba

Ucelomngeni Lomgaqo - siseko Wesithuba

Oomongameli bexesha elizayo baza kujamelana neengxaki ezintsha njengoko imisebenzi yasemkhathini isanda kwaye iphinda-phindeka. Ezi ziquka ukulawula ukuxinana okukhulayo komjikelo woMhlaba, ukulawula imisebenzi yezorhwebo engaqhelekanga njengokhenketho lwasemkhathini nokwenza, ukubhekisa kwinkunkuma, nokuqhuba ukhuphiswano lwezizwe ngezizwe.

Ukubandakanyeka okukhulayo kwamazwe afana neTshayina neIndiya ekuhloleni ummandla, kunye nokuvela kwamazwe amatsha ahamba emoyeni, kuza kufuna ukudityaniswa kobuntlola obuntsonkothileyo. Oomongameli abaphetheyo baza kudlala indima ephambili ekwakheni imibutho yamazwe ngamazwe kunye nokuseka izithethe zokuzimela ulawulo oluphezulu emgaqweni.

Ukujonga Imozulu Nemozulu

Iinkonzo zenzululwazi yoMhlaba we-NASA zinika ulwazi olubalulekileyo lokutshintsha kwemozulu kunye nemekobume. Oomongameli abaxhasa indalo bagxininisa ngokungakumbi ekusetyenzisweni kobugcisa bendalo, beqonda ukuba iisethalayiti zidlala indima ebalulekileyo ekuhloleni impilo yesijikelezi - langa sethu.

Ulawulo lomongameli wexesha elizayo luza kuqhubeka luxhasa ukuhlanganiswa komhlaba osekelwe emmandleni kunye nenkqubo yemozulu, ukusabela kwintlekele kunye nemigudu yokukhusela indalo.

Ukhangelo lwesithuba esinzulu

Njengoko iNASA isukela iinjongo ezithe kratya-xhaswe ngokunjalo, ukusukela kwisiseko esizinzileyo senyanga ukuya kwiinkonzo zomntu ukuya kuMars/Inkxaso kaMongameli iza kubaluleka ekulondolozeni imbopheleleko ende efunekayo kwezi njongo. Ingakumbi, ii-Mars zothutho, ziya kufuna utyalo-mali oluxhasweyo ukutyhubela amashumi eminyaka kunye nomanyano kulawulo oluninzi.

Oomongameli abaluncedo kuza kufuneka bachaze imbono evakalayo ngesizathu sokuba le miba yemisebenzi ibaluleke, ukwakha inkxaso kawonke-wonke kunye nembutho yenkxaso yobuncwane obuninzi obufunekayo.

Ukhuseleko lwesithuba nokhuselo

Ukusekwa koMkhosi weSikhala wase-U.S. kunye nokukhula kolwazi-sithuba njengommandla osenokubakho ukwenzela ingxabano kudala imilinganiso emitsha ukwenzela ukudityaniswa koMongameli onguMongameli onguMongameli. IBhunga leSizwe leSibhaka-bhaka liquka imisebenzi yesithuba sokhuseleko lwesizwe, ifuna ukuba oomongameli bobuKhosi balungelelanise phakathi kweenkqubo zesithuba somkhosi nesomkhosi.

Oomongameli bexesha elizayo kuya kufuneka balungelelanise ukuhlolisiswa kwendawo ngoxolo nemibandela esengqiqweni yokhuseleko, beqinisekisa ukuba iMerika inokukhusela izinto zayo eziselufakweni ngoxa ikhuthaza intsebenziswano yezizwe ngezizwe.

Uqoqosho lwesithuba sentengiselwano

Icandelo lezentengiselwano zaselubhakabhakeni likhula kakhulu, iinkampani zabucala zifuna imicimbi eyayikade ilawulwa kuphela ngoorhulumente. Abalawuli abaphethe oorhulumente baza kwenza indima ebalulekileyo ekulungiseni umgaqo onceda ukuphuhliswa kwezinto ezintsha ngoxa ziqinisekisa ukhuseleko nokukhusela umdla woluntu.

Oku kuquka ukuphendula imibuzo ngamalungelo empahla esibhakabhakeni, ityala lemisebenzi yesithuba, kunye nolwahlulo olufanelekileyo loxanduva phakathi korhulumente necandelo labucala kukhangelo lwesithuba.

Oko Sikufundayo Kukhokelo Loomongameli Bendawo Entle

Ixabiso lomgangatho ophezulu

Imbali yokubandakanyeka koMongameli onguMongameli wasemkhathini kwinkqubo ye-odoli ibonisa ukuba imicimbi yenkxaso yezobupolitika esemgangathweni ophezulu. Iinkqubo ezifumana ingqalelo yobuPhathi-Nkolo zityekele ekukhuseleni inkxaso engcono yemali, ukufikelela intsebenziswano engakumbi, nokugcina amandla aqhubekekayo ngeenguqu zezobupolitika.

Oku kukhuselwa kobungangamsha kubaluleke kakhulu kwiinkqubo zexesha elide ezifuna ukuzinikela okuqinileyo ngaphaya kwexesha elinye lomongameli. Umongameli ongumongameli osisigxina unceda iinkqubo zokukhusela iinkqubo kwiingcinezelo zezobupolitika zexesha elifutshane.

Ukubaluleka Kokuzibophelela

Oomongameli abanobudlelane ababonakalisa umdla wokwenene kukhangelo lwendalo .NjengoJohnson, Pence, kunye noHarris/hendend ukuba ngabaxhasi abanempumelelo. Ihlombe labo liyasulela, liyachukumisa abasebenzi be-NASA, libandakanya uluntu, kwaye libangela amathandabuzo athe cwaka ngexabiso lokuhlola isibhakabhaka.

Kwakhona ukuganana komntu siqu kwakha ulwalamano nabantu abaphambili, ukususela kukhokelo lweNASA ukusa kumagunya aselubhakabhakeni ukuya kumaqabane amazwe ngamazwe.

Imfuneko Yenkxaso Yebhartishan

Ukuhlola isibhakabhaka kuye kwaxhamla inkxaso yebhartishan, kwaye oomongameli bobabini baxhasa amanyathelo eNASA. Le sithethe se-bipartisan sinceda ukuqinisekisa ukuqhubekeka kweenkqubo zesithuba kwaye sakha imibutho emininzi yezobupolitika efunekayo ukuze kugcinwe utyalo-mali oluqhubekayo.

Oomongameli bexesha elizayo bafanele baqhubeke behlakulela inkxaso ekhoyo kwizinto ezihamba emkhathini, begxininisa imilinganiselo eyabelanayo efana nenzululwazi, ubugcisa obuthile, nodumo lwesizwe olungaphaya kokwahlulwa kwamazwe.

Ukubaluleka Okubanzi Kokhokelo Lwesigqeba Soomongameli

Umfuziselo kunye nesazisi

Ufak ’ isandla kumongameli wophando lwesibhakabhaka uthwala ubunzima bokomfuziselo obungaphaya kwempembelelo esebenzisekayo. Xa uMongameli onguMongameli ophetheyo ebona isiphekepheke esitsha okanye ebhengeza inyathelo elitsha lesithuba, uqinisa ukuhlola isibhakabhaka njengomthombo wesizwe nemvelaphi yekratshi.

Le miba yomfuziselo yokugcina inkxaso kawonke-wonke kunye nezizukulwana zexesha elizayo. Ukuhlola isibhakabhaka kumela iminqweno ephezulu yoluntu olufuna ukwazi, ubuchule nokuzimisela ukutyhalela ngaphaya kwemida eyaziwayo. Umbutho wobuPhosti osisiGqirha unceda ekugcineni ezi minqweno ihleli kwisizwe.

Ukhokelo Nenkohliso Yamazwe Ngamazwe

Inkqubo yesithuba seMelika ibisoloko ingumthombo wempumezo yamazwe ngamazwe namandla athambileyo. Umongameli ongumongameli wemiqondiso yenkqubo yesithuba kwihlabathi ukuba iUnited States ihlala izinikele kukhangelo lwesithuba kunye nokhokelo lobugcisa.

Kulo xesha lokukhuphisana okukhulayo kwezizwe ngezizwe, lo khokelo lubaluleke ngakumbi. Oomongameli banceda abantu baseMerika bajonge iMerika njengeqabane lendalo lokusebenzisana ngezixhobo eziselubhacheni ngoxa begcina umngcipheko wokhuphiswano ofunekayo ukuze baqhubeke bekhokela.

Iingenelo Zezoqoqosho Nezobugcisa

Ukuhlola iindawo kukhuthaza ubugcisa obutsha ngezicelo ezingaphaya kwesithuba ngokwaso. Ubugcisa obuye baphuhlisa inkqubela kwezonyango, kwezonxibelelwano, kwinzululwazi nakweminye imiba emininzi.

Inkxaso eluncedo yoMongameli ekuhloleni isibhakabhaka inceda ukuqinisekisa ukuba utyalo-mali luyaqhubeka kolu tshintsho lwe-injini. Ngokuxhasa i-NASA kunye nemisebenzi ye-oyile yezorhwebo, uMongameli ophetheyo uxhasa inkqubo yendalo evelisa unyuko lwezoqoqosho, imisebenzi ephuculiweyo, kunye nempumelelo yobugcisa.

Isiphelo: Ukubaluleka Okuhlala Kukho Kokhokelo Lwendawo Ephakamileyo Olungumongameli

Indaleko yendima yoMongameli onguVimba ekuhloleni ummandla wendalo ```ukusuka kuLyndon Johnson' wabalawuli bobuvulindlela kunyaka we1960 ukudlula kwiBhunga lesiZwe leSibhaka-mandla phantsi koomongameli abaPhathiswa nguHarris'.

Oomongameli abaphetheyo bazisa amandla akhethekileyo kukhokelo lwesithuba: igunya lezobupolitika lokulungelelanisa abameli borhulumente, ukubonakala ukuze kuxhaswe uluntu lonke kuze kwakhiwe inkxaso, ukuma kwentsebenziswano ukuze kuveliswe ubudlelane bezizwe ngezizwe, nengqalelo efunekayo kwiinkqubo zexesha elide.

Njengokuba uluntu lumi kumgangatho wexesha elitsha lokuhlola ummandla wendalo − kunye neenjongo zenyanga, ii-Mars, kunye noqoqosho olukhulayo lwendawo yezoqoqosho--"Iindawo ezilawula umongameli" ziya kuba baluleke ngakumbi kunanini na ngaphambili. Imingeni engaphambili iya kufuna isibopho esiqhubekayo, intsebenziswano yezizwe ngezizwe, kunye namandla okukhuthaza ukuxhaswa kwabantu ngeenjongo ezifuna impumelelo.

Uphando loMongameli ophetheyo kuphando lwendalo lumela okungaphezulu kolawulo okanye imiqondiso yezobupolitika. Iquka ukuzimisela kweMelika ukutyhalela imida yolwazi nobuchule babantu, ukulondoloza ukhokelo kwinzululwazi nakubugcisa, kunye nokukhuthaza izizukulwana zexesha elizayo ukufikelela iinkwenkwezi.

Enoba bahleli kwintlanganiso yeBhunga leSiphakamiso seNaSA, betyelela amaziko eNASA, bebhengeza amanyathelo amatsha, okanye bemela inkqubo yesithuba seMelika kwinqanaba lehlabathi, oomongameli abaphetheyo banendima engenakuthathelwa indawo ekuqinisekiseni ukuba eso sithuba sikwisizwe sihlala sibalulekile. Ukhokelo lwabo lunceda ukuguqulela ugqozo lomntu olungaphelelwanga ukuphanda kwiinkqubo zekonkcenkce, kwiinkqubo zemigaqo, kunye neempumelelo ezandisa ubukho bethu kwindalo.

Abo banomdla wokufunda okungakumbi ngeenkqubo zeNASA zangoku, batyelele i-website ye-NASA e-Official NASA. Ukuhlola imbali yenkqubo yesithuba saseMelika, i- Planetary Society[[ inika ugcino-lwazi oluninzi kunye nohlalutyo. Space.com inikeza intswonga eqhubekayo ye-Platery Society yophandolo loshicilelo kunye nophuhliso lweziphuhliso lwesithuba.

Njengoko sikhangela kwixa elizayo, umanyano phakathi koMongameli onguMongameli nomphathi weNASA luza kuqhubekeka luxonxa uhambo lwaseMelika esibhakabhakeni, kuqinisekiswe ukuba iUnited States ihlala iphambili kwiphulo elikhulu loluntu elijongene nohambo olukhawulezileyo.