Iziphumo ezikhutshwayo zenkqubo zilelona siseko lolawulo olusebenzayo nolawulo lukawonke-wonke. Ihamba ngaphaya kokulinganisa iziphumo nje eziqhelekileyo; ibandakanya ukuvavanya iziphumo ezicetyiweyo nezingacwangciswanga zemigaqo-nkqubo, iinkqubo, kunye nongenelelo kwibutho labantu. Kwixesha lokunyuka kwentsonkothile noovimba boluntu, uvavanyo olunzima lunceda abenzi besigqibo baqonde oko kusebenzayo, phantsi kweemeko, kwaye ngamaxabiso. Eli nqaku linika uhlolo olwandisiweyo lwempumelelo, ukurhweba, kunye noqheliso olungcono ekucombululeni iziphumo zenkqubo, ukuzoba nemizekelo yokwenene yehlabathi kunye neenkqubo zobuchule bolwazi oluneenjongo yokunika ukhokelo oluqhelekileyo loogqirha kunye nabaphengululi.

Indima yohlolo lomgaqo-nkqubo kubungqina (6)

Ulawulo olusekelwe ``Ubungqina' luxhomekeke ekusetyenzisweni okucwangcisiweyo kogcino-lwazi nophando ukuze kwaziswe izigqibo zenkqubo. Uvavanyo lomgaqo-nkqubo yi-injini elawula le ndlela. Ngaphandle kokuyihlola, imigaqo-nkqubo ingaqhubeka isekelwe kwithuku okanye kwingqiqo kunokuba iboniswe njengempumelelo. Uvavanyo lunika irhintyela elifunekayo lokwenziwa kolawulo olulungelelanisayo, luvumela oorhulumente nemibutho ukuba bacoce iinkqubo, oovimba bezinto zenyani, kwaye balinganise oko kusebenzayo.

Izizathu ezingundoqo zokuba uhlolisiso lwenkqubo lubaluleke kakhulu ziquka:

  • Abanini-mali kunye nabagcini-mali balindele ukuba imali kawonke-wonke isetyenziswe ngokunempumelelo. Uvavanyo lwe-exependent lubonisa ukuba izithembiso zigcinwe na.
  • Izifundo ezisuka kuhlolo lwangaphambili zazisa ukwenziwa kweenyathelo ezintsha, ukunciphisa ubungozi bokuphinda iimpazamo.
  • I-Picies ivelisa iziphumo ezilungileyo nezibini ezithi zingahoywa ngaphandle kohlalutyo olungqongqo.
  • [[UMTL: 0] Uvavanyo lunceda ukubeka intsebenziswano enika imbuyekezo ephezulu kutyalo-mali.

Oorhulumente kuwo onke amaqondo, kwakunye nemibutho yezizwe ngezizwe, ingeniso engeyoyonxalenye yesiseko, neziseko zabucala, ngoku basoloko behlola iimfuno ezifunekayo ukuze banike izivumelwano kunye nemiyalelo yowiso-mthetho. Ukutyhalela phambili kwimigaqo esekelwe kunyuswe ukuncitshiswa kokusetyenziswa kwemfundo yemfundo kuse kwisiseko esisembindini solawulo lukawonke-wonke wale mihla.

Imisebenzi engundoqo yesakhelo sokukhupha umgaqo-nkqubo

Iqela lezakhiwo ezimiselweyo ezikhokela inkqubo yokuhlola. nganye inikela indlela elungelelanisiweyo yokubuza imibuzo efanelekileyo nokuqokelela ubungqina obufanelekileyo.

Imodeli yeCIPP (Umxholo, Ungeniso, Inkqubo, Imveliso)

Iveliswe nguDaniel Stutbeam, imodeli yeCIPP inika isilanga esibanzi sokuhlola. Ihlola umongo apho inkqubo isebenza khona, igalelo (iiziphumo kunye neenkqubo), iinkqubo zokuzalisekisa, kunye nemveliso (iziphumo kunye neziphumo). Esi sicwangciso siluncedo ngokukhethekileyo ekuhloleni okunenjongo yokuphucula iinkqubo ngexesha lobunzima bobomi babo, hayi nje ukugweba ngazo ekupheleni.

Iimodeli Zobuchule Nezicwangciso Zotshintsho

Yimodeli yobuchule yokubona imaphu yobuncwane, imisebenzi, iziphumo, kunye neziphumo zomgaqo-nkqubo. Icacisa ukuqiqa okungundoqo okusekelwe kungenelelo. Ingcamango yenguqulelo ihamba ngokunzulu ngokuchaza iindlela ezilindeleke ukuba zitshintshe. Ezi zixhobo zinceda abaqwalaseli baqonde ukuba buphi ugcino-lwazi oluza kuqokelelwa kwaye phi na apho banokukhangela impumelelo okanye ukungaphumeleli. Zisetyenziswa kakhulu kwimfundo, kwimpilo, nakwinkqubo yophuhliso lwebutho labantu.

Uhlalutyo lwendleko nexabiso eliphantsi

Ngemigaqo ecacileyo yohlalutyo lwezoqoqosho, i-cellbenefit (CBA) isebenzisa iindleko kunye neengenelo zombini ukufumanisa ixabiso lomnatha woluntu. Inkcitho yohlalutyo (CEA), kwelinye icala, ithelekisa ixabiso lemali kwiyunithi nganye yesiphumo (umz., ixabiso lobomi ngabunye, ixabiso lomfundi ngamnye). Ezi zicwangciso zibalulekile xa kuvavanywa isiseko somnako, impilo, kunye nemigaqo-siseko sobuntlalo apho ulwahlulo lwemali luyinkxalabo eyintloko.

Iindlela zokufikelela kunye norhwebo lwazo

Indlela yokuhlola ichaphazela ngokunzulu izinto ezifunyenweyo. Akukho ndlela ifanelekileyo; nganye iphethe amandla nemilinganiselo engokwemvelo. Ukuqonda ezi zinto kubaluleke kakhulu ekuyileni uvavanyo olunokuthenjwa.

Uhlalutyo loQuantitetic

Uvavanyo lwe-Quantitive luxhomekeke kugcino-lwazi lwamanani nakuhlobo lweenkcukacha. Iimvavanyo ezilawulwa ngokungenamkhethe (RCT) zithathwa njengomgangatho wegolide ukwenzela ukuchaza i-causal, kodwa ngamanye amaxesha zibiza kakhulu kwaye ngamaxesha athile ngokwemilinganiselo yokuziphatha okanye ngokoqobo okungamkelekiyo. Quasiextexperierithriams (umz., umahluko 76ingradiffinections, Rerevorion discnutines) zinika ezinye iindlela xa kungenziwa nto.

  • [[FLT: 0] I- usebenzo lwangaphakathi oluphezulu; amandla okulawula izinto ezifunyenweyo kubemi abakhulu; ubungakanani beziphumo ezinokuchaphazeleka.
  • [[UMTL: 0] Utshintsho: lungaphosa iintsingiselo zentsingiselo; lufuna imilinganiselo emikhulu; lungabiza ixabiso kwaye lumba ixesha.

Uhlalutyo lokwenyuka

Iindlela zoqulunqo zihlola amava, iimbono, neentsingiselo abafaka izibonda ezidityaniswe kwinkqubo. Ii-technique ziquka udliwano-ndlebe olude, amaqela agxininisayo, uhlolo oluthabatha inxaxheba, kunye nohlalutyo loxwebhu.

  • [[FLT: 0] I- Ukuqonda okuninzi okukhoyo; ukuthatha iziphumo ezingacwangciswanga; ukunika ilizwi kumaqela agwetyelweyo.
  • Utshintsho: [ Olulinganiselweyo; iziphumo zingaphenjelelwa lumqheba wophando; kunzima ukuvalela amanxuwa.

Iindlela ezixutyiweyo ziyasondela

Ukudibanisa iindlela zoququzelela kunye nezokuququzelela zinganika umfanekiso opheleleyo. Umzekelo, uhlolisiso (oluququzelelayo) lungabonisa ukuba inkqubo yoqeqesho lomsebenzi iphucule amaqondo omsebenzi, ngelixa udliwano-ndlebe (obeluququzelelayo) lutyhila ukuba abathathi-nxaxheba baxabisa inethwekhi yokuxhasa intlalo-ntle njengangoko kuqeqesho lobuchule.

  • I- Uqikelelo lweziphumo; ukukwazi ukuphendula zombini “ukuthini” kunye“ngokuba kutheni” imibuzo; iyakholisa ngakumbi kubaphulaphuli abahlukeneyo.
  • [[UMTL: 0] Iintsontela ezithe kratya: ukuntsonkotha okuthe kratya; kufuna ubuchule kwiindlela ezininzi; ingaba yeyoncedo.

Abasebenzi kufuneka balinganise ezi zixhobo zorhwebo ngokuchasene nomongo okhethekileyo, oovimba abakhoyo, kunye neemfuno zolwazi zabaenzi besigqibo. Uvavanyo olucwangcisiweyo lusoloko lusebenzisa iindlela ezininzi ngendlela elungeleleneyo.

Impumelelo ekuhlolweni kwenkqubo yamacala

Le mizekelo ilandelayo ibonisa indlela uhlolisiso oluye lwabangela ngayo utshintsho olufanelekileyo.

Utshintsho Olubangelwa Kukunyamekela Impilo

UMthetho weAffordicure Care (ACA) eUnited States uye waba ngumbandela wokuxilonga kakhulu. Abaphandi baye banikela uthotho olubalulekileyo kumgangatho ongakhange ulwenziweyo, unyuselo lokufikelela ekukhuseleni iziphumo zempilo, kunye nempumelelo encinane kwiziphumo zempilo. Uhlolo lukwachonga iindawo ezifuna ulungiso, njengokukwazi ukusetyenziswa kwemali eninzi kweentsapho ezifumana imali ephantsi. Ezi ziphumo ziye zachaza inkqubo eqhubekayo ephuculiweyo kuwo omabini amanqanaba orhulumente noorhulumente. Ngokufanayo, uqikelelo lweenkqubo zempilo zehlabathi jikelele . "ezifana ne-Malariya neGvi, i-Vaccine Alliance, , ibonisa ukuba utyalo lokuveliswa kotyalo lwezimo lwezimo yemali lunganciphisa ngokuphawulekayo xa ludityaniswe nokujongwa nokusetyenziswa kolawulo oluqinileyo.

Imfundo Ithabatha Inyathelo

Kwimfundo, uhlolisiso longenelelo lwabantwana bakudala njenge-Perry Preeducale Program kunye ne-Abecedarian Project lubonise imbuyekezo ephezulu ekutyaleni, nto leyo ekhokelela ekubeni iinkqubo ezinyuswe ngaphambi kwe-"%K kumazwe amaninzi. Kutshanje, uhlolo olungqongqo lweenkqubo zovavanyo lomfundisi- ntsapho, iinkqubo zesikolo zomgaqo-siseko, kunye neenkqubo zokufikelela kookholeji zinike ubungqina bokuba ziziphi iindlela eziphucula iziphumo zabafundi. Umzekelo, “imfundo kucwangciso lwazo zonke” lokufunda nokubhala kwafunyanwa ziyasebenza ngeemvavanyo ezingacwangciswangaqondakaliyo, nto leyo ekhokelela ekubeni zifumaneke kulwayo zikhulu ezikolweni kumazwe akwilizwe lonke.

Inkqubo yokusingqongileyo kunye namandla

Uhlolisiso luye lwadlala indima ephambili kwinkqubo yokusingqongileyo. I-Arhente yoKhuselo lweNgqongqo-bume be-U.S. isoloko ihlola iziphumo zoTshintsho loMgaqo-nkqubo woMtho-moya, isithi izigidi zabantu eziphephelweyo ezifa ngaphambi kwexesha kunye nezigidi zeengenelo zezoqoqosho zinciphisa ungcoliseko lomoya. Kwicandelo lamandla, uhlolo lwezemali ezinokuhlaziywa kwamandla ahlaziyekayo kunye neenkqubo zokusebenza kakuhle koorhulumente ziye zanceda ukuxabisa iprojelo oluneenjongo ebangela ukukhutshwa kwezoqoqosho oluphantsi kwe-252carbon.

Urhwebo Neengxaki Zemvelo Ekuhlolweni Komgaqo-nkqubo

Nangona ixabisekile, uvavanyo lwenkqubo luneengxaki eziphawulekayo. Ukubona ezi zixhobo zorhwebo kunceda oogqirha bakwazi ukusingatha izinto ezilindelweyo nokuyila uvavanyo olunamandla.

Indawo ekuyo uvimba wefayili

Ukuqhuba uvavanyo lomgangatho ophezulu we-93 kudinga ixesha elininzi, inkxaso-mali, kunye nobuchule. Ezi zinto zidla ngokunqamuka, ingakumbi kwizicwangciso ezincinane ezifunyenweyo. Ukurhwebaff kuphakathi kokutyanda uvavanyo olunxulumene notyalo-mali kwiinkonzo ezithe ngqo okanye ezinye iimfuno ezicinezelayo. Iintlangano kufuneka ziqwalasele uphando oluphambili olunokuvelisa ulwazi oluphezulu lwexabiso le-759 ze ziqwalasele iindlela ezisezantsi (umz., zisebenzisa ugcino-lwazi lwe-ofisi, uvavanyo lwe-scrickets) apho kufanelekile.

Umda We-data

Ukufikelela kugcino-lwazi oluthembekileyo, olufike ngexesha, noluneenkcukacha ezininzi kusoloko kungumqobo omkhulu ekuhlolweni okusebenzayo. Ugcino-lwazi lungangaphelelanga, luqokelelwe lusebenzisa iinkcazelo ezidityanisiweyo, okanye lungafumaneki kwiqela elingundoqo. Iinkxalabo zobuqu kunye nemiqathango esemthethweni ingabeka umda wokwabelana ngogcino-lwazi. Xa umgangatho wogcino-lwazi ungemi kakuhle, kwanezona ndlela zintsonkothileyo ziveza iziphumo ezinganyanisekiyo. Iindlela zokuhlola mazibe zenziwe zibe cace gca malunga nomlinganiselo wogcino-lwazi kwaye, apho kunokwenzeka, zisebenze ukuphucula iinkqubo zogcino-lwazi ngokuhamba kwexesha.

Inkcazo Nezinto Ezichaseneyo

Kuqikelelwa ukuba inkqubo ebangele isiphumo esiphawulweyo/i-rather ngaphandle kwezinye izinto zangaphandle, ezakha uthelekiso olusebenzayo: okuyakwenzeka xa kungekho inkqubo. Kwimimiselo emininzi yehlabathi lokwenene, ukwenza uphicotho oluthembekileyo kunzima. Uthintelo lwezopolitiko okanye lwezopolitiko lungathintela isabelo esizenzekelayo, kwaye uvavanyo lwendalo lungabekho. Abaququlunqi kufuneka bakhethe ngobulumko amaqela okuthelekisayo nokusebenzisa ubuchule bezibalo ukulawula ukudidelwa kwengxaki, besoloko bevuma ukungaqiniseki okuseleyo.

Iingcinezelo Zezobupolitika Nezentlangano

Uvavanyo lungasoyikisa ababambi-mali abafake intelekelelo kwinkqubo. Kusenokubakho uxinzelelo lokucinezela izinto ezifunyenweyo ezingalunganga, ukuyila iindlela ezibonakala zingenakukwazi ukufumanisa ukungaphumeleli, okanye ukungazihoyi iziphumo eziphikisana neengxelo ezithandwayo. Ukugcina ukuzimela nokuthembeka kufuna ulawulo olunamandla, izicwangciso zovavanyo ezibhalisiweyo, kunye nokunika ingxelo ecacileyo. Iintlangano ezifana ne .S. ofisi yoLawulo lwabasebenzi kunye nenkqubo ye-World Bank ye-Implificity [[FLT:]]

Ixesha

Izigqibo zenkqubo zisoloko zifuneka zenziwe ngokukhawuleza, ngexa uvavanyo olunzima lungathatha iinyanga okanye iminyaka. Oku kuxinezeleko kungakhokelela ekuhlolweni kugqitywe emva kokuba zingasasebenzi. Enye impendulo kukwamkela “ixesha lokwenene” okanye“ i-rapidPractacycle” yokuhlola indlela, usebenzisa uqokelelo lwe data ye-injini kunye nohlalutyo ukunikezela ngempendulo ngelixa inkqubo isasetyenziswa. Enye kukuceba uhlolo olulindelekileyo, ukuyenza ingasebenzi kwinkqubo yoyilo lwasekuqaleni.

Izenzo ezingcono zohlolo loMgaqo-nkqubo

Xa uthelekisa ngamava angamashumi eminyaka avela kumaziko karhulumente, kumaziko ophando nakwimibutho yezizwe ngezizwe, ezi zinto zilandelayo zinokukwenza ucinge ukuba izinto ziya kuthenjwa yaye ziya kukunceda.

  • [[FLT: 0] Abagcini-mathiriyeli bombutho kuyo yonke inkqubo yovavanyo. Ukudibanisa abo bayila, abaphumezi bezixhobo, kwaye bachaphazeleka yinkqubo ukuqinisekisa ukuba imibuzo yokuvavanya iyafaneleka, iindlela ziyafikeleleka, kwaye okufunyenweyo kusetyenziswa.
  • Iinjongo zeVaT: 1 zikhokelele kuvavanyo olungacacanga. Izinto kufuneka zibe ziqwalaselwe, zifumaneke, zifaneleke, kwaye zifumaneke ngexesha.
  • Amanani kuphela anqabileyo ukuchaza ibali elipheleleyo. Iindlela zokudibanisa zinika ububanzi nobunzulu bokuqonda.
  • Previncial isicwangciso sovavanyo. ukubhalisa ngokubanzi uphando lwendlela, iziphumo, kunye nesicwangciso sohlalutyo sinciphisa ubungozi beziphumo zecherryjcover okanye ukutshintsha iingcamango emva kokubona ugcino-lwazi.
  • iziphumo ezicacileyo kubo bonke abagcini-mathiriyeli. Iingxelo zeLeiser, iingxelo, kunye nemizuzu eyahlukeneyo kubantu abaphulaphuliyo //oogqirha, nabenzi bomsebenzi kawonke-wonke. Sebenzisa ulwimi olucacileyo kunye nemifanekiso ukudlulisela imiyalezo engundoqo ngaphandle kokuyigqithisela.
  • Yakha ingeniso kwimijikelo yenkqubo. Uhlolo akufunekanga lube ngumsebenzi omnye we-635 ye-events. Uhlolo oluqhubekayo kunye nokukhutshwa kwakhona kwexesha ngalinye kuvumela inkqubo ukuba ivumelane neemeko ezitshintshayo.
  • [ Ingeniso ephambili kumthamo wovavanyo. Oorhulumente kunye nemibutho kufuneka baqeqeshe abasebenzi, baxhase iiyunithi zokuhlola ezizimeleyo, kwaye benze impucuko enika ubungqina obuxabisekileyo. uncwadi olukwimfundo yoququzelela ulawulo lwentlangano lubalaselisa ukubaluleka koovimba bonikezelo lokuhlola.

Ikamva Lohlolo Lomgaqo-nkqubo

Ubuxhakaxhaka buyanda ngokukhawuleza amathuba okuhlola inkqubo. Ukwanda kogcino-lwazi lolawulo oludityaniswe kwiinkqubo (ezinokhuseleko olufanelekileyo lokufihla imfihlo) kuvumela uhlahlo olusezantsi, uqikelelo olukhulu. Ufundo lwematshini kunye nobuchule bokwenziwa lunganceda ekuboneni imilinganiselo kunye nokuxela kwangaphambili iziphumo, nangona zikwaphakamisa inkxalabo malunga nokutshintsha kunye nokucaciswa. Ukujonga ixesha lokwenene usebenzisa izixhobo zeselula kunye neziva zinganika ingxelo ekhawulezileyo kumgangatho wokuphunyezwa kwenkqubo.

Enye intsingiselo ekhulayo kukusetyenziswa kwengqiqo kwindlela yokuziphatha ekuxilongweni. Ngokufunda indlela iingcinga zobuchopho nezithethe zentlalo ezichaphazela ngayo indlela yokuziphatha, abaqwalaseli banokuyila uluvo oluchanekileyo lokwenza imigaqo-nkqubo iphumelele okanye ingaphumeleli. Okokugqibela, iimodeli zokuhlola kunye nabemi zifumana igalelo, zinika amandla abantu ukuchaza impumelelo ngokweembono zabo baze bagcine abenzi besigqibo benoxanduva.

Ummandla wovavanyo lwenkqubo usuka kubuchule obukhethekileyo ukuya kumsebenzi wolawulo ongundoqo. Njengoko kufuneka ukuze kubonakale ukukhula, amandla okuqwalasela iziphumo zenkqubo ngokungqongqo kwaye ngokuqwalasela iziphumo ziya kuba yimfuneko kakhulu.

Isiphelo

Iziphumo ezizizo zingumcimbi kodwa ziyimfuneko kulawulo lwangoku. Ukuphumelela kobungqina bokutshintsha impilo, imfundo, kunye nokusingqongileyo kubonisa ukuba uxilongo olunenkathalo lungakhokelela kubomi obungcono nokusetyenziswa kakuhle kwezixhobo zikawonke-wonke. Kodwa ukurhweba nge-(resiphewulo-escess), imiqathango yogcino-lwazi, imiqathango, imiqathango yolwamkelo, kunye neengcinezelo zezobupolitika, zisenza sijonge izinto ezingenakufezeka. Ngokusebenzisa iindlela eziqinileyo, ukusebenzisa iindlela ezifanelekileyo, ukufaka abagcini-mathi, nokusebenzisa ukukhanyisa, abaquququzeli bemingcinga kunye nabaquququzeleli banokukwazi ukuqhuba izingciso ezizisa ngokwenene isigqibo. Ekugqibeleni, usukelo aluko ukuphumelela nje ukuchaphazela, kodwa ukwenza inkqubo eqhubekayo yokufundisa oko kunceda ukucombulula iingxaki zabo ezininzi.