Table of Contents

Umgaqo-nkqubo kawonke-wonke ulolonga phantse zonke iinkalo zobomi banamhlanje, ukusuka kumgangatho womoya esiwuphefumlayo ukuya kwimfundo abantwana bethu abayifumanayo, unyango esilufumanayo, nendlela esihamba ngayo. Ukuqonda inkqubo kawonke-wonke kubalulekile kuye nabani na ofuna ukuqonda indlela izigqibo zikarhulumente ezichaphazela ngayo uluntu, ezoqoqosho, kunye nobomi bomntu ngamnye. Olu khokelo luhlolisisa ukuba yiyiphi inkqubo kawonke-wonke, kutheni ibalulekile, indlela edalwe ngayo, nendlela abemi abanokuba nenxaxheba ngayo ekulungiseni imigaqo elawula amava abo emihla ngemihla.

Yintoni Umgaqo - siseko Kawonke - wonke?

Inkqubo kawonke wonke ingachazwa njengezigqibo zangabom, izenzo, kunye nemithetho esungulweyo nephunyezwa ngamaqumrhu karhulumente ukucombulula imicimbi kawonke-wonke nokuphumeza iinjongo zoluntu. Embilinini yayo, inkqubo kawonke-wonke sisicelo esimiselwe okanye isigqibo esimiselwe kwiziqalelo ezifana nemithetho, imimiselo, imigaqo, imigaqo, kunye nezenzo zokucombulula okanye ukusingatha imibandela enxulumene neengxaki zentlalo, ekhokelwa ziingciso-nkqubo ezithile ezithe zamiselwa ngokwenkqubo ezicwangcisiweyo.

Le nkqubo ilawula iinkalo ezahlukahlukeneyo zobomi, kuquka imfundo, ukunyamekela impilo, umsebenzi, izimali, izoqoqosho, ezothutho, kunye nebutho labantu liphela. Inkqubo kawonke-wonke imela okungaphezulu kunezenzo zikarhulumente kuphela, oku kuquka oko oorhulumente bakhetha ukukwenza noko bakhetha ngabom ukungakwenzi. Lo mahluko ubalulekile kuba ukungathathi-nxaxheba kusenokuba negalelo elibalulekileyo kanye xa kufikelelwa ekucombululeni iingxaki zoluntu.

Abanye abaphengululi bachaza inkqubo kawonke-wonke njengenkqubo "yezenzo, yemigaqo yolawulo, imithetho, kunye nemali ephambili ngokuphathelele isihloko esibhengezwe ngurhulumente okanye ngabameli bakhe". Ukungalingani kwemigaqo-nkqubo karhulumente kuthetha ukuba isebenza imisebenzi emininzi ngexesha elinye: ubuncwane obungalungelelaniyo, ukulawula isimilo, ukusasaza iingenelo, nokuseka inkqubo yendlela ibutho elisebenza ngayo.

Inkqubo kawonke-wonke idla ngokuqukwa "kwiziko lowiso-mthetho, kwizenzo zowiso-mthetho, nakwizigwebo zowiso-mthetho". Oku kuthetha ukuba inkqubo ithatha iintlobo ezininzi(ukusuka kwimigaqo esekelwe kumaxwebhu omGaqo-siseko ukuya kumthetho okhethekileyo odluliselwe ngabameli abanyuliweyo kunye neenkcazelo ezinikezelwa ziinkundla.

Imbali Yendaleko Yomgaqo - siseko Kawonke - wonke

Umgaqo-nkqubo woluntu usukela kwimpucuko yamandulo njengeGrisi neRoma, apho abalawuli benza imimiselo nemithetho yokulawula ibutho labantu. Noko ke, uphando olucwangcisiweyo lwenkqubo kawonke-wonke njengoko sisazi namhlanje luyinkqubela-phambili yale mihla. Uphando lwangoku lwenkqubo kawonke-wonke lwaqalisa ekupheleni kwenkulungwane ye-19 xa abaphengululi baseMerika abanjengoWoodrow Wilson noJohn Burgess bahlola ulwalamano phakathi korhulumente nebutho labantu. Emva kweMfazwe Yehlabathi II, inkqubo kawonke wonke yaba ngumbandela osungulweyo wokufunda, ugxininiso ekucombululeni intlalo, izoqoqosho, neengxaki zezobupolitika.

Ekuqaleni, inkqubo kawonke-wonke yayixhalabele kakhulu imicimbi yezoqoqosho nomthetho worhwebo norhwebo. Noko ke, njengoko imibutho yaya intsonkotha kwaye idityaniswa, umgangatho wenkqubo kawonke-wonke wandiswa ukuquka imibandela eyahlukeneyo yentlalo, yemekobume, kunye nobugcisa. Olu lwando lubonisa ukuntsonkotha okukhulayo kwezixhobo zale mihla kunye nokwanda koqhagamshelwano lwemingeni yomhlaba wonke.

Ekuhambeni kwexesha, imizekelo eyahlukeneyo yenkqubo kawonke-wonke yavela, njengemodeli esengqiqweni, imodeli yolwahlulo, kunye nesakhiwo somanyano lobungangamsha, esincedayo kucacisa indlela abazakhi benkqubo abafikelela ngayo kwizigqibo. Ezi zicwangciso zengcamango zinika iilens ezixabisekileyo ezithi ziqonde ngazo ubunyaniso obuninzi nobungaqhelekanga ngendlela eyenzeka ngayo imigaqo-nkqubo eyenzeka ngayo ngokwenene kwaye isetyenziswe.

Iimpawu Ezingundoqo Neempawu Zomgaqo-nkqubo Kawonkewonke

Ukuqonda iimpawu eziyimfuneko zomgaqo-nkqubo kawonke-wonke kunceda kucacise oko kwahlulayo kwezinye iintlobo zokwenza izigqibo nezenzo. Iinkalo ezininzi ezingundoqo zichaza inkqubo kawonke-wonke ephumelelayo:

ISebe linika injongo

Inkqubo kawonke wonke yenzelwe ukucombulula iingxaki ezithile okanye ukucombulula iimfuno ezithile zoluntu. Ayingomdla okanye ayiququzeleli kodwa ngumgudu owenziwe ngabom ukucombulula imicimbi echaziwe. Ipolitiki ingazimisele ukuphucula uqoqosho, ukuphuhlisa impilo kawonke-wonke, ukunciphisa ulwaphulo-mthetho, okanye ukunciphisa iziphumo zotshintsho lwemozulu, phakathi kwezinye. Le nkqubo yendalo inenjongo yahlula inkqubo kwizenzo zokulawula okanye ubuchule bobupolitika.

Elungelelanisiweyo

Inkqubo kawonke-wonke asisiso isigqibo esinye esingaphandle kodwa yiseti yezenzo ezilungelelanisiweyo ezisebenza kunye ukufumana isiphumo esinqwenelekayo. Imithetho yezopolitiko iphuhliswa ize iphunyezwe ngendlela ecwangcisiweyo, ebandakanya abagcini-matyala abahlukeneyo kunye neenkqubo zokwenza izigqibo. Le nkqubo yocwangco iqinisekisa ukuba amalungu ahlukeneyo enkqubo asebenza kunye kunokuba asebenze kwiinjongo ezinqamlezileyo.

Isalathisi somsebenzi

Inkqubo kawonke wonke ijolise ekuphumezeni iinjongo ezinde zexesha, hayi iimfuno ezikhawulezileyo. Abenzi benkqubo yokwalathisa baqwalasela iziphumo ezinokwenzeka zesigqibo sabo baze bazame ukwenza iinkqubo eziya kuba nempembelelo ehlala ihleli. Oku kuthetha ukuba imigaqo-nkqubo isenokuthabatha ixesha ukuzalisekisa nokufuna utyalo-mali olubalulekileyo. Umlinganiselo wenkqubo obalulekileyo ufuna ukucinga ngaphaya kwemijikelo ekhethekileyo kunye neengcinezelo zezobupolitika ezikhawulezileyo.

Ugcino-lwazi-lusekelwe kubungqina

Kumhlaba wangoku, ugcino-lwazi ludlala indima ebalulekileyo kumgaqo-nkqubo kawonke-wonke. Abenzi bomthetho baxhomekeke kuhlalutyo olucokisekileyo logcino-lwazi ukwenza izigqibo zolwazi kunye nokwenza iinkqubo ezisekelwe kubungqina. Le ndlela yolwazi ekwinqanaba lokwenziwa kwemigaqo-nkqubo iqinisekisa ukuba oovimba banikwe ngobuchule bokufumana iziphumo ezifunekayo. Ukwenziwa kwemigaqo esekelwe kubungqina kuye kwabaluleke ngakumbi njengoko oorhulumente befuna ukwandisa amandla oovimba abalinganiselweyo.

Ukuqonda Iindidi Ezahlukileyo Zomgaqo - siseko Kawonke - wonke

Iinkqubo zikawonke wonke zinokucaciswa ngeendlela ezahlukahlukeneyo ngokusekelwe kwingqalelo yazo, umgangatho, iindlela, kunye neziphumo ezicetywe. Ukuqonda ezi ndlela zahlukeneyo kunceda ekucaciseni indlela oorhulumente abazisingatha ngayo iingxaki neengxaki ezahlukeneyo.

Imigaqo-nkqubo

Imigaqo-nkqubo esisiseko yemigaqo-nkqubo kawonke-wonke, eyenzelwe ukusingatha imiba ekhethekileyo engundoqo weengxaki zoluntu. Iphawulwa ngokujoliswe ngqo ekufumaneni izisombululo zeengxaki ezicinezelayo. Imigaqo-nkqubo engaphantsi kwenkcazo yenza isiseko somsebenzi karhulumente ngokuthetha ngqo ngeemfuno eziyimfuneko nentlalo-ntle yabemi. Ngokungafaniyo nemigaqo-siseko egxininisa kwindlela izinto ezimele zenziwe ngayo, imigaqo ephantsi egxininisa koko kumele kwenziwe ngayo.

Imizekelo yeenkqubo ezincinci eziquka amanyathelo okuguqula imfundo, iinkqubo zophuhliso lonyango, kunye neeprojekthi zokuphuhlisa izibonelelo. Utshintsho lwemfundo luqinisekisa inkqubo yemfundo eUnited States ukuba imigangatho ephezulu kwaye ifikeleleka kuye wonke umntu. Inkqubo yemfundo ijolise ekuncedeni ukuphucula ukusebenza kwabafundi nokuphelisa umsantsa ophunyezweyo eUnited States.

Amagosa alawulayo

Imigaqo-nkqubo yokulungisa inceda ekukhuseleni umdla woluntu nokuqinisekisa ukuba iinkampani ezithile zisebenza ngendlela efanelekileyo nekhuselekileyo. Imigaqo-nkqubo yolawulo ifuna ukulawula okanye ukulawula ukuziphatha kwabantu, imibutho, okanye ushishino. Le nkqubo imisela imithetho, imilinganiselo, kunye nemiqathango elungiselelwe ukukhusela ukhuseleko, izilangazelelo zabathengi, kunye nomgangatho wemekobume.

Imiyalelo yokuqhuba phantsi kwempembelelo yotywala kunye nemiqathango kuqheliselo olungafanelekanga loshishino yimizekelo emibini yemigaqo-nkqubo karhulumente elawulayo. Iimfuno zikarhulumente zomsebenzi othile, iimfuno zokhuseleko kumayeza athile, imiqathango yokukhutshwa kwetyhefu kunye nezinto ezingcolisayo kwimizi - mveliso, kwaye imilinganiselo encinane yokhuseleko kubasebenzi iyonke yemigaqo-nkqubo yomgaqo-siseko.

Imimiselo yokusingqongileyo ingumzekelo ophambili wemigaqo-nkqubo yokulawula. Le nkqubo ijolise ekukhuseleni imekobume, ekunciphiseni ungcoliso, nasekucombululeni iingxaki zendalo yomhlaba wonke. Imimiselo yokusingqongileyo iye yabaluleka ngakumbi njengoko abantu bezama ukumelana nokutshintsha kwemozulu nokuzinziswa kocelomngeni.

Amagosa aphambili

Imigaqo-nkqubo yokusasaza ivumela abadlali bakarhulumente ukuba balungiselele impahla neenkonzo eziyingenelo kubemi abaninzi ngokulahlekelwa ngabo bonke abahlawuleli berhafu. Benzelwe ukuphucula ukusasazwa kweempahla neenkonzo ngokunika intsebenziswano kwinxalenye enkulu yabemi kunokuba bathabathe kwiqela elinye baze banike elinye.

Iinyaniso ezimbini zemigaqo-nkqubo yokusasaza ibenza babe yeyona nkqubo karhulumente ingenakuphikiswa: wonk'uwonke uyabelana ngeengenelo zawo, kwaye uwonke-wonke uyahlawula iindleko zawo. Imizekelo iquka iindlela zikawonke-wonke nemfundo kawonke-wonke. Le nkqubo idla ngokuvelisa inkxaso ebanzi yezopolitiko kuba zinika iingenelo ezininzi ngokwabelana ngaphandle kokwenza abaphumeleleyo nabangaphumeleliyo.

Amagosa Afanelekileyo

Iinkqubo zokusasaza zithandabuza kuneenkqubo zokusasaza kuba zinika iingenelo kumaqela athile ngokulahlekelwa ngabanye. Iinkqubo zokwabelana zijolise ekunciphiseni ukulingana kwengeniso ngokukhuthaza ubutyebi. Le migaqo idlulisela ngokucacileyo ubuncwane ukusuka kwicandelo elinye lebutho loluntu ukuya kwelinye, ngokuqhelekileyo ukusuka kumaqela atyebileyo ukuya kwabo banezinto ezimbalwa.

Iinkqubo zoncedo-ntle zomanyano, njengeSomeral Nutrition Application Program (SNAP) kunye noncedo lwexeshana kwiintsapho ezisweleyo (TANF), yimizekelo ephikisanayo yeenkqubo zomgaqo-nkqubo karhulumente okhuthazayo. Abaxhasi baphikisayo bathi iSNAP neTTANF zinika amancedo kumaMerika afuna uncedo lwezoqoqosho, ngoxa abo bachasa le migaqo-siseko bewajonga njengawathabatha imali yomhlawuli werhafu kwiklasi esebenzayo kwaye exhasa imali yabo basebenza.

Imilinganiselo Yokuziphatha Echaseneyo

Imigaqo-nkqubo ephambili karhulumente kukusabela komphumo wangaphandle. Umzekelo, emva kokuhlasela kwabanqolobi e-U.S. ngoSeptemba 11, 2001, uMongameli uGeorge W. ulawulo lweBush lwaseka iSebe loKhuseleko lweHomeland ukuze kuphuculwe amandla amasebe karhulumente karhulumente orhulumente okulwa nezisongelo zasekhaya. Imigaqo equke ukusekwa nomthetho woorhulumente kunye nokumiselwa kwezakhiwo neenkqubo zikarhulumente.

Inkqubo Kawonke - wonke: Ukusuka Kwingxaki Ukuya Ekucombululeni

Ukuqonda indlela esungulwe ngayo inkqubo kawonke-wonke kunika ukuqonda okubalulekileyo ngendlela oorhulumente abasingatha ngayo imingeni yezentlalo. Ukwenza inkqubo kubandakanya amanqanaba aliqela: ukwenziwa kwengxaki, ukwenziwa kwemigaqo-nkqubo, ukwenziwa komsebenzi, ukuzalisekiswa, kunye nohlolo. Le nkqubo yenziwa yimfazwe yezobupolitika, ukuxhathisa abaxhasi, kunye nezizathu ezikwiziko. Ngexesha idla ngokuchazwa njengolandelelana, ubunyani bokwenziwa kwenkqubo buntsonkothile kwaye bubangela ubuchule.

Umlinganiselo 1: Ukwaziwa kwengxaki kunye nocwangciso lwe-Agenda

Isigaba sokuqala senkqubo sibandakanya ukuqaphela ukuba kukho ingxaki nokufumanisa ukuba ifuna ulawulo lukarhulumente kusini na. Iingxaki ezininzi zikawonke-wonke zivela ekubonakaliseni kwemilinganiselo yoluntu neyenkangeleko yengqondo. Njengokuba ibutho labantu noluntu luguquka, indalo apho izithethe, amasiko nemilinganiselo yokuziphatha zivunywa ukuba zamkelekile, azimkeleki, zinqweneleka okanye azinqweneleki.

I-Agenda-stingment yenqanaba apho imibandela engundoqo ichazwa khona kwaye ibekwa phambili kwintetho yesidlangalala nesenzo sikarhulumente. Asiyongxaki yonke eyenza ngokwemiqathango yenkqubo. Ingcamango kufuneka yenze idlule kwimigangatho emininzi, kuquka imigaqo emininzi yezopolitiko, ingqungquthela kunye nemithetho yobumongameli, kunye nemithetho yeBhureaucrates. Abadlali abaphambili kwimimiselo ecwangcisiweyo baquka ukucinga ngamatanki, amaqela enzala, amajelo-medi, amagosa karhulumente.

Inkqubo ingumsinga ophuhliswa nguJohn Kingdon njengemodeli ecetyiweyo ukubonisa iingxaki ezinyanzelisayo kufuneka zidityaniswe nezinye izinto ezimbini: imozulu elungileyo yezobupolitika kunye nezisombululo ezilungileyo nezinokwenzeka (ezidityaniswe kwiingxaki) ezihamba kunye ukuya kuqukumbela kwimiba ebhaliweyo. Oku kuqinisa iwindow, enye ingqiqo ebalaselisa ixesha elinzima kwixesha kunye nemeko xa inkqubo entsha inokuthi ishukunyiswe.

Umgaqo-nkqubo wesi-2

Ukwenziwa kwenkqubo yokuphuhlisa iinkqubo zemithetho ecetyiweyo okanye imimiselo enokusebenza. Ngexesha eliphakathi, abanikeli benkqubo kunye nabagcini-matyala bavelisa izindululo ezikhethekileyo zokuthetha ngengxaki echaziwe. Ukwenziwa kwenkqubo yasekhaya kubandakanya intsebenziswano phakathi koorhulumente, abenzi bemigaqo-nkqubo, kunye nabaxhasi beemeko-mali abahlukeneyo ukuba benze iinkqubo ezicetyiweyo nezixhaswa kakuhle zedata ezithetha ngobubanzi bemingeni, ukususela kwinkqubela-phambili yezoqoqosho ukuya kwinkqubo yemekobume.

Kunqabile ukuba ukwenziwa komgaqo-nkqubo kube yinto elula. Izindululo ezininzi zidla ngokukhuphisana, zibonakalisa imilinganiselo eyahlukeneyo, izilangazelelo, kunye neengcamango ezimalunga nendlela yokucombulula iingxaki. Umgaqo-nkqubo uthetha ukuvela ngendlela yokucombulula ingxaki. IBhunga, isebe eliphetheyo, iinkundla, kunye namaqela enzala anokubandakanyeka. Izicelo eziphikisanayo zisoloko zenziwa. Umongameli usenokuba nenye indlela yokulungisa ukufuduka, kwaye amalungu echasa iBhunga loMbutho asenokuba nenye.

ISibonelelo 3: Ukwamkelwa koMgaqo-nkqubo kunye noMthetho

Kuqalwa inkqubo xa iKhomishini idlulisa umthetho, imimiselo igqibelela, okanye iNkundla Ephakamileyo inikela isigqibo kwityala. Eli nqanaba libandakanya ukugunyaziswa okusemthethweni kwenkqubo esebenzisa iinkqubo zikarhulumente ezimiselweyo. Iinkqubo ezithile ziyahluka kuxhomekeka kumgangatho nesebe likarhulumente elibandakanyekileyo.

Iinkokeli zezobupolitika zidlala indima ebalulekileyo ekuboneni ukuba ziziphi izindululo zomgaqo-nkqubo eziqwalaselwayo nezibekwa kwindawo yokuqala. Imigaqo neenkolelo zazo zisoloko zikhokelwa yimigaqo eshwankathelweyo kwiinjongo zazo zezobupolitika. Zinegunya lokugqiba ukuba ziziphi izicelo eziphunyezweyo nendlela ezinxibelelana ngayo. Oku kuthetha ukuba ukusetyenziswa kwemigaqo yezopolitiko akusoloko kubandakanya ukuxoxisana, ukulalanisa, nokusebenzisa igunya.

ICandelo 4: UHlahlo-nkqubo

Ukuzalisekisa linyathelo lokuphumeza apho imigaqo-nkqubo imiselwa khona ngamasebe karhulumente namanye amaqumrhu alawulayo. Amasebe (isebe elilawulayo) aphumeza, okanye asebenzise inkqubo,. Ukufakelwa kwemigaqo kusenokuquka ukwamkela imithetho nemimiselo, ukulungiselela iinkonzo neemveliso, amaphulo emfundo kawonke-wonke, ukushwankathelana kweempikiswano, njl njl.

Unxibelelwano olucacileyo kunye nemigaqo zibalulekile ngexesha lokuphunyezwa kwenqanaba, njengoko benceda abalawuli ukuba bachaze iinkqubo zemigaqo-nkqubo baze benze izigqibo zolwazi. Ukuphumeza imigaqo-nkqubo kuquka imisebenzi eyahlukeneyo yemibutho yorhulumente, enjengokumisela imimiselo nemithetho, ukulungiselela iinkonzo, nokuqhuba amaphulo okufundisa abantu ngokubanzi.

Ukwenziwa kwemithetho kusoloko kulapho imigaqo ijongene nocelomngeni olukhulu. Izithintelo zezixhobo, ukuxhathisa kwezixhobo, iingxaki zomanyano, kunye neengxaki ezingalindelekanga zinganciphisa zonke zingenza imigaqo-nkqubo ecwangcisiweyo. Umgama phakathi kwenkqubo ebhaliweyo nenkqubo ephunyeziweyo unokuba ngqongqo, ukwenza eli qonga libeluleka kwimpumelelo epheleleyo yenkqubo okanye ukungaphumeleli.

Isiseko 5: Uvavanyo lomgaqo-nkqubo

Kuluhlolo lwesigaba, abenzi-nkqubo bahlola iziphumo zenkqubo kwaye bafumanise uhlengahlengiso olufunekayo ukuze baphucule ukusebenza kwayo. Uvavanyo yinkqubo elungelelanisiweyo elinganisa ukusebenza kwenkqubo ngokuchasene neenjongo zayo. Ingabandakanya iindlela zokuqulunqa ugcino-lwazi kwimpembelelo yenkqubo, ukuphumelela, kunye nesiphumo sexabiso.

Abadlali abaninzi baqwalasela impembelelo yemigaqo-nkqubo, ukuze babone ukuba bayazicombulula na iingxaki ezichaziwe neziphumezisiweyo. Uvavanyo lukhangela iindleko neengenelo zemigaqo-nkqubo kunye neziphumo zayo ezingangqalanga nezingacwangciswanga. IBhunga lisebenzisa umsebenzi walo wobuveleli kunye ne-Ofisi ye-Akhawunti yoNyanga yokuThelekelela, amaqumrhu ahlola indlela asebenza ngayo, kunye nabahloli bangaphandle baquka amaqela enzala, amatanki, iitanki, i-academia, kunye namajelo-medi.

Injongo yokuqala yovavanyo lwenkqubo kukuqonda ukusebenza kwenkqubo kunye nokwenziwa kwenkqubo kwixesha elizayo. Inceda abenzi-nkqubo bagqibe ukuba baqhubeke, balungise, okanye bagqibe inkqubo esekelwe ekusebenzeni kwabo. Uvavanyo lwenza irhintyelo yempendulo ekhokelela ekuphuculweni kwenkqubo, ulwandiso, okanye ekuphelisweni, ukwenza inkqubo yenkcitho ngenene i-cyclicle kunokuba ibe yeyomgca.

Isizathu Sokuba Imicimbi Yomgaqo-nkqubo Kawonkewonke Ibalulekile: Impembelelo Yokwenene Yobomi Bemihla Ngemihla

Umgaqo-nkqubo kawonke-wonke uchaphazela phantse zonke iinkalo zobomi banamhlanje, ngokufuthi ngeendlela abantu abangaziqondi ngokukhawuleza. Ukuqonda ezi mpembelelo kunceda abemi baqonde ukuba kutheni imicimbi yezomthetho nesizathu sokuba ukuganana nenkqubo yezomthetho kubalulekile.

Ukumanyana Kwezoqoqosho Namathuba

Inkqubo kawonke wonke ilawula iimeko zezoqoqosho ngokwenkqubo yemali, inkqubo yemali, inkqubo yerhafu, kunye nemimiselo echaphazela amashishini nabasebenzi. Inkqubo yezoqoqosho iquka izenzo zikarhulumente zokulawula ukusebenza kwezoqoqosho jikelele. Iquka imiba enjengenkqubo yemali (indlela urhulumente ayisebenzisa ngayo imali kunye netyala), inkqubo yezorhwebo (indlela urhulumente afumana ngayo imali aze ayisebenzise ngayo imali), njl njl njl. Le migaqo iphembelela ukunyuka kwemali, ukunyuka kwezoqoqosho, ukwanda kwamathuba oqoqosho, kunye nokusasazwa kwamathuba oqoqosho.

Impilo Kawonke - wonke Nokhuseleko

Inkqubo yempilo karhulumente igubungela iinkalo ezifana nokunika unyango lomntu wonke, ukuqinisekisa ukuba uyakwazi ukufikelela nomgangatho, ukumelana nongxamiseko, njl. Njl. njl. Amazwe amaninzi, njengeKhanada ne-United Kingdom, anenkqubo zonyango lwendalo yonke ezinika bonke abemi iinkonzo zezonyango eziyimfuneko, kungakhathaliseki ukuba imeko yabo yezoqoqosho injani, ngoxa abanye, njenge-United States, bevumela ukuba kuthengiswe imarike evulekileyo kodwa abanazikhuseli ezisisiseko ezikhoyo.

Imigaqo yokukhusela ukutya ibalulekile ukuze kukhusele impilo yabantu ngokulawula ukhuseleko nomgangatho wokutya okuthengiswayo.

Imfundo nophuhliso loluntu

Imigaqo-nkqubo yemfundo ijolise ekuqinisekiseni imfundo ephezulu nefikelelekayo kubo bonke. Oku kuquka inyathelo elifana nokuhlaziya iisikolo, ukuphuhlisa iinkqubo zoqeqesho lomfundisi- ntsapho, kunye nokuzalisekisa amanyathelo okuqinisekisa ukuba bonke abafundi bafumana imfundo enomgangatho ophezulu ngamaziko kawonke-wonke, ngasese, okanye ngemithetho-siseko. Iinkqubo zemfundo zibumba kungekuphela nje oko abafundi bakufundayo kodwa kwanomntu okwaziyo ukufumana amathuba emfundo nendlela umgangatho wemfundo olondolozwayo nophuculwa ngayo.

Ukhuseleko lokusingqongileyo nolondolozo

Imigaqo yokusingqongileyo iquka imilinganiselo yokukhutshwa kwemveliso, ukumisela imida ekukhutshweni kwemichiza engcolisayo evela kwimizi - mveliso, kwizithuthi, nakwizityalo ezinika amandla; ukukhuselwa kwemekobume yezinto eziphilayo, ukusetyenziswa kwamanyathelo okukhusela nokubuyisela indalo eyingozi, njengeendawo ezihlala zihleli kunye namahlathi; kunye nezenzo ezinokulondolozwa, ukukhuthaza ukulondolozwa komhlaba, ukulondolozwa kwamahlathi, kunye nokugcinwa kwemozulu. Le migaqo imisela ukuqinisekisa ukuba imekobume yendalo intle.

Uluntu nokulingana

Iinkqubo zentlalo-ntle yentlalo zinokuba zezohlobo olwahlukeneyo, zinika inkxaso yezamayeza, iinzuzo zokungaqeshwa, imbuyiselo yomsebenzi, njalo njalo. Enye inkqubo eqhelekileyo yinkxaso yokondleka: iSomeral Nutrition Application Program (SNAP) e-US, umzekelo, inceda iintsapho ezifumana imali ephantsi ukuthenga ukutya okusempilweni. Le nkqubo ithetha ngokungafaniyo nokunika iminatha yokhuseleko kubemi ababuthathaka.

Uphuhliso lwezindlu noluntu

Inkqubo yezindlu ibandakanya imigudu karhulumente yokulungiselela abantu izindlu ezaneleyo nezinokufikeleleka. EUnited States, inkqubo yezindlu yavela ekuncipheni kwezoqoqosho olukhulu kwaye iphawulwa yimibandela enjengendawo yokuhlala, izindlu ezifanelekileyo, izindlu zoluntu, njl. njl. iinkqubo zokulawula indawo yokuhlala zichaphazela apho abantu banokuhlala khona, ukufumaneka kwezindlu, ubunjani bengingqi, kunye nemilinganiselo yokuhlala okanye ukudibana.

Umlinganiselo Nofuphi Womgaqo-nkqubo Kawonke - wonke

Umgangatho wenkqubo kawonke-wonke ubanzi kakhulu, njengoko uquka phantse yonke inxalenye ebalulekileyo yebutho labantu. Iquka iindawo ezifana nemfundo, impilo, uqoqosho, imekobume, umthetho, kunye nentlalo-ntle. Imithetho yomthetho iyasetyenziswa kumgangatho wasekuhlaleni, wesizwe, okanye wezizwe ngezizwe. Lo mlinganiselo ubanzi uthetha ukuba inkqubo kawonke-wonke ichaphazela phantse zonke iinkalo zentlalo nobomi bomntu ngamnye.

Kwamanye amazwe, inkqubo kawonke-wonke ingahluka kumlinganiselo omncinane, ofana nowomaphondo okanye amazwe, kuxhomekeke kwisakhiwo sikarhulumente. Kumazwe akwimibutho karhulumente yezizwe ngezizwe, njenge-European Union, inkqubo kawonke wonke inokwenzeka kumgangatho wezizwe ngezizwe, ichaphazela imeko-bume nganye yamalungu. Le nkqubo yomgangatho oninzi ivelisa amathuba kunye nocelomngeni lokusebenzisana kunye nobuchule.

Iingxaki zikawonke-wonke zingavela ngeendlela ezininzi kwaye zifuna iimpendulo ezahlukeneyo zenkqubo (ezifana nemimiselo, inkxaso-mali, iindawana ezingeniswa kwamanye amazwe, kunye nemithetho) kumgangatho woluntu, wesizwe, okanye wezizwe ngezizwe. Iingxaki zikawonke-wonke eziphembelela ukwenziwa kwenkqubo kawonke wonke zinokuba zezoqoqosho, intlalo-ntle, okanye ezopolitiko. Ukwahluka-hluka kweengxaki kunye nezixhobo zenkqubo kuthetha ukuba ukwenza inkqubo esebenzayo kufuna ukulungelelanisa nokuziqhelanisa kumo-mo-ntle.

Ucelomngeni kuphuhliso lobuGcisa noHlomelo

Ukuqonda le mingeni kusinceda siqonde isizathu sokuba impumelelo yenkqubo isoloko ifuna umgudu nobuchule.

Ukuntsonkotha Nokungaqiniseki

Abenzi bomgaqo-nkqubo bajamelana nocelomngeni olubini lokulawula ngokukhawuleza, iindlela zokusebenza ngeli xesha bethetha ngemiba emide yentlalo kunye nezinto ezingafaniyo. Embilinini yayo, imigaqo-nkqubo ecwangcisayo ibandakanya ukulawula iimfuno zobuchule obusoloko bukho. Abenzi besigqibo kufuneka babe nolwazi olunamandla lwezinyanzelo zezobupolitika kunye nesigqibo sokuqhuba inkqubo ngokunempumelelo kwiinjongo ezinqwenelekayo. Iingxaki zentlalo zidla ngokuntsonkothileyo, zinoonobangela abaninzi kwaye akukho zisombululo zicacileyo, kwenza ukwenziwa kwenkqubo kube nzima ngokuzenzekelayo.

Ingxabano Yezobupolitika Nemilinganiselo Engavisisaniyo

Inkqubo yezopolitiko yinkqubo entsonkothileyo apho kukho abadlali abaninzi: abezobupolitika, iinkokeli zeqela lezobupolitika, amaqela eenkiniki, abasebenzi bezorhulumente, abasebenzi abaqeshwa ekuhleni, abagwebi, imibutho yezizwe, iinkampani zemfundo, iingcali zemfundo, iintatheli namanye amaxesha abemi abazigqala njengabameli benkqubo abangekho mthethweni. Aba badlali bahlukeneyo basoloko beneenjongo ezingqubanayo, imilinganiselo, nezinto eziza kuqala, benza kube nzima ukufikelela oko.

Inkqubo kawonke-wonke idla ngokutshintsha namaxesha, njengokuba uluvo lukawonke-wonke kwimicimbi eyahlukeneyo lutshintsha utshintsho kwaye lubumba izilangazelelo, izinto eziza kuqala, kunye namaxabiso. I-Demographic inempembelelo ebalulekileyo kwinkqubo kawonke-wonke. Le njongo ithetha ukuba imigaqo-nkqubo kufuneka iqhubeke ihambelana nokutshintsha kweemeko kunye namaxabiso, idala imingeni eqhubekayo yokuzinza nokungaguquguquki.

Izilondolozi Zikavimba

Kwanemigaqo ecwangciswe kakuhle ingasilela ukuba oovimba abaneleyo abangekhoyo ekuzalisekiseni. Ukunqongophala kwemali, ukunqongophala kwabasebenzi, kunye nezithuba zezibonelelo kungenza umgangatho wenkqubo ungasebenzi. Abenzi-nkqubo kufuneka basoloko belungelelanisa iimfuno ezikhuphisanayo zoovimba boluntu abalinganiselweyo, benza ukhetho olunzima malunga nezinto eziza kuqala kunye nokungabikho korhwebo.

Imiphumo Engacwangciswanga

Imithetho yokuziphatha idla ngokuvelisa iziphumo ebezingazilindele okanye ebezingacetywanga. Ezi ziphumo zingacwangciswanga maxa wambi zingazinciphisa iinjongo zomgaqo-nkqubo okanye zibangele iingxaki ezintsha ezifuna iimpendulo ezithe kratya. Ukuntsonkotha kwesixokelelwano soluntu kuthetha ukuba ukungenelela kwenye indawo ngokungenakuphepheka kuchaphazela ezinye iindawo ngendlela ekunzima ukuqikelela ngayo.

IMithetho

Umahluko phakathi kwenkqubo njengoko iyilwe kunye nenkqubo ephunyeziweyo unokuba yinto enzima. Ukuxhathisa koorhulumente, ukunqongophala komanyano phakathi kwabameli abasebenzisayo, ukhokelo olungelulo, kunye nolwahlukileyo lwasekuhlaleni ekuzalisekiseni kungafak' isandla kwisithuba. Ukuphumeza okunempumelelo akufuni nje ukwenziwa kwenkqubo elungileyo kodwa kufuneka unikele ingqalelo ngononophelo kucelomngeni olusebenzisekayo lokusebenzisa inkqubo.

Indlela Abami Abanokuba Nayo Ngayo Nomgaqo - siseko Kawonke - wonke

Ukulawulwa kwedemokhrasi kuxhomekeke ekubeni abemi babe nenxaxheba kwinkqubo yomgaqo-nkqubo. Ngoxa abenzi bezomthetho abangoogcisa namagosa karhulumente besenza iindima eziphambili, abemi abaqhelekileyo banamathuba amaninzi okuphembelela izigqibo zenkqubo baze baphendule urhulumente.

Ukuncedisa Nokuthabatha Inxaxheba

Eyona ndlela isisiseko yokubophana ngomgaqo-nkqubo kukuvota kubameli abaza kwenza izigqibo. Unyulo lunika amathuba okukhetha abenzi benkqubo abanemilinganiselo neemfuno ezihambelana nowakho. Ngaphandle konyulo lomongameli nolonyulo, urhulumente nonyulo lwasekuhlaleni lusoloko lunempembelelo engqalileyo kwimigaqo echaphazela ubomi bemihla ngemihla, ukusuka kwiibhodi zesikolo ukuya kumabhunga ezixekweni ukuya kumabhunga owiso ndlu yowiso-mthetho.

Uvotelo olunolwazi lufuna iindawo zomgaqo-nkqubo ezifanelekileyo kunye neerekhodi zomkhondo. Abaza kuphanda, abaza kungena kwi-projekthi, kunye nokulandela impikiswano yenkqubo kunceda abemi benze ukhetho olubonisa iinketho zabo zenkqubo.

Amagqabaza Nobungqina Basesidlangalaleni

Iinkqubo ezininzi ziquka amathuba acwangcisiweyo okungeniswa kolwazi lukawonke-wonke. Amasebe omanyano kufuneka amkele amagqabaza kawonke-wonke ngemigaqo ecetyisiweyo. Urhulumente noorhulumente basekuhlaleni babamba imigaqo-nkqubo kawonke-wonke ecetyisiweyo. Le nkqubo inika abemi imigaqo engqalileyo yokuvakalisa iimbono zabo nokunika abenzi bemigaqo.

Amagqabaza kawonke-wonke asebenza kakuhle afuna ukuqonda izicelo ezithile zomgaqo-nkqubo, ukuchaza inkxalabo okanye inkxaso ecacileyo, nokunika inkcazelo enxulumene nayo okanye ubungqina. Ngoxa amagqabaza ngamanye esenokubonakala encinane, njengeqela anokuphembelela izigqibo zenkqubo aze abonise ububanzi nobunzulu boluvo lukawonke-wonke.

Ukuziqhelanisa Nokuziqhelanisa

Imibutho exhasayo okanye exhasayo ikhuthaza intetho yabantu ngabanye. Amaqela entsapho, imibutho engancediyo, kunye namaqela oluntu asebenzela ukuphembelela inkqubo ethile kwimibandela ethile. Le mibutho iqhuba uphando, ikhuthaza abaxhasi, abaququzeleli bemigaqo-nkqubo, kwaye iphakamisa uluntu ngeembambano zenkqubo.

Ucwangciso lwe-rasroot---ukudibanisa amalungu oluntu angqonge inkxalabo yomgaqo-nkqubo owahlukeneyo .

Unxibelelwano Olungqalileyo nabameli

Ukuqhagamshelana nabameli abanyuliweyo ngoonobumba, ii-imeyili, umnxeba, okanye iintlanganiso ezinika igalelo elingqalileyo kwimibandela yomgaqo-siseko. Ngelixesha unxibelelwano ngalunye lungasoloko lutshintsha amavoti, banceda abameli baqonde inkxalabo edibeneyo nezinto eziza kuqala. Unxibelelwano oluqinileyo olusuka kumaqela amaninzi akwinkupho lungaphembelela ngokuphawulekayo iindawo zabameli.

Ukuchaza indlela inkqubo echaphazela wena okanye abantu abakummandla wakho, ukukunika imizekelo, nokwenza izicelo ezingqalileyo (njengokuvota okanye ukuchasa umthetho othile) kwenza unxibelelwano lube nempembelelo ngakumbi.

Ukuhlala Unolwazi

Ukuzibophelela ngobuchule kudinga ukwazi ngemibandela yenkqubo, izicelo, neengxoxo. Ukulandela imithombo yeendaba ethembekileyo, ukuhlalutya inkqubo yokufunda kwiinkampu zophando, nokuqonda iimbono ezahlukeneyo kwimiba yenkqubo kunika isiseko sokuthabatha inxaxheba ngokunempumelelo.

Ukuqonda indlela inkqubo esebenza ngayo, indlela eyenziwe ngayo, nendlela yokuvavanya izindululo zenkqubo,(_izinto ezinokuphumelela kakhulu). Ukufunda ngeenkqubo, iindlela zohlalutyo lwenkqubo, kunye nokuphuhlisa ukucingela ngokungqongqo imicimbi efunwayo kunceda abemi bathathe inxaxheba ngokunentsingiselo kwingxoxo yemigaqo.

Ukuthabatha Inxaxheba Kwinkqubo Yoluntu

Izigqibo ezininzi zenkqubo zenziwa kumgangatho wasekuhlaleni, apho abami banokuba nenxaxheba ngqo. Ukuya kwiintlanganiso zebhunga lesixeko, ukuncedisa kwiibhodi zoluntu okanye kwimibutho, ukuba nenxaxheba kwiinkqubo zocwangciso lwengingqi, nokunxulumana namagosa karhulumente wasekuhlaleni kunika amathuba okulungisa imigaqo echaphazela ibutho lakho.

Ukuganana kwasekuhlaleni kudla ngokunika abantu indawo yokungena elula ukuze bangene kwimigaqo-nkqubo. Amagosa asekuhlaleni anokufikeleleka ngakumbi kunabameli bakarhulumente okanye abameli bakarhulumente, yaye iinkqubo zenkqubo zasekuhlaleni zidla ngokunika amathuba angakumbi okuba negalelo elingqalileyo kubemi.

Ukusebenzisa Izixhobo Zonxibelelwano NezobuGcisa

Imigangatho yamanani inika iindlela ezintsha zokuganana. Izixhobo zonxibelelwano lwezentlalo zinokukhulisa imiyalezo, zakhe imibutho, ziphande ngemiba yezomthetho.

Noko ke, ukubopha ngekhompyutha ngendlela ephumelelayo kufuna ubuchule obufanayo nobo bakudala.

Indima yohlalutyo lomgaqo-nkqubo nohlolo

Uhlalutyo oluqatha noxilongo lubalulekile ekwenzeni inkqubo esebenzayo. Uhlalutyo lomgaqo-nkqubo lunceda abenzi benkqubo baqonde iingxaki, bahlole ukhetho, baze baxele iziphumo. Uvavanyo lomgaqo-nkqubo lubonisa ukuba imigaqo-nkqubo iyasebenza kusini na kwaye lubonisa amathuba okuphuculwa.

Iindlela zohlalutyo lwenkqubo

Uhlalutyo lomgaqo-nkqubo lusebenzisa iindlela ezahlukeneyo ukuvavanya iindlela ezinokukhethwa. Uhlalutyo lwexabiso lomgaqo-nkqubo luthelekisa amaxabiso omgaqo-nkqubo neenzuzo zawo ezilindelekileyo. Uhlalutyo lwexabiso lwenkcitho luthelekisa iindlela ezahlukeneyo zokufikelela usukelo olunye. Uhlalutyo lomngcipheko lubonisa iziphumo ezinokuba zezobungozi kunye nobungozi bazo. Uhlalutyo lwe-Skiyerener luya kuchaza abaza kuchatshazelwa yinkqubo nendlela abaza kuchaphazela ngayo.

Ezi ndlela zobunzululwazi zinika iindlela ezicwangcisiweyo zokuvavanya iinketho zenkqubo, nangona zingenakuyiphelisa imfuneko yomgwebo namaxabiso kwizigqibo zenkqubo. Uhlalutyo olulungileyo lwazisa izigqibo zokwenza izigqibo kodwa azithathi indawo yenkqubo yezobupolitika yokulinganisa amaxabiso akhuphisanayo kunye nezilangazelelo.

Iindlela zokuvavanya inkqubo

Uvavanyo lomgaqo-nkqubo luthatha iindlela ezahlukeneyo. Uvavanyo lwenkqubela luhlola indlela inkqubo ephunyezwa ngayo, ukulinganisa imingeni yokuzalisekisa kunye nempumelelo. Uvavanyo lwemali efunyenweyo luhlola ukuba inkqubo iphumele iziphumo zayo ezicetyiweyo kusini na. Imigudu yokuvavanya iziphumo zenkqubo ngokuthelekisa iziphumo ezinokuba zenzekile ngaphandle komgaqo-nkqubo.

Kunzima ukufumanisa iziphumo zomgaqo othile kwezinye izinto. Ukulinganiselwa kogcino-lwazi kusenokuthintela oko kunokulinganiselwa. Iingcinezelo zezobupolitika zisenokuchaphazela indlela iziphumo ezichazwa ngayo kwaye zisetyenziswe ngayo. Nangona kunjalo, uhlolisiso olucwangcisiweyo lunika ingxelo ebalulekileyo yokuphucula inkqubo.

Indima Yobungqina Ekwenzeni Umgaqo - siseko

Ukwenza inkqubo esekelwe kubungqina kugxininisa ukusebenzisa uphando olungqongqo kunye nogcino-lwazi ukwazisa izigqibo zenkqubo. Le nkqubo ifuna inkqubo esekelwe kubungqina obusekelwe kubungqina obuphathekayo malunga noko kusebenzayo kunengcamango, ithuku, okanye inzuzo yezobupolitika kuphela.

Noko ke, unxulumano phakathi kobungqina kunye nenkqubo lunzima. Izinto ezifunyanisiweyo zophando aziqinisekanga okanye ziyaphikiswa. Uphando olwahlukeneyo lungafikelela kwizigqibo ezahlukeneyo. Ubungqina bumele bucaciswe kwaye busetyenziswe kwimo ethile. Imilinganiselo yokuziphatha nemigaqo yezobupolitika ixhomekeke kwindlela obusetyenziswa ngayo ekuyisebenziseni inkqubo.

Ukwenziwa kobungqina obunempumelelo kufuna ukuba kwenziwe uphando olunomgangatho ophezulu kunye nokwenza ubuchule bokwenza uphando kwinkqubo. Oku kuquka unxibelelwano phakathi kwabaphengululi nabenzi benkqubo, ukwenza uphando lufikeleleke kwaye luhambelane nemibuzo yenkqubo, kunye nokudala izibonelelo ezixhasa ubungqina obusetyenziswayo.

Utyekelo lwangoku

Inkqubo kawonke-wonke iyaqhubeka iguquka ijongene nokutshintsha kweemfuno zoluntu, ulawulo, kunye nocelomngeni oluvelayo. Iziphumo eziliqela ziphinda ziphucule indlela eziyilwe ngayo kwaye zisetyenziswe ngayo kumaqela. Ukuqonda ezi mpawu kunika ingqiqo kwindlela yexesha elizayo yenkqubo kawonke-wonke.

Ukufikelela komgaqo-nkqubo wezobugcisa osebenzayo

Ubugcisa bamanani butshintsha ukwenziwa kwenkqubo kunye nokunikezelwa kweenkonzo. EIndiya, utshintsho oluya kwingenelo engqalileyo kuthutho lwentlalo enqamlezayo lubonisa indaleko kwiinkqubo eziqhelekileyo zokuzisa ubuchule obusemgangathweni. Ubugcisa bunceda ukujoliswe ngokuchanekileyo, ukujonga ixesha lokwenene, kunye nokucutha iindleko zolawulo, nangona bunyusa inkxalabo malunga nokuzimela ngasese, ukwahlulwa kwamanani, kunye nocalucalulo lwemithetho-algoric.

Ulawulo oluluntlolayo nolunenxaxheba

Ukwenziwa kwenkqubo ephezulu yesithethe kudityaniswa neendlela ezidityanisiweyo ezibandakanya abemi, imibutho yoluntu, nabanye abangenisi-mthetho ekuyilweni nasekuzalisekisweni kwenkqubo. Ukuphuhlisweni kwenkqubo.

Ukuya kumsebenzi odityanisiweyo

Ukuvunywa kwengxaki ezininzi zenkqubo ezidityanisiweyo kubangela ukuba inkqubo yezonyango, yemfundo, yendlu, neyomsebenzi ngokwahlukeneyo idibane, ukusetyenziswa kweenkqubo ezidityanisiweyo kuqonda indlela ezi zinto ezisebenzisana ngayo nezifuna izicombululo ezilungelelanisiweyo. Oku kufuna ukuqhekeka kwemibutho yesithethe ye-ibhusayithi ye-silos kunye nokukhuthaza intsebenziswano phakathi kwamaziko karhulumente namaziko.

Umgaqo-nkqubo olungelelanisiweyo nowemava

Ukungaqiniseki ngokokuba yiyiphi imigaqo ezakusebenza, eminye imiqathango ithatha iindlela zokuvavanya ezingakumbi. Iinkqubo zesikhokelo zivavanya iinkqubo zovavanyo kumlinganiselo omncinci phambi kokwenziwa kolwandiso olubanzi. Ukufikelela kolawulo oluziqhelanisayo kwakhiwa ngokweenkqubo zokufunda nokulungisa okuqhubekayo. Ezi ndlela ziyaqonda ukuba inkqubo ayisosigqibo sexesha elinye kodwa yinkqubo eqhubekayo yokufunda nokulungelelanisa.

Ucelomngeni Lwenkqubo Yamazwe Ngamazwe

Ukutshintsha kwemozulu, izifo ezimandundu, ukufuduka kwezifo, ukufuduka kwekhompyutha nokuxhomekeka kwezoqoqosho, konke kudinga iimpendulo ezingaphaya kwelizwe ngalinye. Oku kudala iingxaki ezintsha zokusebenzisana kwemigaqo-nkqubo, ukuphendula imicimbi yezobuzwilakhe, ukulawulwa kwedemokhrasi kumazwe ngamazwe.

Ukufunda Umgaqo - siseko: Izinto Eziluncedo Ukuze Uqonde Okunzulu

Ukuze uphucule ulwazi olunzulu lwenkqubo kawonke wonke kufuneka uqhubeke ufunda yaye uganana.

Imithombo yophando

Uphando olungekhoyo kunye namaziko ophando avelisa uphando olunzulu nohlalutyo. Cinga ngeenkqubo ezintlukwano zengqiqo ngezantsi ukusuka kwi-Brookings Institution ukuya kwiZiko leMelika leInterprise ukuya kwiZiko leUrban(*) uphando nengcebiso yenkqubo yephondo. Amajelo eAcademic kwinkqubo kawonke wonke, ulawulo lukawonke-wonke, kunye nemigaqo ethile enika iziphumo ezingqongqo zophando.

Uninzi lwaba thunywashe lufumaneka ngokuhambelana ne-intanethi. Iiwebhsayithi zeYunivesithi, iimpapasho zamatanki, neejelo ezibhadlileyo zinikela uphando olukhululekileyo nohlalutyo.

Oovimba bakarhulumente

Amasebe karhulumente kuwo onke amanqanaba apapasha inkcazelo eninzi ngemigaqo-nkqubo, iinkqubo, kunye nomsebenzi. Iiwebhsayithi zeFederal ezinjenge-USA.gov zinikezela ngokubhekiselele kulwazi lukarhulumente. Iiwebhusayithi ze-arhente zinika iinkcukacha ezineenkcukacha malunga nemimandla ethile yemigaqo ethile. Ii-webhsayithi zeBhunga zinika ulwazi malunga nomthetho, ukuva kweekomiti, kunye neengxoxo zemithetho.

Iiwebhsayithi zikarhulumente kunye nezoluntu zinika iinkcukacha ngemigaqo neenkqubo kuloo migangatho. Ii-ofisi ezininzi ziphucula ukubonakala ngokupapasha idata emalunga nemisebenzi karhulumente, uqingqo-mali kunye neziphumo zenkqubo.

Iindaba nemithombo yamajelo eendaba

I-operance idlala indima ebalulekileyo ekwaziseni abemi ngeemeko zomgaqo-nkqubo nokugcina urhulumente ephendulile. Ukulandela imithombo yeendaba ethembekileyo enika inkcazo enzulu yenkqubo inceda abemi bahlale benolwazi. Iincwadi ezikhethekileyo zenkqubo zinika uhlalutyo oluneenkcukacha lwemiqathango ethile yemigaqo.

Ukuphuhlisa ulwazi lokubhala eendaba, kwaye kukwazi ukuhlolisisa imithombo yeendaba nokukhetha inkcazelo enokuthenjwa nenkcazelo engachananga qha ebaluleke kakhulu kwixesha lokubhalwa kwamanani. Ukuhlola imithombo emininzi, ukukhangela izibakala nokuqonda okunokuba nekhethe kunceda abemi balapho bahambe kakuhle kwimimandla entsonkothileyo yamajelo eendaba.

Amathuba Emfundo

Imfundo esemthethweni yenkqubo kawonke-wonke, ulawulo lukarhulumente, okanye imimandla enxulumene nayo ilungiselela uqeqesho olucwangcisiweyo kuhlalutyo nengqiqo. Iiyunivesithi ezininzi zinikela iinkqubo ezingaphantsi neziphumeleleyo kwezi ndawo. Iizifundo ze-intanethi neenkqubo zesatifiketi zinika ukhetho olunokufikeleleka kwinkqubela-phambili yezobugcisa okanye ukufunda ngokobuqu.

Iqumrhu lolawulo lukarhulumente kunye nenkqubo yezolawulo linika amathuba okusebenzisa iiwebhusayithi, ukuphuhliswa kweengcali, nokufikelela kwiinkqubo zophando nezolona buchule.

Ikamva Lomgaqo - siseko Kawonke - wonke: Ucelomngeni Olungakumbi Namathuba Angakumbi

Ukuqonda le mibandela ilandelayo kunceda ekulungiseleleni iingxoxo neesigqibo zexesha elizayo.

Ukutshintsha Kwemozulu Nokulondolozwa Kwemekobume

Ukutshintsha kwemozulu kumele enye yezona nkqubo zibalulekileyo zexesha lethu, kufuna ukuququzelelwa kwenyathelo elilungelelanisiweyo kwiinkqubo ezininzi kunye namanqanaba karhulumente. I-policies kufuneka ithethe ngokulungelelaniswa kokubini (ukususa igesi ekhupha igesi eshushu) kunye nokutshintsha (ukulungiselela iziphumo zemozulu). Oku kufuna ukuguqula iinkqubo zamandla, ezothutho, ezolimo, kunye nokusetyenziswa komhlaba ngoxa kuqinisekiswa ukuba abasebenzi nabahlali abachaphazelekayo batshiswe yile

Umahluko wobugcisa

Utshintsho lobugcisa olukhawulezileyo lubangela amathuba kunye nocelomngeni kumgaqo-nkqubo kawonke-wonke. Ubuchule bokwenza, ukuzenzela, ubugcisa bebhayoloji, kunye nezinye iziphumo zobugcisa ezitsha zithembisa iingenelo kodwa kwakhona kuphakamisa inkxalabo ngomsebenzi, ukuzifihla, ukungalingani, kunye nokhuseleko. Inkqubo kufuneka ilungelelanise uphuhliso olukhuthaza ukukhuselwa ngokukhusela izilangazelelo zikawonke-wonke kunye nokulawula iingozi.

Ii-Shifts ezi-Demographic

Abemi abalupheleyo kumazwe amaninzi aphucukileyo badala iingcinezelo zemali kwaye bafuna iinkqubo zokucinga ngokutsha malunga nomhlala-phantsi, ukunyamekela impilo, kunye nokunyamekela iintsapho ezihlala ixesha elide. Ukufuduka nokukhula kolwahluka-hlukene kufuna iinkqubo ezikhuthaza ukudibana nokudibana nokudibana. Ukuhlala edolophini kugxininisa kumathuba kunye nocelomngeni kwizixeko, nto leyo efuna iindlela ezintsha zokufikelela kwiinkqubo zedolophu.

Ukungalingani Kwezoqoqosho Namathuba

Ukungalingani kwezoqoqosho okukhulayo phakathi kwamazwe naphakathi kuphakamisa imibuzo esisiseko malunga nokusesikweni, amathuba, kunye nokudibana kwentlalo.

Ulawulo Lwedemokhrasi Nokuthembana

Ukuncitshiswa kokuthemba urhulumente namaziko kubangela imingeni kulawulo lwedemokhrasi nokusebenza kwenkqubo. Ukwenziwa kwengcaciso kwenza kube nzima ukuvumelana kwaye kunokwenza ukuba kubekho inkqubo enzima. Ukusetyenziswa kwenkcazelo engafanelekanga nokupheliswa kwenkcazelo kuyabaphazamisa ingxoxo kawonke-wonke enolwazi. Ukuqinisa amaziko olawulo-moya, ukuphucula ukusebenza kukarhulumente, nokuthembana kwakhona kubalulekile ekwenzeni inkqubo esebenzayo.

Isiphelo: Ukubaluleka Okuqhubekayo Komgaqo - siseko Kawonke - wonke

Inkqubo kawonke wonke ibalulekile ekucombululeni imingeni yentlalo kunye nokuphucula intlalo-ntle yabantu kunye noluntu. Ngokufunda umgaqo-nkqubo kawonke-wonke, uba ngummeli weenguqu, uxhotyiswe ngolwazi nobuchule ukubumba ikamva elilinganayo. Ngoko ke, ukuba uzimisele ukwenza umahluko nokuqhuba impembelelo entle yentlalo, ufundisiso-nkqubo kawonke wonke yindlela yokuguqula umnqweno wakho ube yinto yokwenene.

Ngokubumba iinkqubo ezicombulula imingeni enzima, abenzi benkqubo benza indima ebalulekileyo ekuhambiseleni phambili iinkqubo zikarhulumente nasekukhokeleni ibutho labantu kwikamva eliphucukileyo. Kodwa abaququzeli benkqubo abasebenzi bodwa.

Ukuqonda iintlobo ezahlukeneyo zemigaqo-nkqubo kawonke-wonke . "iinkqubo encinci, imigaqo-nkqubo, ulawulo, ukusasaza, ukusasaza, kunye nokubeka ingxowa-mali" kuveza isiseko sokuhlolisisa iindlela zikarhulumente kwiingxaki zoluntu. Uhlobo ngalunye lumele ubuchule obungafaniyo obunamandla, imiqathango, kunye nentsingiselo yezobupolitika. Ulawulo olunempembelelo lufuna ukukhetha uhlobo olufanelekileyo lwenkqubo./okanye udityaniso lwemo-mentings kunye nocelomngeni.

Inkqubo kawonke wonke asiyongcamango ekude, engenakuchazwa kodwa yeyoqobo elawula ubomi bemihla ngemihla ngeendlela ezininzi. Ukusuka kumgangatho wezikolo ukuya kukhuseleko lokutya, ukusuka kucoceko lomoya namanzi ukuya kumgangatho wezonyango, ukususela kumathuba ezoqoqosho ukuya kukhuseleko lwentlalo, izigqibo zemigaqo-nkqubo zimisela iimeko esiphila phantsi kwazo. Ukuqonda inkqubo kawonke-wonke kunika abemi amandla okuthelela inxaxheba ngokunentsingiselo ekulawuleni kwedemokhrasi nokusebenzela imigaqo ebonakalisa imilinganiselo yabo entle nesebenza okulungileyo okuqhelekileyo.

Njengoko imibutho ijongene nocelomngeni oluntsonkothileyo oluya lusanda-phinda-phinda-phinda-phinda-phinda oluthi lutshintshela kukuphazamiseka kwemozulu ukuya kuphazamiseka kwezobugcisa ukuya kutsho kutshintsho lwamanani abantu, ngokunjalo imfuneko yenkqubo kawonke-wonke iya ifuneka ngakumbi. Ukuhlangabezana nezi ngxaki akufuni nje abenzi beenkqubo abanamava olwazi kodwa kubandakanya nabemi abayaziyo iinkqubo zenkqubo, abacinga ngokungqongqo ngeezicelo zenkqubo, kwaye baba nenxaxheba kulawulo lobudemokhrasi. Ngokuphuhlisa inkqubo yokufundisa nokuzibandakanya nemicimbi yezomthetho, abemi banokuqinisekisa ukuba inkqubo kawonke wonke inceda umdla kawonke kwaye ivelise ikamva elingcono kubo bonke abantu.