Ukwazisa: Ilitye Lokuthembana

Ukubonakala kwentelekelelo kukarhulumente akuyonto nje ekhoyo; sisiseko esisebenzayo sedemokhrasi esebenzayo. Xa abemi bebona indlela izigqibo ezenziwa ngayo, indlela ezisetyenziswa ngayo iimali zikawonke-wonke, nendlela esetyenziswa ngayo, ukuthembana namaqumrhu. Ngokwahlukileyo koko, ukufihla imfihlo kubangela ukukrokra, kubangela ukonakala, kwaye kuphelisa isivumelwano sentlalo phakathi korhulumente nabantu bakhe. Inkululeko yolwazi (FO) yiyo eyona zixhobo ziphambili ezisemthethweni zenzelwe ukunyanzelisa oku kukhanya. Ngokunika umntu ngamnye ilungelo elisemthethweni lokufikelela kwiingxelo zemibutho kawonke, iFOI inyanzelela umatshini bezenze zisebenze ngokucacileyo. Eli nqaku lihlolisisa indlela le mithetho ekhuthaza ngayo ulawulo lwezempilo, ukuvavanywa kwabo kuvavanywa ukusetyenziswa kwezixhobo zonxibelelwano, nesizathu sokuba bafanele baphendule ngokhokelo.

Imvelaphi Neendaleko Yemithetho YeFOI

Ingcamango yelungelo elisemthethweni lolwazi lukarhulumente indala kuneedemokhrasi ezininzi zale mihla. Umthetho wokuqala we-FOI wawunguMthetho we-Sweden we-Freedom of the Press ka-17666, owamisela ukufumaneka koluntu kumaxwebhu asemthethweni njengesiseko somgaqo-siseko wawo. Lo mthetho wamandulo waqonda ukuba ubuchule babemi buyimfuneko ukuze bazilawule kwaye uhlole amandla esithsaba.

Igalelo langoku lomthetho weFOI laqala phakathi kwinkulungwane yama-3520. I-United States yadlulisela i-Free of Information Act (FOIA) ngo-1966, idala umzekelo owawuza kuthi kamva amanye amazwe amaninzi amkele. IFOIA yanika abemi kunye neentatheli isixhobo sokucela iingxelo ezivela kumaqumrhu karhulumente, yaye ilinganiselwe imvume yokungakhuseleki kwesizwe kunye neyobuqu. Umthetho womelezwa ngokupheliswa kwentengiso ngo-1997, 1986, nango-2002, ngokukodwa ngenxa yehlazo lweWatergate kunye nohlaselo lwama-9/11.

Ukususela ngo-1990 kuse phambili, imithetho ye-FOI yanwenwela ngokukhawuleza emhlabeni wonke. Ukuwa kweSoviet Union, ukunyuka kweenguqu zedemokhrasi eLatin America naseMpuma Yurophu, kunye nokutyhalela phambili kwehlabathi lonke utshintsho oluchasene norhwaphilizo lwamagunya okuzinzisa zonke zinyuswe ngokutsha. IZizwe Ezimanyeneyo kunye nemibutho yengingqi efana nentlangano yaseMelika (OAS) yaqalisa ukukhuthaza i-FOI njengelungelo lomntu, ngokusuka ekunene ukuya kwinkululeko yokuthetha, equka inkululeko yokufuna, ukufumana, nokudlulisela ulwazi.

Namhlanje, amazwe angaphezu kwe-120 anendlela ethile yomthetho weFOI, nangona amandla nokunyanzeliswa komthetho kwahluka-hlukene kakhulu. Imibutho yezizwe ngezizwe enjenge Iphicotha 19 [ ilandela le mithetho kwaye ibonelele uhlalutyo lothelekiso, ubuchule, kunye nomthetho wemodeli.

Imigaqo yekhorali kunye nobuchule beFOI

Ilungelo Lokwazi

Entliziyweni yayo, umthetho we-FOI umisela umgaqo wokuvula ityala: yonke inkcazelo egcinwe ngabasemagunyeni karhulumente icingelwa ukuba iyafumaneka, ngaphandle kokuba ikwindawo enciphileyo, ethethelelekayo. Akuyomfuneko ukuba abemi babonise umdla okhethekileyo kwinkcazelo; ilungelo lisehlabathini lonke. Oku kuguqula umthwalo ukusuka kumntu ocelayo ukuya kurhulumente, nto leyo emele ithethelele nayiphi na into ekhanyelayo.

Isicelo

Ngokwesiqhelo, ummi unikezela isicelo esibhaliweyo kumbutho onxulumene nemeko, echaza iirekhodi ezifunwayo ngobuchule obucacileyo. Umbutho kufuneka uphendule ngaphakathi kwesakhelo sexesha elifanelekileyo ``Ngokuqhelekileyo 20 okanye 30 iintsuku zokusebenza] unika iirekhodi, ukhanyela unikezelo ngezizathu, okanye unyuselo lwezicelo ezintsonkothileyo. Imithetho emininzi ivumela ukubhenela kwi-ombudsman ezimeleyo okanye umphathi-ofisi wezolwazi ukuba izicelo azivunywanga kakuhle.

Iintshaba Nemida Yazo

Akukho mthetho weFOI uvumela ukufumaneka ngokupheleleyo. Ukungakhululeki okuqhelekileyo kuquke:

  • [[UMTL:0] ukhuseleko lohlanga nokhuseleko – ukukhusela ubukrelekrele obunochuku okanye izicwangciso zokusebenza.
  • [[UMTL:0] Imfihlo yakho siqu – ukuthintela ukuhlaselwa kobomi babantu.
  • [[UMTL:0] Imfihlo ye-imfihlo [[FLT: 1] – ukukhusela iimfihlo zorhwebo okanye ulwazi oluqulunqiweyo.
  • Ukugcinwa komthetho kunye netyala letyala – ukuphepha uphando lwangaphambili okanye ukuvavanywa ngokufanelekileyo.
  • Iinkqubo ezilayishela umlomo [ – ukugcina icebiso elinyanisekileyo kurhulumente (ngokufuthi liphantsi koncedo lukawonke-wonke luyekele).

Isitshixo sokulawula ngokokuziphatha kukuba oku kukhulula kuchazwe kancinci kwaye kuxhomekeke kuvavanyo lwengozi: kufuneka kungachazwa kuphela ukuba kungabangela umonakalo oyingozi kwinzala ekhuselweyo. Imithetho emininzi ikwanezivavanyo ezifuna umdla kawonke-wonke ezifuna ukukhululwa kwenkcazelo ukuba uncedo kwibutho labantu lungaphezulu kwengozi.

Prosact vs. Idiski eVuselelwayo

Ngoxa i-FOI isabela ngokunjalo-_ithobela izicelo ezithile . . Izenzo zale mihla ezingcono zigxininisa ukutyhilwa kwento eyenzekayo. Oorhulumente bayafuneka ngokukhula ukupapasha ii-data zexabiso eliphezulu, uqingqo-mali, izivumelwano, kunye namaxwebhu enkqubo kwi-intanethi ngaphandle kokulinda isicelo. Oku kunciphisa umthwalo kubemi kunye nakumaqumrhu kwaye kubonisa isithethe sokuthulula amabala kunokuba bathobele.

Iingenelo Zolawulo Lwedemokhrasi

Ukuphenduliswa

Ukuziphendulela kufuna inkcazelo. Amagosa aqatshelweyo kunye namagosa asekuhlaleni akafane asebenzise kakubi igunya xa esazi ukuba izenzo zawo zinokuhlolisiswa. Imithetho yeFOI yenza ukuba ababali-ndlebe, intatheli, nemibutho yasekuhlaleni ikwazi ukulandela izigqibo, ilandele imali, kwaye ibhence ububi. Ngokomzekelo, iintatheli eziphandayo zixhomekeke kwiFOI ukutyhila imilinganiselo yenkunkuma karhulumente, ukungquzulwano yomdla, okanye ukunganyaniseki ekuthengeni kwemali kawonke-wonke.

Ukwakha Intembelo Kuwonke Wonke

Ukuthembana kufumaneka ngokuboniswa ngokuphandle. Xa oorhulumente besabelana ngenkcazelo kwaye besabela ngokukhawuleza kwizicelo, abemi baziva behlonelwa kwaye bequkiwe. Kwelinye icala, ukufihla imfihlo kubangela ukungathembani. High profile FOI impumelelo. "njengokukhulula inkcazelo engongcoliso lwemekobume, ukuziphatha okubi kwamapolisa, okanye ukusetyenziswa kwamayeza ) kubonisa ukuba uluntu lunokukwazi ukusingatha ukuntsonkotha nokubonakala kwalo kukhokelela kwiziphumo ezingcono zenkqubo.

Ubandakanyeko Olukhuthazayo Lwemibimbi

Uluntu olunolwazi luthenjiswe uluntu ngokubanzi. Imithetho yeFAI inika abemi abaqhelekileyo amandla okuba babe nenxaxheba ngokunentsingiselo kwiingxoxo eziphathelele ukusetyenziswa komhlaba, utshintsho lwemfundo, inkqubo yempilo, nezinye izinto ezingakumbi. Amaqela oluntu asebenzisa iFOI ukubeka ityala kumabhunga asekuhlaleni ngezigqibo zokwakha okanye ukuxhasa isikolo. Umphumo ngulawulo-demokhrasi olunamandla ngakumbi apho izigqibo zithandatyuzwayo, kungekhona amarhe.

Ukunciphisa Urhwaphilizo

Inkohlakalo ixhaphakile ekusithekeni. Imithetho yeFOI isebenza njengesithintelo ngokunyusa umngcipheko wokuchanabeka. Xa izivumelwano zikarhulumente, iirekhodi ezitsalela phambili, kunye nezibhengezo zezixhobo zivulekele ekuhlolweni kwabantu, amathuba okunyotywa nokuncitshiswa kokunyotywa. Izizwe ngezizwe ezibonisa ukubonakala ngaphaya komnye zikhankanye iFOI njengelungu eliphambili lenkqubo yokulwa nokunganyaniseki. Amazwe anemikhosi enamandla yeFOI atyekele ekubeni abe nemigangatho esezantsi yenkohlakalo ecingelwayo.

Ucelomngeni Nokugxekwa

Iindawo zokulwa nokuhlasela

Omnye weyona miqobo iphambili yinkcubeko yasekuhlaleni. Amagosa karhulumente angamelana nokutyhilwa ngenxa yomkhwa, uloyiko lokugxekwa, okanye umnqweno wokukhusela izilangazelelo zoburhulumente. Kwanalapho kukho imithetho, amaziko aphantsi kwemigaqo angenazo iziqendu kunye nobugcisa bokulungisa izicelo ngempumelelo. Izicelo ezisemva zinokunwenwa iminyaka emininzi, zinika ilungelo lokufikelela kwinjongo engenantsingiselo. Uqeqesho nabaphathi-FOI abanikezelweyo babalulekile kodwa badla ngokutyeshelwa.

Ukuhlelwa kwezakhiwo nokuhlangulwa

Abanye oorhulumente bayisikelele injongo kaFOI ngokugxina “ihlelo” kumaxwebhu aqhelekileyo okanye ngokutolika ukukhulula okubanzi kangangokuba phantse nayiphi na ingxelo inokunqandwa. Ingxelo yokhuseleko lwesizwe ityekele ngokukhethekileyo ekuxhatshazweni. Iiqumrhu zolawulo oluzimeleyo ziyafuneka ukuqwalasela oko kuthethwa nokunyanzelisa umthetho.

Ukusetyenziswa kakubi KweFAI Ekuxhatshazweni okanye Kwizicelo Ezingaqondakaliyo

Ngokwahlukileyo, iFOI ingenziwa ngezixhobo. Abaceli abanobuqhophololo basenokuphuphuma ngamaziko afuna izinto ezininzi, basebenzisa izinto ezingapheliyo. Abanye abezobupolitika okanye amaqela anomdla basebenzisa iFOI ukumba inkcazelo ephoxekileyo kodwa engancedi nto. Nangona ilungelo lokungena kufuneka likhuselwe, imimandla emininzi ngoku inelungiselelo lokuphepha izicelo ezibonakala zingenangqiqo okanye ezixhaphazayo.

Ukungalumki Phakathi Kwabemi

Imithetho yeFAI isebenza kuphela ukuba abantu bazi ukuba ikho. Uhlolisiso lubonisa ukuba kumazwe amaninzi abantu abaninzi abahlala apho abakhange beve ngamalungelo abo e-FOI. Ukukhutshwa, uqeqesho, kunye neenkqubo zesicelo ezenziwe lula ziyimfuneko ukwenza umthetho ube sisixhobo esisebenzisekayo kunokuba ube nelungelo lokuchaza into ethile.

Ucelomngeni lolawulo lolwazi lwamanani

Iingxelo zikarhulumente zizalwa zisanda ngamanani ``email', imiyalezo ekhawulezileyo, iisiseko sogcino-lwazi, kunye neefayile zokwexeshana. Imithetho yeFOI eqhelekileyo yabhalelwa iirekhodi zamaxwebhu, kwaye ukuzivumelanisa nezibakala zamanani kunzima. Ii-attings kufuneka zilawule iirekhodi ngokunempumelelo ukuze zithobele izicelo, kodwa ulawulo olungelulo ulwazi ludla ngokukhokelela ekulahlekeni okanye ekucinyweni kolwazi.

IFOI Kwixesha Lamanani

Ukudada nesicelo sonxibelelwano

Oorhulumente abaninzi ngoku banika iinkqubo ze-FOI ezifaka i-intanethi ezigcina iikopi, ezilandelela irekhodi, neziphendulayo. I-United States ilawula iFOIA.gov, ngoxa i-United Kingdom inento ethi Doithage.com (iqonga elizimeleyo elicela abaququzeleli). Ezi ndawo zinciphisa imiqobo kwaye zivumela abo bacela uncedo ukuba babone iimpendulo ezivela kwabanye, zakha indawo yogcino-lwazi lukarhulumente.

Vula ugcino-lwazi kunye nesixhobo sokusebenza sombane

Intshukumo yogcino-lwazi evulekileyo ihambelana nemigaqo ye-FAI. Oorhulumente bakhupha umatshini onolwazi olufundekayo olukwimiqathango yoqingqo-mali, ukuchithwa kwemali, ulwaphulo-mthetho, impilo, kunye nemekobume. Ngokupapasha ugcino-lwazi oluninzi olufunekayo ngokuqhubekayo, baneliseka phambi kokuba izicelo zigcinwe. Isebe likaRhulumente elivulekileyo [ (OGP]) likhuthaza izenzo ezinjalo ehlabathini lonke, namazwe angamalungu azimisele ukuguqula imbonakalo ecacileyo.

Inkqubo yokuqhuba e-Al nezenzekelayo

Ubuchule bokwenza bunika amathuba kunye nomngcipheko. Ukulungiselela ulwimi lwendalo kunganceda amaqumrhu aphengulule imiqulu emikhulu yamaxwebhu afuna iirekhodi ezisabelayo, anciphise amaxesha okulungiselela. Noko ke, i-Al ingasetyenziswa nangaphezu kokwenza amaxwebhu okanye ukwahlula amaxwebhu ngaphandle kokuvelela komntu. Ukulungelelanisa ubuchule bokuphendula kuya kuba lucelomngeni olungundoqo.

Uhlolisiso Lwemeko Ngobunzulu

ESweden: Ivulindlela

Inkululeko ye-Sweden yoMthetho wePress, ngoku eyinxalenye yomthetho wayo womgaqo-siseko, inamandla ngokuphawulekayo. Ivumela ukuba kufikelelwe ngokukhawuleza kuwo onke amaxwebhu asemthethweni ngaphandle kokuba umthetho othile unikezele. Abami baseSweden bangangena kwiofisi karhulumente baze babuze ukubona amaxwebhu ngaphandle kokunika isizathu. Le mpucuko inzulu yokuvula umlomo yenza i-Sweden ibe ngomnye woorhulumente abonakeleyo nabathembekileyo kakhulu ehlabathini. Umgaqo we-[FLT: 0] we-averlighetprincipen (umgaqo wokufikelela esidlangaleleyo) ugqithisele kwinkundla yasebukhosini nepalame, oyedwa owenzelwe ukhuseleko lwesizwe.

IKhanada: UMthetho woLwazi

I-Access of Information Act yaseCanada yasebenza ngo-1934. Igubungela amaziko karhulumente kwaye iye yaguqulwa amaxesha amaninzi, ngokukodwa ngo- 2006 ukomeleza indima yoMphathi woLwazi kunye noMbutho weSikolo ngo-2019 nge-Access to Information Act ebeka imiyalelo engqongqo kakhulu kunye nengxelo ekhutshelwe i-ofisi yeNkulumbuso kunye nabefundisi. Nangona inkqubela ithe yaphuculwa, inkqubo ye-ATI yaseCanada isathwalwa kukulibazisa kunye nenkcubeko kwamanye amasebe. IKhomishinethi yolwazi iyakwazi ukukhupha imiyalelo ebophelelo, kodwa umsebenzi owenziwe kwinkqubela phambili.

EUnited States: Ifa Nemida KaFOIA

IFOIA iye yaba luncedo ekutyhileni yonke into ukusuka kwiPentagon Papers ukuya kudweliso lwenkqubo yeNkcubeko ye-CIA kunye nengxaki yamanzi eFlint. Izicelo ze-FOIA zisisisixhobo esibalulekileyo kwiintatheli, abaphengululi, namaqela abantu abanomdla kuwonke-wonke. Noko ke, inkqubo ithwaliswe yirejista yomkhosi omkhulu (880 000) elindele izicelo kumaqumrhu. Ukukhuthuza, ingakumbi ukhuseleko lwesizwe, zisoloko zigqitha. Ulawulo lwe-Obama luthembisa “oyena mphathi bakhankamli bembali” kodwa luzama ukunikezela. Ulawulo lwe Biden lufuna ukuqinisa iFOIA ngemiyalelo yolawulo kunye nokunyusa inkxaso. Isifundo: I sifuna ukuxhaswa komthetho, hayi nje kuphela ngumthetho kwiincwadi.

IIndiya: Umthetho we-Act (RTI)

UMthendeleko we-RTI waseIndiya, odlule ngo-2005, usoloko unconywa njengenye yezona zihambele phambili kumazwe asakhasayo. Inika abemi amandla okufuna ulwazi kuwo onke amanqanaba karhulumente nakumaziko angawomntu ngamnye afumana inkxaso-mali kawonke-wonke. Lo mthetho wayila umbutho weeKhomishini zeMatheko yoLuntu ezizimeleyo kwimiqathango yesizwe neyorhulumente. i-RTTI isetyenziselwa ukubhenca ubuqhopho kwinkqubo yokuKhuphela uluntu, imigodi engekho mthethweni, kunye namaqondo karhulumente angekho mthethweni. Imibutho yamakhaya enjengeMazhookini Kis Shaktigathan (MKS) yenza indima ebalulekileyo ekuxhakathweni komthetho nokuqhubeka kololiwe kwabemi ekusetyenzisweni kwayo. Imingeniselo emikhulu yemibutho yokwazisa ulwazi, ukungaphumeleli kwe-Mbutho, ukugculknsula, nokukhathazwa kwe-RTSTSCS.

Imisebenzi yesakhelo nemigangatho yehlabathi

Ilungelo lolwazi liqashelwe kwizixhobo ezininzi zezizwe ngezizwe. Isibhengezo soMalungelo oluntu (Umzobo 19) uvakalisa ilungelo “lokufuna, ukufumana nokudlulisela ulwazi.” Umnqophiso wezizwe ngezizwe wamalungelo oluntu nawobupolitika (ICCPR) uyakuqinisa oku. ISivumelwano saseAfrika kuMalungelo oLuntu nakuLuntu siquka ilungiselelo elifanayo. Amaqumrhu anjengeBhunga laseYurophu aye akhupha iindibano kunye nezicelo zokufikelela kumaxwebhu asemthethweni. IBhanki yehlabathi kunye nezinye iziko zophuhliso phuhliso mazwe zikwaxhasa imigaqo yemiqathango yokuvela kwezibonelelo.

Imithetho yemodeli, njengaleyo ipapashwe liGatya 19, inika ukhokelo kwizenzo ezingcono: iinkcazelo ezicacileyo, ukuvalwa komqathango, ukulawulwa okuzimeleyo, nezigwebo zokungathobeli. Le migaqo inceda amazwe azenzela imithetho emitsha yeFOI aphephe imigibe eqhelekileyo.

Ulwalathiso Lwexesha Elizayo: Ukuqinisa Ulawulo Olubugocigoci

Utshintsho Nexesha

Imithetho emininzi yeFOI iphelelwe lixesha. Utshintsho kufuneka lungangeni kumsebenzi, lususe ulwimi olungacacanga, lumisele ubuninzi bamaxesha okuphendula. Ukubeka amaxwebhu akwintlawulo emini ekwahlulelwa kuwo kungenza amaxwebhu emva kwexesha elibekiweyo akhuphele umthwalo kwabo bafuna ukuwagcina eyimfihlo.

Ukufudusa iFOI ngoLawulo oluVulekileyo

IFOI ayifanele ime yodwa. Oorhulumente kufuneka banxulumanise imithetho yokufikelela namaziko ogcino-lwazi avulekileyo, abami basekuhlaleni, kunye nokhuseleko lwabaqhubi bempempe. Indlela ye-holic yokubonisa imbonakalo yenza ilungu ngalinye lomelele. Isebe loRhulumente elivulekileyo [ linika i-fom eluncedo kumazwe ukwabelana ngeenguqu kunye nezibophelelo.

Ukukhusela Abasebenzi Nentatheli

Kumazwe amaninzi, abasebenzisi beFOI bajamelana nezisongelo, ukumangalelwa, okanye kwanogonyamelo. Oorhulumente kufuneka balwenzele ulwaphulo-mthetho ngokuchasene nabo bacelayo baze bomeleze imithetho yokubetha impempe. Amaqumrhu amazwe ngamazwe kufuneka ajonge kwaye agunyazise imiyalelo echaza ukuba abatshutshisi abaxhasi ababonisa ukuba babonakala ngokucacileyo.

Ukwamkela ubuxhakaxhaka Bobuxhakaxhaka Bobuxhaka Bobuxhaka Bobuxhaka Bobuxhaka Becala

Izixhobo zamanani zingenza i-FOI ikhawulezile kwaye ingabi naxabiso, kodwa zikwanyusa iingozi zobumfiliba. Ubuchule bokuzikhusela, ukunciphisa ugcino-lwazi, kunye nemithetho yokhuseleko logcino-lwazi eyomeleleyo kufuneka ihambelane nokubonakala. Injongo ayikokutyhilwa okuphezulu kodwa yeyokufumana umboniso ophezulu.

Isiphelo

Inkululeko yolwazi ayinyanzelisi, kodwa zizinto ezibalulekileyo zokulawula imilinganiselo yokuziphatha. Ngokubangela ukuba inkcazelo ifikeleleke, banyanzelisa oorhulumente ukuba benze ngengqibelelo, banike abemi izibakala abafanele bazithabathela kuzo inxaxheba ngokunentsingiselo, kwaye babhence xa isenzeka. Uhambo olusuka kwi-FOI olukwishumi elinesibhozo lwenkulungwane lumele lufakelele kwimiba yehlabathi elibonakalayo, ukanti umsebenzi usuka kude kakhulu. Ukuchasa kwemithetho ye-demokhrasi, inkcaso efuna ukuba nentsingiselo, kwaye inkcaso yezobupolitika isongela isithembiso sikaFOI kumazwe amaninzi. Ukuqonda ukuphumelela kwayo, utshintsho oluphelelwe lixesha, imithetho echanile, kunye nengqwalasela ngokungapheliyo impucuko yokuzimela. Xa besenza oko, ukuthemba okugcina idemokhrasi kuhlaziyeke.