Table of Contents

Ukugcinwa komthetho kusisiseko salo naluphi na ulawulo-bume lwedemokhrasi olufuna ukuphunyezwa ngokulinganayo. Emongweni wawo, ukuphendula kubhekisela kwiinkqubo, iinkqubo, kunye nezenzo eziqinisekisa ukuba amagosa amapolisa kunye namasebe awo anokuphendula ngezenzo zawo. Ingakumbi xa ezo zinto zichasene nomthetho, inkqubo yoogxalakhe, okanye amalungelo abantu. Ngaphandle kokukwazi ukuphendula ngokusesikweni, kwanawona majoni azimiseleyo anokulahlekelwa kukuthenjwa ngurhulumente okuyimfuneko ekuthinteleni ulwaphulo-mthetho nokhuseleko lwasekuhlaleni. Eli nqaku linikela uhlolo olubanzi lokuziphendulela ngokusemthethweni, ukuvavanyazisa ingcambuzo zalo, ukubaluleka kwalo, imiqobo eqhubekayo, ukuphunyezwa kwalo, kunye nezisombululo ezizinzileyo ezinokwenziwa kakuhle ezinokwenza inkqubo yokusesikweni ingabi nako yobulungisa kumntu wonke umntu.

Imbali Ebonisa Ukuphenduleka

Ingcamango yakutshanje yokuziphendulela kwamapolisa ayizange ivele ingenamsebenzi. Kwinkulungwane ye-19 kunye nasekuqaleni kweye-20, umkhosi wamapolisa waseMelika wawungalawulwa kakhulu, ngokufuthi usebenzela izilangazelelo zoomatshini bezobupolitika kunye nezikhundla ezityebileyo. Amasebe okuqala amapolisa angoochwepheshe, njengalawo asekwa eNew York ngo1845, asebenza ngaphandle kokuvelela okubalulekileyo. Oku kwade kwakhokelela ekudalweni kwamalungelo abantu abanobupolitika emfazweni, ukukhutshwa kwemisebenzi yeminyaka yee-19959 ezuza ukuphakama kwesizwe. Okuphezulu kwezenzo zenkohlakalo yamapolisa kunye nomthetho we-Creatton (ezinje i-198859) kunye nokudutyunjwa kukaRod King/ssssssssssss ezifuna ukubonakala nokuguqulwa. Ezi ziganeko zakhokelela ekudalweni kweminyayelo yezobupoliti yesizwe, ukusetyenziswa kwenkqubo yezentlalo-ntle, ukusetyenziswa kwemithetho yesizwe, ukusetyenziswa kwemithetho yesizwe, i-ethentiyokuprigal, ithetha ngenkqubo yesizwe, i

Ukubaluleka Okubalulekileyo Kokuphendula Kwimicimbi Yale Mihla

Ukuphendula akuyonjongo yolawulo lwamagunya; ineziphumo ezibonakalayo kukhuseleko nokholoko lukawonke-wonke. Xa amaziko okugcinwa komthetho egcinwa kwimilinganiselo ephakamileyo ngeenkqubo ezicacileyo, lonke uluntu luneengenelo.

Ukukhuselwa Kwamalungelo Asekuhlaleni

Eyona nto ibalulekileyo, kukukhusela amalungelo omgaqo-siseko. Ukukhusela kweSihlalo soMphengululo sesine ekuphandeni ngokungekho ngqiqweni nasekuxhuzuleni, ukuqinisekisa kwenkqubo efanelekileyo yeSindululo sesihlanu, nokungavunyelwa kweSeth Amendment ukuba isohlwayo senkohlakalo nesothulelo esingaqhelekanga konke oku akunantsingiselo xa amagosa amapolisa aso ejamelana nemiphumo. Ukungaguquguquki komgaqo-siseko kuqinisekisa ukuba wonke umntu (h_omntu akalufuni uhlanga, ingeniso, okanye umgangatho wokufuduka) wamkela unyango olulinganayo phantsi komthetho.

Ukwakha Nokulondoloza Intembelo Kawonke - wonke

Ukuthemba yimali yobupolisa esebenzayo. Abantu abakholelwa ukuba amagosa abo ayakubaphatha kakuhle basenokuba bachaza ulwaphulo-mthetho, basebenzisane nophando, basebenze njengamangqina. Uhlolisiso lwama-2020 lweZiko lophando lePew lwafumanisa ukuba ngama-38% kuphela amaMelika amnyama nama-56% ama-Spenic abonise ukuthemba amapolisa asekuhlaleni, xa kuthelekiswa nama-73% e-White America. Ukuvala ezi ziqwenga zokuthemba kufuna ukuphendula okungaguquguqukiyo.

Ukuzifica Ngokuziphatha Okubi

Cacisa iziphumo zokuziphatha okubi .ukusuka ekuqeqesheni nasekuzinyanzeleni ukuya ekutshayeleni kunye nokubekwa ityala, thumelani umyalezo onamandla ongenakunyamezelwa ukuxhatshazwa. Ukungabikho kweziphumo ezinjalo kukhuthaza impucuko apho amagosa anokuziva enesibindi sokusika iimbombo okanye asebenzise amandla agqithisileyo.

Ukuhlaziywa Okuqhubekayo Kwezithethe

Iinkqubo zokuphendula xa ziyilwe kakuhle, zivelisa ugcino-lwazi olunokuhlalutyiswa ukuchonga iipateni zengxaki . ezinje ngesantya esiphezulu sosetyenziso lomkhosi weziganeko okanye umahluko wezizwe ezikwisithintelo sezithuthi. Olu lwazi luqhubela uqeqesho lweenguqu, uhlaziyo, inkqubo, kunye nolwabiso lwemiqathango, ukwenza amasebe akhuseleke kwaye abe nempumelelo.

Izithintelo Eziyintloko Ekuphendulweni Okunempumelelo

Nangona kuyinto ebanzi ukuba ibaluleke, kunzima ukuphendula.

Ukungabikho kokucace gca nogcino-lwazi

Amasebe amaninzi amapolisa asebenza ngokungakhathaleli okuncinane. Asenokungawafaki ngxelo ezikhalazo, asebenzise iingxelo zonyanzelo, okanye athathe izenzo zoqeqesho, acaphula imithetho ye-mfihlo okanye izivumelwano zabasebenzi. Kwanaxa kuqokelelwa i-data, kusoloko kungqubana ngaphaya kolawulo, kukwenza kube nzima ukwenza umsebenzi webhentshi okanye ukuchonga iingxaki zenkqubo. Ulozwe .[FLT]][FLT] Injongo yokwenza i-artment Accounting data yogcino-lwazi lwe-mali.

“ Udonga Oluluhlaza Olunelizwi”

Imithetho yokungathethi idla ngokuthintela amagosa ukuba achaze ukuziphatha okubi kwabantu asebenza nabo. Le ndlela iqhelekileyo, maxa wambi enyanzeliswa ngezisongelo zokuziphindezelela ngokwentlalo okanye ngobuchule, ikhusela abenzi bobubi namasebe okhuselo ukuba angajongwa. Ukuphula umthetho wesithethe kufuna ukhokelo olunamandla, ukukhusela abavuli-mkhala, kunye nemigaqo-nkqubo yokubika.

Imithombo engonelanga kwimizimba elawulayo

Iibhodi zolawulo lwabemi, abaPhathi-mikhosi, kunye nemicimbi yangaphakathi zisoloko ziphantsi kwentsebenziswano kwaye zingenamsebenzi. Bangajongana nomva wezikhalo ezingamawaka, ezikhokelela kuphengululo olude kunye nezinto ezimbalwa ezifunyenweyo ezigciniweyo. Ngokwe-[FLT][1] Imanyano yesizwe ye-Civinian Oversity of Law Inforcement[[FLT]], uphatho olusebenzayo lufuna inkxaso-mali enikezelweyo, amandla encinci, kunye nokuzimele kwitsheyina lamapolisa lomyalelo.

Ukhuseleko olungokwasemthethweni noluqulunqiweyo

Amaqumrhu amapolisa aye athethana ngezivumelwano ezinokuthi zikhusele amagosa ekuziphenduleleni. Amalungiselelo afana “noqeqesho kufuneka abekwe ngexesha elifutshane,”“ abaphathi banelungelo lokuhlola iingxelo ezikhalazayo phambi kokuba baphandwe,” kwaye “izikhalazo ezingaziwayo aziphandwayo ziqhelekile. Ngokubhekele phaya, imfundiso yokuthintelwa komzimba okufanelekileyo inokwenza ukuba ingakwazi ukubamba amagosa ngokobuqu abekekelwe ukwaphulwa komgaqo-siseko, kwanaxa enza izinto ngokholo olubi.

Ukungaqeqeshwa ngokwaneleyo kwiMigangatho

Izikolo ezininzi zinikela iiyure ezimbalwa zokufundisa ngemilinganiselo yokuziphatha, ucalucalulo, kunye nokungakhuphi, ngeli xesha zinikela amakhulu eeyure kwimipu namacebo okukhusela. Abaphathi-mikhosi bangena emasimini bengakulungelanga ukusingatha iingxaki zempilo yengqondo, ukuqhubana nomahluko wempilo ongekho mdlalwaneni, okanye ukuqhuba inkcubeko. Iinkqubo zokuphendula amanani azinakulungisa ukungaphumeleli koqeqesho; banokusohlwaya kuphela iziphumo ezimele zithintelwe luqeqesho.

Izixhobo Zokomeleza Ityala

Akukho lutshintsho lufunekayo, kodwa xa ludityanisiwe, ezi nkqubo zilandelayo zinokwenza umntu aphendule.

Iibhodi zolawulo ezizimeleyo zoluntu

Ibhodi eqanjwe ngamalungu oluntu angenamdla kumthetho wokusebenza kwamapolisa zingahlola izikhalazo, uphicotho-zincwadi lokusetyenziswa kweziganeko zomkhosi, zenze iingcebiso zenkqubo. Iibhodi ezisebenzayo zinamandla angaphantsi kwepopu, isiluleko esizimeleyo somthetho, negunya lokunyanzela ubungqina. Imizekelo enjenge iofisi yamaPolice Clickts eWashington, D.C. ibonise ukuba uphatho oluzimeleyo lunganciphisa izikhalazo nolweyiselo loluntu.

Ikhamera yomzimba-yoMzimba kunye nobuxhakaxhaka bokubonisa ngaphaya

Iikhamera zomzimba, xa zidityaniswe nemigaqo ecacileyo yokuba zibhalwe nini kwaye njani inyawo lugcinwa, zinika ingxelo ebhaliweyo yamava. Uhlolisiso lufumanise ukuba iikhamera zinciphisa zombini izikhalazo kunye nokusetyenziswa kweziganeko zomkhosi. Noko ke, aziyondawo yokusebenza: abaphathi-mikhosi bangasilela ukwenza iikhamera, kwaye iinyawo zinokunqanyulwa okanye zihlelwe. I-policies kufuneka inyanzelise ukukhululwa okuzenzekelayo koshicilelo kwiziganeko ezinzulu.

Inkqubo yokungenela Yangaphambili

Abaphathi-mikhosi beflegi elumkisayo kwangethuba ababonisa imilinganiselo yokuziphatha kwengxaki . njengazo izikhalazo ezininzi, ukusetyenziswa kwamandla rhoqo, okanye amanani aphezulu eendawo zokumisa iitrafiki. La magosa anganikwa uqeqesho, ukuqeqesha, okanye ulawulo olusondeleyo phambi kokuba ukuziphatha kwawo kuqhubeke. [[FLT: 0] Uphando lweProlice olunoLawulo oluPhezulu lweForum lupapashe izikhokelo zokusebenzisa iinkqubo ezinjalo ngokuphumelelayo.

IMimiselo eVunyiweyo kunye noLawulo loMbutho

Xa iSebe leJaji lase-U.S. lifumana umlinganiselo okanye uqheliselo lokusebenza kwamapolisa angavumelaniyo, lingangena kumyalelo wokuvuma, ```isivumelwano senkundla' esinyanzeliswayo esifuna isebe ukuzalisekisa utshintsho oluthile. Imimiselo yesivumelwano kwizixeko ezifana Babaltimore, New Orleans, kunye noCleveland[FLD] ikhokelele ekuphuculweni kwemigaqo ekusetyenzisweni kwamandla, ukusetyenziswa kwe-projective-real-joli, kunye nokudityaniswa kwasekuhlaleni, nangona inkqubo ithatha iminyaka elishumi okanye ngaphezulu.

Ukomeleza Ukhuseleko Lwamavuthusi

Amagosa achaza indlela engahambi kakuhle ngaphakathi asoloko ephantsi kwempindezelo. Imithetho ekhusela abavuli-mlozi ekuthotyweni, ekudutyulweni, okanye ekungcungcuthekisweni . injengeBhili yeNjongo yaMalungelo yoMphathi-mikhosi eHlaziyo. kwamanye amazwe, ibalulekile ekuphuleni isithethe sokuthula.

Izifundo Zehlabathi Lokwenene Kwimigudu Yotshintsho

Ukuhlolisisa amatyala athile kutyhila amandla neentsilelo zokuziphendulela.

Seattle, eWashington: Ulawulo loluntu

IKhomishini yaMapolisa aseCuality’s Seattle, emiselwe emva komthetho weDOJ, iquka amalungu okuvota avela kwiindawo ezahlukeneyo kwaye azimele kwisebe lamapolisa. Ikhomishini ihlola iinkqubo, imigaqo-nkqubo yokuphulaphula imigaqo yoluntu, kwaye yenza iingcebiso ezizibophelelayo ekuphenduleni. Ingxelo yama-2022 yaphawula ukuncipha kweziganeko ezi-30% ekusetyenzisweni kwe-odola ukususela ekuqalisweni komsebenzi wayo.

ICamden, eNew Jersey: Umzalweli Wesebe

Ngo-2013, iCamden yachitha wonke umkhosi wayo wamapolisa emva kweminyaka emininzi yokunganyaniseki nokungathembani. Isebe elitsha lephondo loluntu lamkela imodeli yobupolisa, lifuna amagosa ukuba ahambe, aye kwiintlanganiso zasekuhlaleni, aze afumane iiyure ezingama-40 zoqeqesho lokususa inzala. ICrime calve, kwaye izikhalazo zehla nge-95% kwiminyaka emihlanu. Uvavanyo lweCamden lubonisa ukuba utshintsho oluphawulekayo lwesakhiwo, ngexa kunzima, lungaphumelela.

Los Angeles: UMthetho Omvumelayo Njengomkhaphisi

Emva kwehlazo leRampart ekupheleni kweminyaka yonyaka ka-1990/apho kwafunyaniswa ukuba abaphathi babebandakanyeke kwintsebenziswano, ukuthengiswa kweziyobisi, kunye nokudubula `i LAPD yasebenza phantsi komthetho wemvume karhulumente ukususela ngo-2009 ukuya ku-2013. Ummiselo wanyanzelisa isebe ukuba lisebenzise ikhompyutha yokufumana iziganeko zokusetyenziswa kwe-operactive, limise inkqubo eqinileyo yokungenelela kwangoko, lize livelise umhloli jikelele ozimeleyo. Ngelixesha i-LAPD ihlala isaziwa ngokuba yinkokeli ekuphenduleni nge-data.

IChicago: Umzabalazo Wokwenza Utshintsho

Isebe lamapolisa eChicago beliphantsi komthetho ukususela ngo-2019 emva kokukhululwa kwevidiyo ebonisa ukubulawa kweLaquan McDonald ngo-2014. Utshintsho luquke iinkqubo ezintsha zokusetyenziswa komkhosi, uqeqesho loncedo lwengxaki, kunye nebhodi yongamelayo yasekuhlaleni. Noko ke, inkqubela ibingahambelani, kunye neliso elizimeleyo elichaza ukulibaziseka nokuchasana komanyano lwamapolisa. IChicago ibonisa ukuba kwanangomthetho osemthethweni, ukuphendula kokwenyaniso kufuna uxinzelelo lobupolitika kunye noluqhubekayo.

Indima Yobugcisa Ekuphendulweni Okuqhubekayo

Ubugcisa bunika izixhobo ezinamandla zokubonisa ukukhanya, kodwa bukwavelisa iingozi ezintsha ezimele zilawulwa.

Umzimba Nekhamera Eqhawu-qhawukayo: Irekhodi Exutyiweyo

Iikhamera zomzimba ngoku zisemgangathweni kumasebe amaninzi. Uphando olusuka kwi Jonal ye Quantitive Crimenology lufumanise ukuba iikhamera zinciphisa ukusetyenziswa kwamandla ngama-37% kunye nezikhalazo ngo-30%. Kodwa iziphumo zixhomekeke kwinkqubo: amasebe avumela abaphathi ukuba bajonge ukuphakama phambi kokubhala iingxelo zingaziphikisa iinzuzo ezicetyisiweyo, njengokuba abaphathi benokwenza iingxelo zabo. Uqheliselo olulungileyo lufuna ukuba abaphathi-ofisi babhale zonke intsebenziswano nowonke-wonke-wonke kwaye unyawo lugcinwe iintsuku ezingama-90.

Indawo ye-GPS kunye ne-Vhicle ezenzekelayo (AVL) Inkqubo

Ukulandelela iindawo ezigada iimoto kunceda abalawuli baqinisekise ukuba abaphathi bayazigquma iintsimbi zabo kwaye ababandakanyeki kwizinto ezingeyomfuneko. Ugcino-lwazi lwe-AVL lungasetyenziswa ukuphanda izikhalazo zokuqhuba ngokungakhathali okanye ukukhawuleza kakhulu.

Iibhodi zogcino-lwazi zokuxela uwonke-wonke

Amasebe amaninzi ngoku apapasha iibhodi ezibonisa ukusebenzisa iziganeko zomkhosi, ukumisa inani lamanani, kunye neziphumo zokukhalaza. Ezi zixhobo zinika amandla abacholacholi-ndaba, abaphandi, kunye noluntu ngokuba namasebe anokuphendula. Brennan Center for Justice icebisa ukuba onke amasebe akhuphe lo gcino-lwazi kwiifom ezibhalwe ngomatshini.

Iingozi zobuGcisa obuLindiweyo

Imithetho-mithetho eqeqeshiweyo kwi-data yokubamba engokwembali ingaqhubekisela phambili ikhethe lobuhlanga nelentlalo. Ukuba iinkqubo zokuphendula iityala zixhomekeke kuphela kumanani omngcipheko aqatshelweyo, zisenokuyiguqula imilinganiselo engalinganiyo ejolise kuyo. Ulawulo lomntu, uphicotho-zincwadi oluthe rhoqo, nokubonakala ngokucacileyo kwimimiselo ye-algorithm ziyimfuneko.

Uqeqesho Neinguqulelo Zenkcubeko Ngaphakathi Komthetho

Ukuziphendulela akuthethi ukuba umntu umele ohlwaye kuphela xa esohlwaye ngempazamo, kodwa kukukuthintela ngemfundo nangeenguqu zenkcubeko.

Uqeqesho lokuhla komgangatho kunye nenkxwaleko

Amaziko amapolisa angaphezu kwama-700 aye amkela iinkqubo zeCIT, ezifundisa amagosa indlela yokubona izifo zengqondo, yokunxibelelana ngokunempumelelo, nokusebenzisa iindlela ezingenabundlobongela zokucombulula iimfazwe. Uhlolisiso lubonisa ukuba iCIT inciphisa umonakalo kumagosa nakubemi kwaye inciphisa umlinganiselo wokubanjwa kwabantu emaxanjeni. Amazwe afana neTexas ngoku afuna iCIT kubo bonke amagosa.

Inkcitho epheleleyo nenkcubeko

Uphando lubonisa ukuba ucalucalulo olungekho zingqondweni lungaphembelela ukwenza isigqibo kungqamaniso lwesibini. Uqeqesho olunceda abaphathi baqaphele kwaye banciphise ezimkhethe luboniswe ukunciphisa umahluko wobuhlanga kwimijelo nokuphengulula. Nangona kunjalo, uqeqesho lodwa alwanele; kufuneka ludityaniswe nemigaqo ethintela uqheliselo olunekhethe, olufana nokuvalwa kokumiswa kwangaphambili.

Imilinganiselo Yokuziphatha Nengqibelelo Njengemilinganiselo Ephakamileyo

Imodeli yeSebe lamapolisa aliqela idibanise ukwenza izigqibo ezifanelekileyo kwizikolo zazo. Imodeli ye-Profestical Standard esetyenziswa liSebe lamapolisa laseNew York, isebenzisa uphando kunye noqeqesho olusekelwe kwimifanekiso ukuqinisa ukubaluleka kwengqibelelo kwanaphantsi kwengcinezelo.

Ukuphendula

Utshintsho aluzukunamathela ukuba abalawuli neentloko azibekwanga tyala ngokusilela. Iinjongo kufuneka zibotshelelwe kwingxelo yomkhondo wenkosi ekunciphiseni izikhalazo, ekuphumezeni ulawulo loluntu, nasekuqinisekiseni ukuba igosa lithobelana nemigaqo yekhamera yomzimba. Amanye amasebe ngoku asebenzisa “amakhadi okufumana ityala” kubasebenzi bomyalelo.

Ubandakanyeko loLuntu nophuhliso loKhuseleko loLuntu

Ukuphendula kusitrato esihamba macala amabini. Uluntu kufuneka lube nesihlalo etafileni ekulolongeni iinkqubo zobupolisa nezinto eziphambili.

Izenzo zoLuntu

Amapolisa oluntu akalophulo nje lePR. Kufuneka amagosa ahlala ehleli kwimimandla engqonge ingingqi, abethe iintlanganiso rhoqo, kunye nengxaki edibeneyo yokuhlalisana nabemi. Xa kusenziwa kakuhle, kwandisa ulawulo lwentlalo olungacwangciswanga kwaye kunciphisa imfuneko yokunyanzelisa iziphumo zomsebenzi. U.S. ISebe leSebe leSiko loLuntu loMsebenzi woMsebenzi woMkhosi (CUPFP) linika oovimba kunye noqeqesho lokuxhasa le migudu.

Uhlahlo-lwabiwo-mali olunenxaxheba

Ezinye izixeko ziye zazama ukuvumela abemi ukuba bagqibe indlela elisetyenziswa ngayo icandelo loqingqo-mali lwamapolisa. Umzekelo, iProjekthi yesiXeko saseNew York [[FLT: 0] yokwabela uHlahlo loHlomelo ivumela amalungu oluntu ukuba axhase iinkqubo zolutsha, iinkonzo zempilo yengqondo, kunye nokukhanyisa izitrato `ukuthulula umthwalo kumapolisa nokuthetha ngeengcambu zolwaphulo-mthetho.

Ibhodi yolawulo loluntu elinamandla okwenene

Iibhodi zohlolo ezingezomthetho ezininzi kakhulu ziluvo loqeqesho kuphela, zingenalo igunya lokuqeqesha okanye zinyanzelisa utshintsho kwinkqubo. Abasebenzi baphikisa ngelithi iibhodi kufuneka zibe namandla angaphantsi kwepona, abaphengululi abazimeleyo, kunye nobuchule bokuncomela iziphumo ezifunekayo ukuze intloko yamkele okanye ichaze ngokubhala.

Imicimbi yeNkcubeko eQhubekekayo

Xa kusenzeka ukuziphatha okubi kwamapolisa, ukubuyiselwa kwezangqa zobulungisa kungadibanisa ixhoba, igosa, kunye nabameli boluntu ukuze baxubushe umonakalo kwaye bavumelane ngonyango. Nangona ingabafaneleyo kwiimeko ezimandundu, le ndlela iye yasetyenziswa ngempumelelo kwizixeko ezifana ne Longmont, Colorado ukulungisa ukuthemba emva kweziganeko ezincinane.

Isiphelo: Indlela Engaphambili

Ukujongwa komthetho asiyondawo oya kuyo kodwa yinkqubo eqhubekayo. (*.*) Akukho nkqubo inye ekhoyo, nokuba iikhamera zequmrhu, ulongamelo, okanye imimiselo evumelayo ) enokuqinisekisa ubulungisa. Endaweni yoko, utshintsho oluhlala luhleli lufuna ukuqokelelwa kweenkqubo ezibonisayo: ukuqokelelwa kogcino-lwazi olucacileyo, ukuzimele, ubuchule bokusebenzisa ubugcisa, uqeqesho oluqhubekayo, umanyano lokwenyaniso loluntu. Imingeni ibalulekile, kodwa amaplanga angenakuba ngaphezulu. Ngaxesha ngalinye igosagosa-gosa, ukuthenjelwa kwabantu, ukuphelelwa nokubekwa kwemithetho esesikweni. Ngokuchasene nokulawulwa kwemithetho esesikweni, ukufezeka kwayo yonke imoshela kwizenzo zolwaphulo-mthetho, ukuqeqesha, ukululeka nokuphulaphula intlalo-ntle.