Kwiminyaka yakutshanje, imigaqo yokubonisana nokuzichaza okuvulekileyo kunye norhulumente ovulekileyo iye yasuka kwiinjongo eziluncedo ezichaphazela indlela ezisebenza ngayo idemokhrasi zale mihla. Abahlali ehlabathini jikelele bayaya befuna kungekuphela nje ukuba oorhulumente babo baphumeze iinkonzo ngendlela elungileyo, kodwa kwakhona ukuba abo rhulumente basebenze ngeendlela ezibonakalayo, ezinika ingcebiso, nezibonisa ukuphendula. Oku kubonakalisa ulwamkelo olubanzi lokuba ukubonakala okungeyonto nje entle ekhoyo phakathi kwamazwe nabantu.

Ukuqonda Ukuqonda Okuthe Tye Norhulumente Ovulekileyo

Imbonakalo ibhekisele kwiqondo apho izenzo zikarhulumente, izigqibo, kunye nogcino-lwazi zifikeleleka khona kuluntu ngokubanzi. Ngokufuthi zisetyenziswa ngenkululeko yemithetho yolwazi, ngemigaqo evulekileyo, nangempapasho ekhutshwayo ye-data karhulumente. Vula urhulumente, ingcamango ebanzi, idityaniswa nokubonakala ngokuthabatha inxaxheba kwabemi kunye nentsebenziswano. Ibonisa umzekelo wolawulo apho abemi abangongameli nje abangeyomfuneko kodwa abaquququzeleli abasebenzayo benkqubo kunye nolawulo.

Ngokwembali, ukunyanzeleka kokuvuleka kwenkululeko yolwazi kwahambela phambili ngenkulungwane yama-20 ngokugqithisa kwenkululeko yolwazi kumazwe afana ne-Sweden (1766), i-United States (1966), kunye neYurophu kumashumi eminyaka alandelayo. Kutshanje, iinguqulelo zamanani ziqhubele phambili le migudu. Ngoku oorhulumente bapapasha ugcino-lwazi kwi-intanethi, baqhuba iingxoxo zikawonke-wonke kwii-digita ze-media, kwaye basebenzisa amajelo oluntu ukuze babandakanye nabemi ngexesha lokwenene. Noko ke, ukubonakala nokuvuleka norhulumente obavulekileyo kusekho ukuphikisana, ngenkcazelo eyahlukileyo kwiinkqubo zezobupolitika nakwiinkcubeko.

Iintsika Ezingundoqo Zorhulumente Ovulekileyo

  • [[FLT: 0] Access kulwazi: Abami banelungelo lokucela nokufumana amaxwebhu nogcino-lwazi lukarhulumente, phantsi kokusikelelwa okufana nokhuseleko lwesizwe okanye ukhuseleko lobuqu.
  • Inxaxheba epheleleyo: iinkqubo zokwenza izigqibo ziquka iindlela zokunceda abemi ukuba banikele ngeembono zabo, ukusuka kucwangciso olusemthethweni ukuya kwiindibano ezilayishiweyo.
  • Uxanduva lwemali:[ Amagosa karhulumente anokuphendula ngezenzo zawo, kunye nemibutho yolawulo oluzimeleyo (umz., abaphulaphuli, i-ombudsmen) iqwalasela ukusebenza nokuthembeka.
  • Inzululwazi yezobugcisa neNguqulelo: izixhobo zamanani zisetyenziswa ukunyusa ufikelelo, ukuphumelela, kunye nokusabela kolawulo.

Ukubaluleka Kokubonisa Imbonakalo Kwidemokhrasi

Ukubonakala gca akuyonto nje eqhelekileyo elungileyo; ineziphumo ezithe ngxi kumgangatho wolawulo lwedemokhrasi. Uphando olwenziwa yiBhanki yehlabathi namanye amaziko lubonise ukuba imigangatho ephakamileyo yokungafihli nto enxulumene nokunganyaniseki kukarhulumente, ukunikezelwa kweenkonzo zikawonke-wonke ezingcono, kunye nokuthengwa kwabemi okungakumbi. Xa abemi bebona indlela izigqibo ezenziwa ngayo nendlela ingeniso kawonke wonke esetyenziswa ngayo, baxhotyiswe bhetele ukuba baphendule iinkokeli.

Ngaphandle kokuphendula, ukuvela kwentelekelelo, ukuvelisa ulwazi lobunani. Kwidemokhrasi, abavoti bafuna ulwazi olunokuthenjwa ukuze benze ukhetho kwibhokisi yerhafu nokuxhasa iinkqubo ezihambelana nezilangazelelo zabo. Ngaphandle kokubonakala ngokucacileyo, inkohliso kunye nenkcazelo ephakamile isenokuphumelela, itsho iphelise isiseko sokuqwalaselwa kwenkqubo yoqingqo-mali yedemokhrasi. Umzekelo, uphando lokubonisa ukuba xa abemi beyiqonda indlela urhulumente ayisebenzisa ngayo imali, baxhasa ngakumbi imigaqo-siseko yerhafu yaye bakulungele ngakumbi ukubandakanyeka kwimisebenzi yezentlalo.

Ngaphezu koko, ukubonakala ngaphaya kombane kudala impembelelo yokuthintela ukungalungi kwemeko. Inokwenzeka nje yokuba uphando lukawonke-wonke lungadimanisa ukuziphatha okungamkelekanga phakathi kwamagosa. Kungoko amazwe amaninzi emisele ngokwawo amasebe achasene nokunganyaniseki kunye nemithetho yokukhusela abavuli-mpempe.

Ubungqina Obuphathelele Indlela Ebonisa Ngayo Imbonakalo

  • Uhlolisiso olwenziwa yiOpen Government Partnetship ngowama - 2020 lufumanise ukuba amazwe anokusetyenziswa kakhulu ngurhulumente afumana umlinganiselo ophantsi wezorhwaphilizo.
  • Uphando olusuka kwi-OECD lubonisa ukuba ukubonakala kwezibonelelo zikawonke-wonke kunciphisa ukunyanzelwa kwemali yokufaka imali kwaye kugcina oorhulumente aba-8-10% kwiindleko zomgunyaziso.
  • Uhlolisiso olwenziwa liZiko Leencwadi LasePew lubonisa ukuba ukukholosa ngorhulumente kuphakame gqitha kumazwe apho abemi balapho banikela ingxelo yokuba bafumana lula inkcazelo esemthethweni.

Urhulumente Ovulekileyo Uza Kuthabatha Inyathelo Ehlabathini Lonke

Oorhulumente baye bamkela iingcebiso ezininzi zokusebenza. Le migudu idla ngokuqala ngokuba neendawo zokuthumela ulwazi ezivulekileyo, ezipapasha iinkcazelo ezicwangcisiweyo zoqingqo-mali, ukusetyenziswa koqingqo-mali, umthetho, neenkonzo zikawonke-wonke. Ugcino-lwazi lwe-UK.gov.uk, ugcino-lwazi lwe-US.gov, kunye nee-data ezivulekileyo ze-Kenya zingumzekelo obalaseleyo. Kodwa urhulumente ovulekileyo udlula ngaphaya kokupapashwa kogcino-lwazi olunento.

Uhlahlo lwabiwo-mali

Ukuthabatha inxaxheba kuvumela abemi ukuba bagqibe indlela yokwabelana ngecandelo loqingqo-mali lukawonke-wonke. Ngo- 1989, lo mkhwa uye wanwenwela kwizixeko ezingaphezu kwama-3 000 ehlabathini lonke. EParis, abemi balapho bavota minyaka le ngendlela yokusebenzisa i-CR100 lezigidi zoqingqo-mali zesixeko. Uhlolisiso lubonisa ukuba uqingqo-mali olubandakanya imali lunyusa ukubhalisa intsebenziswano nolawulo kwimimandla ephantsi kwemigangatho.

Uphando lukawonke-wonke kunye nokuzihlaziya

Oorhulumente abaninzi ngoku baqhuba uhlomelo lukawonke-wonke kwi-intanethi lwemimiselo, imithetho kunye nemigaqo emitsha. Ikhomishini yaseYurophu ethi “Beka Intetho Yakho” njengezibuko imema abemi ukuba bagqabaze ngomthetho wesicelo. eNew Zealand, urhulumente wasebenzisa inkqubo yokukhulula umgaqo-nkqubo wokuphuhlisa “Uqingqo-mali Olunempumelelo,” ebandakanya igalelo eliphambili lommi kwizinto eziza kuqala ezifana nempilo yengqondo nobuhlwempu babantwana. Ukuhlala kunye namagosa asekuhlaleni afumana imigaqo-nkqubo yokuyila kwimimandla efana nocwangciso lwedolophu kunye nenkqubo yezemicimbiso.

Imigangatho yogcino-lwazi evulekileyo kunye nophatho

Ukwandisa ixabiso logcino-lwazi oluvulekileyo, oorhulumente bamkela imigangatho efana ne-Data Evulekileyo eGunyazisa uLawulo loMda woMncedi-mali kunye neNkxaso-mali yeNkxaso-mali. Le migangatho iqinisekisa ukuba ugcino-lwazi olusuka kwimithombo eyahlukeneyo lungathelekiswa kwaye ludityaniswe, lunceda imibutho yoluntu ukuba ijonge ukusebenza korhulumente nokuxhasa inkqubela phambili.

Ucelomngeni Lokubonisana Ngokuphandle Nokuvula Urhulumente

Ngaphandle kwenkqubela, ukuzalisekisa ukubonakala ngokucacileyo norhulumente ovulekileyo kujongene nemiqobo eyoyikekayo. Olunye ucelomngeni lukukuxhathisa kolawulo. Abasebenzi basekuhlaleni abaqhele ukusebenza ngapha kweminyango evaliweyo basenokukujonga ukubonakala ngokucacileyo njengesisongelo kwigunya labo okanye njengomsebenzi owongezelelekileyo. Ukutshintsha kwebutho lentlangano kufuna ukhokelo oluqhubekayo kunye nezisusa.

Ugcino - lwazi Nonqabiseko

Uxinzeleleko phakathi kokubonakala nokuzimela kungumcimbi oziphindaphindayo. Ukukhulula ugcino-lwazi lukarhulumente kungabhenca inkcazelo evakalayo ngabantu, njengeengxelo zempilo okanye iinkcukacha zobuqu zemali. Oorhulumente kufuneka baphuhlise ubuchule obunamandla bokuzibiza kunye nemigaqo ecacileyo yoko kunokupapashwa. I-General Techlovice Protection Regastification (GDPR) inika inkqubo esisiseko, kodwa ukulungelelanisa ukufihla imfihlo nemfihlo kuhlala kulucelomngeni oluntsonkothileyo olungokwasemthethweni nolwemilinganiselo yokuziphatha.

Ukwahlula Amanani

Amanyathelo karhulumente avulekileyo adla ngokucinga ukuba abemi bane-intanethi kunye nokufunda amanani. Enyanisweni, ulwahlulo lwamanani luyaqhubeka ngaphakathi naphakathi kwamazwe amaninzi asakhasayo. Kumazwe amaninzi, i-intanethi ingaphantsi kwe-50%, kwaye nakumazwe atyebileyo, alupheleyo, afumana imali ephantsi, kwaye abantu basemaphandleni basenokungabi nalunxibelelwano okanye banobuchule bokudibana namaqonga e-intanethi. Oorhulumente kufuneka bafake izixhobo ze-mivolukotho ngemijelo yangaphandle.

Ukuthanda Kwezobupolitika Nokuzinziswa

Izichasi ezithe ngqo zinokuba buthathaka. Xa utshintsho lwezopolitiko lutshintsha, amanyathelo karhulumente avulekileyo asenokulahlwa okanye ancitshiswe. Kwezinye iimeko, oorhulumente baye basebenzisa iikhonkcotha zedata ezivulekileyo ukupapasha ulwazi olungelulo lwengxaki ngexa befihla izigqibo eziphikisayo. Ngaphandle kolawulo oluzimeleyo kunye noxinzelelo loluntu, ukubonakala ngokucacileyo kusenokuba yinto entle kunokuba kube sisixhobo esiziphendulela ityala lokwenyaniso.

Uphando Ngetyala Kukubonakalisa Umhlaba Nokuvula Urhulumente

Estonia: Uvulindlela Osebenzisa Amanani

I-Estonia idla ngokuchazwa njengenkokeli yomhlaba wonke kwi-e- ofisi kunye nokubonakala. Izibonelelo zayo zeX-Road zinceda ukutshintshiselana ngogcino-lwazi kumacala oluntu neesiseko sogcino-lwazi, zinika abemi unikezelo kwiinkonzo zamanani ezingaphezu kwama-700. Zonke izigqibo zikarhulumente, kuquka iintlanganiso zekhabhite, zibhalwe phantsi kwaye zifikeleleka kwi-intanethi. Inkqubo ye-Estonia yokuzimela ivumela abantu abangeyo inkqelele kwizoqoqosho. Impumelelo yelizwe ibalaselisa ukubaluleka komgangathweni wezopoliti, isiseko esiqinile sokhuseleko logcino-lwazi, kunye nempucuko yempucuko.

INew Zealand: Inxaxheba Ivuleka

I-New Zealand isoloko ijongene ne-everences. Urhulumente wayo uzimisele ukuvula ulwazi, ukutyhila, kunye nokubophelela abami. Uhlaziyo loHlahlelo lwe- 2019 Welling luveliswe ngolu cwangciso lukhulu lukawonke-wonke, kuquka nohlolisiso lwe-intanethi olwafumana iimpendulo ezingaphezu kwama-40 000. Kwakhona iNew Zealand ipapasha “Uhlalutyo Lomdla Wesizwe” kuzo zonke izivumelwano zezizwe ngezizwe, ivumela abemi ukuba bahlole kwaye bagqabaze phambi kokuba bafumane amagqabaza. Indlela yeli hlelo ibonisa ukuba ukuvumba kunokuzibandakanya nokulawula okuphumelelayo.

Canada: Vula ngokungagqibekanga

Canada isungula inyathelo layo loRhulumente oVulekileyo ngo-2011, ukwamkela “inkqubo evulekileyo yokumiselwa”. Uphando lwe-data yelizwe oluvulekileyo, oluvulekileyo.ca, lunika ukufikelela kumakhulu amawaka ee-data. iKhanada ikwasebenzisa iinkqubo zokudibanisa ezifana ne-“Iinkcubeko zeeNkcubeko” ukuphucula indlela ezibandakanya ngayo abemi. Urhulumente udibanise uthelekise uhlalutyo lwe-data olusekelwe kwinkqesho, kunye (GBA+) kwinkqubela-nkqubo, eqinisekisa ukuba ukukhanya kubandakanya i-equity. Noko ke, iingxaki zisekho, ezifana nokuqinisekisa ukuba abantu bomthonyangangeni olunentsingiselo kunye negalelo.

U Uruguay: Impumelelo yaseMzantsi Merika

IUruguay ngumzekelo ophawulekayo woMazantsi Omhlaba Wonke. IsiCwangciso Sayo Sorhulumente Ovulekileyo siquka iqonga logcino-lwazi, uqingqo-mali olunokwahlukana kumgangatho kamasipala, nomthetho wokubonisa impumelelo oqinisekisa ukufikelela inkcazelo. Impumelelo yoluguay ibangelwa kukumanyaniswa kwebutho labantu, umanyano lwezobupolitika, nenkxaso yezizwe ngezizwe efana neOpen Government Prenetshipty.

Indima yobuxhakaxhaka ekukhuthazeni ukucaca

Ubuxhakaxhaka likrele elibekwe kabini ukuze libonakale. Kwesinye isandla, linceda ukufikelela ulwazi ngendlela engathethekiyo kwaye linceda abami badibane. Kwelinye icala, linyusa inkxalabo malunga nokuhlola, ukucalucalula amanani, kunye nokukhutshwa kwamanani.

Ugcino-lwazi oluvulekileyo kunye nomboniso we-AP

Iindawo ezisemgangathweni ezifana nogcino-lwazi.gov kunye nogcino-lwazi lwe-EU.eu aggreate data evela kumasebe amaninzi. Imidibaniso yenkqubo yenkqubo (API) ivumela abaphuhlisi bomsebenzi wokwakha iinkqubo ezisebenzisa ugcino-lwazi lukarhulumente, ukusukela ekubalaleni ubalo lolwaphulo-mthetho ukuya ekufumaneni iindleko zikawonke-wonke. Ezi zixhobo zinika amandla angakumbi kwiintatheli, abaphandi, nabaxhasi ukuba bagcine oorhulumente benetyala.

Ukuthintela Ukuthemba Nengqibelelo

Ubugcisa beblockchain bunika amathuba okugcina ingxelo ethintelweyo. Abanye oorhulumente bazama ukuvala amabhanki okufumana indawo (umz. Georgia, Sweden), ukunikezela ngemiqolo yamatyathanga, kwaye kwanovota. Ngokudala iingxelo ezisisigxina, ukuvavanya, ukuvala, ukuvala iintsimbi, kunganciphisa amathuba okunganyaniseki nokusebenzisa amandla. Noko ke, ukusetyenziswa kombane kunye nokusetyenziswa kwamandla kuhlala kuhleli imiqobo ekufumaneni ukwamkelwa.

Ubuntlola Obenziweyo kunye nokubonakala gca kwemithetho-siseko

Oorhulumente basebenzisa i-algorithm ngokukhulayo ukunikezela ngoovimba, ukuxela ulwaphulo-mthetho, okanye ukuvavanya i-Al ingaphucula impumelelo, ikwanobungozi bokuqhubekekisa ucalucalulo okanye ukusebenza njenge “bhokisi emnyama.” Ukubonakala gca kufuna ukuba oorhulumente batyhile indlela esebenza ngayo i-algorithm, ezona data bazisebenzisayo, nendlela izigqibo eziphinda-phindwa ngayo. Iziqubulo ezifana ne-Albhany Institute kunye ne-OECD'’s Prince zibiza ukubonakala okucacileyo kobungcathumbu kunye nolawulo lwabantu. Amanye amadolobha, anjenge-Amsterdam, asungule “iizinto zokubhalisa ii-mishicio-mistries" ukuchaza indlela ezisetyenziswa ngayo iinkqubo ze-Al xa kuphathelwa uwonke.

Iinkqubo ze-cell kunye neNgxelo yoMmi

Ii-apps ezihambayo zinceda abemi ukuba baxele iingxaki − njengemingxuma okanye urhwaphilizo. Ngokungqalileyo kumagunya. I-Platforms efana ne-Fix MyStreit (UK) ne-I-Paid iSifumba (Indiya) zingqine ziphumelela ekunikezeleni umjelo womjelo-mjelo wabemi kunye nokucinezela oorhulumente ukuba benze okuthile. Ezi ziphumo zikwavelisa ulwazi olunokuhlalutyelwa ukuchonga imibandela yenkqubo.

Ulwalathiso Lwexesha Elizayo Lokubonakalisa Imbonakalo Noluvulekileyo Urhulumente

Ikamva likarhulumente ovulekileyo liya kuxonxwa ziziphumo eziliqela zokulungisa. Okokuqala, kukho imfuneko ekhulayo yokubonakala ngaphaya kwemithetho-siseko (-"ilungelo lokwazi indlela izigqibo ezizenzekelayo ezibuchaphazela ngayo ubomi babemi. Njengokuba oorhulumente bemkela i-IA yonke into ukusuka ekungabini nampumelelo ekuchongeni kwempilo-ntle ukuya kumsebenzi wobupolisa, uluntu luza kunyanzelela ekuqondeni nasekukhuphiseni ezi nkqubo.

Ulawulo - melo Olunenxaxheba Nolungalawulekiyo

Kuphinda kuvuke umdla kwidemokhrasi ekhutshwayo, apho abemi bakhethwa ngabom kwimibandela yezomthetho. Imizekelo iquka iziko lemigwebo, iipali kunye neendibano. INdibano ye-Ireland ye-Citizens ethetha ngokuqhomfa kunye neNdibano ye-French i-Partive’s Convention on Climate Change. Ezi zimo zentelekelelo zibonisa ukuba urhulumente ovulekileyo makashenxise ngaphaya kokwenza ulwazi olupheleleyo.

Ulwahlulo lwehlabathi kunye nemigangatho

Imigudu efana ne-Ouble Government Privenership (OGP), equka amazwe angama-75 kunye noorhulumente basekuhlaleni abali-109, ikhuthaza ukufunda nokuphendulana. Amalungu e-OGP ayazibophelela ekwenzeni iinjongo eziquka ukubonakala ngqo nokuthatha inxaxheba. Ngokufanayo, imibutho yezizwe ngezizwe enjenge-OECD ne-World Bank inikela izicwangciso kunye nezilumkiso zokulinganisa urhulumente ovulekileyo. Inkqubela yexesha elizayo iya kuxhomekeka kwimiba eluncedo ekuboneni okuluncedo, ukukhuthulula, kunye nogcino-lwazi lwemozulu.

Ukulungelelanisa Ukubonakala Kwabantu Ngasese Nokhuseleko

Njengoko oorhulumente beqokelela ugcino-lwazi olungakumbi, uxinzeleko phakathi kokuvula lula lula nokukhusela luya kukhula. Ubugcisa obutsha bokugcina ubuqu, obufana ne-aspectal commental stamplations, bunganceda oorhulumente babelane ngengqiqo ngaphandle kokutyhila ugcino-lwazi. Ukuthemba abantu kuya kuxhomekeka kwimithetho ecacileyo, kulawulo oluzimeleyo, kunye nenkqubo yokuvuma enentsingiselo.

Isiphelo

Urhulumente ocace gca novulekileyo akazisiphelo kodwa ziinkqubo eziqhubekayo. Zifuna umgudu oqhubekayo, ukuthanda kwezobupolitika, nokuphaphanyiswa kwesobupolitiki. Iingenelo `ukuphelisa ukunganyani, ukuthembana okungakumbi, iinkqubo eziquka ezinye ```zibhaliwe''. Kodwa iingxaki zezokwenene: i-indureaucratia, inkxalabo yemfihlelo, amanani ahlukene, kwaye umngcipheko wokutshintsha idemokhrasi okuthe ngqo. Umendo oya kumgangatho ophezulu wedemokhrasi ulele ekusebenziseni njengexabiso elingundoqo, ukutshala amaziko nobugcisa obuyixhasayo, kwaye unika abemi bakhona ukuba babe nenxaxheba ngokwentsingiselo. Njengemizekelo evela e-Estonia, eNew Zealand, e-New Zealand, naseUruneziyam, ibonisa ukuba inkqubela inokwenzeka. Umbuzo uya kunokwenzeka ukuba ukwenzeka naxandukile emhlabeni wonke uya kuqhubekeka oko ukubonakala njengentenga phambili njengendlela yokuqhelisa.