Ukuqonda Isisongelo: Isizathu Sokuba Kuphunyezwe Ukwaziswa Okuphosakeleyo

I-mistinfotion asiyonto intsha, kodwa isizukulwana samanani siye safumana iziphumo eziphezulu kakhulu kwaye sanempembelelo. Ii-algorics kumaqonga onxibelelwano lwezentlalo zimisela ukuganana ngokuchanekileyo, ngokufuthi okubangela ukushukuma okanye ukuchukumiseka ngokweemvakalelo. Oku kwenza amagumbi eentloko apho ubuxoki bunokuqhubekeka bungathintelwa. Ukubona olu celomngeni lwenkqubo linyathelo lokuqala. Alwanele ukusuka nje usebenzise ulwazi ngaphandle kokusebenza; kufuneka ucingisise imekobume apho kukho ulwazi. Isantya semijikelo yamaphephandaba yanamhlanje sishiya igumbi elincinane ukuze kuqinisekiswe imfuneko yokucinga efuna ukuba ngummi.

Ubuchule Bokuqhatha Ngamanani

Ukuze ulwe nobuxoki kufuneka uqonde indlela obuveliswa ngayo nobenziwe ngayo.

  1. [[FLT: 0] Unyuso lwe-Algalithmic: Ulwandiso olufana no Facebook, YouTube, no X (okwakhe uTwitter) lunolwandiso olucwangcisiweyo olubangela iintshukumo zemvakalelo. Ukuphuma koloyiko luvelisa ucofo oluninzi kwaye luvelisa amaxesha athe xhaphakileyo, kungakhathaliseki ukuba kulungile. Le nkqubo ibuyisela ngempazamo iintelekelelo zobuxoki okanye ezilahlekisayo.
  2. Ukuziphatha okungahambelaniyo okuthe ngqo: Abadlali abafunyanisiweyo belizwe kunye namaqela ezobupolitika badla ngokusebenzisa iinethwekhi zebhot kunye neengxelo zenkohliso ukwenza uvumelano okanye abachasi. Le misebenzi ingazalisa ukubonakala kwebali lobuxoki, iyenze ibonakale ithembeke kakhulu kunalo.
  3. Isantya esithe saxutywa neVertification: Umjikelo weeyure ezingama-24 kunye nolindelo lohlaziyo olukhawulezileyo lukhuthaza ukupapashwa kweengxelo ezingaqinisekiswanga. Xa intengo yobuxoki inwenwa ngokubanzi, ukuthomalalisa nokulungisa kuzama ukufikelela, isiganeko esaziwa njengempembelelo eqhubekayo.

Ukuqonda ezi zinto zinamandla kukunceda ubone indlela ehamba ngayo. Ngokomzekelo, ukuba ibali libonakala likho kuyo yonke indawo ngequbuliso kodwa lisuka kumthombo omnye, ongenakukwazi ukujika, kusenokwenzeka ukuba libangelwa yimichiza elungelelanisiweyo kunokuba lisebenzisane.

Isiseko Sengcinga Ebalukileyo

Ucingela ngokubalulekileyo bubuchule bokwenza uqeqesho lokuqinisekisa ukuba usebenzisa obubona bungqina bukhoyo ukukhokela iinkolelo zakho kunye nezenzo. Oku akuthethi ukuba uyagxeka okanye uyathandabuza yonke into; kubandakanya ukuba ngqongqo kolwazi. Ubuchule obusisiseko bubandakanya ukuqhubela phambili ngaphaya kokuvuma ngokugqitha ekuxilongweni ngokugcinw'iii. Umqwalaseli onamandla akathathi nje ulwazi oluninzi, akaqwalaseli iimpikiswano, ahlole iingcamango, kwaye afune ezinye iimbono.

Umzekelo OMHLOBO OMNCI: Umsebenzi Oluncedo

Indlela eluncedo yokuyila iingcinga ezigxekayo ngumzekelo o-ORED, ophuhliswa ngabaphandi bemfundo nosetyenziswa ngokubanzi kwinkqubela-phambili.

  • Ulwahlulo lonyuko: Yazi iinkolelo ezingachazwanga ezisekelwe kwimpikiswano okanye intelekelelo. Umzekelo, inqaku elithi "ukugawula irhafu kusoloko kukhuthaza uqoqosho" liqikelela ukuba irhafu esezantsi ikhokelela kunyuselo lwentengiso yoshishino nokusetyenziswa kwabathengi, okungeyonyaniso jikelele.
  • [[FLT: 0] Iimpikiswano ezibalukileyo: Ibonisa ubulunga boqikelelo nobungqina. Jonga iimposiso ezivakalayo(*) njenge rhatsi iimpikiswano (imela indawo yotshaba) okanye iingxaki zobuxoki (udlulisela iinketho ezimbini kuphela xa zikhona). Jonga ukuba ubungqina buxhasa isiphelo.
  • Isiphumo se `````''' iqukumbelo''' intsalela yolwazi lokuvavanya ukuyila inkolelo elungileyo. Oku kubandakanya ukuvavanya ubungqina obungqubanayo nokugqiba ukuba yiyiphi indawo emele ukuba isekelwe kugcino-lwazi olukhoyo.

Ukuqhelisela imodeli e-RAD yonke imihla, nkqu nokuzichaza okulula njengeengxelo zemveliso okanye imixholo yendaba.

Indlela Yokulawula Kubomi Bamihla Le

Isithandi sobulumko samandulo esingumGrike uSocrates sasebenzisa indlela yokuphanda iinkolelo eziphikisanayo.

  • Yintoni kanye kanye kanye ethethwayo?
  • Bubuphi ubungqina obukhoyo?
  • Ngaba kukho iimbono ezingekhoyo okanye inkcazelo engasetyenziswayo?
  • Ngaba obu bungqina bunjalo bunokuxhasa ingcamango eyahlukileyo?

Le ndlela ikhuthaza ukuthobeka kwengqondo − ukuqonda ukuba ulwazi lwakho lulinganiselwe kwaye alusebenzi. Ukuvuma le ngqondo kukwenza ungachatshazelwa kakhulu yinkcazelo ephosakeleyo kuba uhlala ukulungele ukubuyisela iimbono zakho xa kuvela ubungqina obungcono.

I-Devieth: Isijungqu se-cog Brases kunye nee-erronatics

Ukucinga ngendlela engqongqo akunakwenzeka ngaphandle kokuqonda iimpazamo ezicwangcisiweyo kwindlela yokucinga yabantu. Ukujika ingqiqo kuyindlela ekhawulezayo (iingcamango ezigqwethekileyo) ezavelayo ukuze zisincede senze izigqibo ezikhawulezileyo kodwa ngokufuthi zikhokelela ekugwebeni okungenangqiqo. Kubaphandi abachaphazelekayo, ukuphaphela okungaqondakaliyo kungundoqo wokufunda amajelo eendaba.

Ishumi Elilithoba Eliqhelekileyo Elinceda Ukudutyulwa Okuphosakeleyo

Ngoxa kukho uninzi lweenguqu ezibhaliweyo, ezimbalwa zibaluleke ngokukhethekileyo kwindlela esisebenzisa ngayo inkcazelo ebubuxoki:

  • [[FLT: 0] Ukuqinisekisa: Utyekelo lokufuna nokuxhasa ulwazi olungqina iinkolelo ezikhoyo. Lo ngumphathi onamandla onamandla wenkcazelo ephosakeleyo. Ukuba ukholelwa ukuba amagophe ayingozi, uzakufumana kwaye wabelane ngamanqaku axhasa loo mbono ngoxa ubungabuhoyi ubungqina obuqinileyo bokhuseleko lwawo.
  • Iziphumo ze-[FUNT:0] Iziphumo ze-Kurgumper: Uqhekeko lolwazi apho abantu abanobuchule obuphantsi okanye ulwazi oluninzi kakhulu. Oku kungakhokelela abantu ekusasazeni ulwazi olungelulo kuba bengenabo ubuchule bokuyivavanya.
  • [[FLT: 0] Ukusetyenziswa kobunyani: ukucingela kakhulu amathuba eziganeko ezikhunjulwa lula. Inkohliso ecacileyo okanye ecacileyo (umz., ukungqubana kwenqwelo-moya okunqabileyo) kungagqwetha uluvo lomngcipheko xa kuthelekiswa neengozi eziqhelekileyo kodwa eziqhelekileyo (umz., iingozi zenqwelo-mafutha).
  • I-Anchoring Bias: Ixhomekeke kakhulu kwiceba lokuqala lolwazi olufumanekileyo ("umchongi"). Ukuba intengo yobuxoki inikelwe kuqala, ingaphembelela zonke izigwebo ezilandelayo, nasemva kokulungiswa.
  • [[NTL: 0] Isiphumo soMkhuphiswano (Ubungqina obusemgangathweni): ukwamkela iinkolelo kuba abanye bezibamba. Xa uthetha okungeyonyani kuhamba kwintsholongwane, umthamo opheleleyo wokwabelana ngezabelo udala ingqiqo yenyaniso.
  • [[FLT: 0] Isiphumo somlilo: Kwezinye iimeko, ukulungisa iinkcazelo eziphosakeleyo kunakho ukomeleza ukukholelwa kwintetho yobuxoki, ingakumbi ukuba ulungiso lunemingeni edibeneyo. Yiyo loo nto ukurhoxisa okuthambileyo kusoloko kuphumelela kakhulu kunokuphikisa ngqo.

Ukulwa nezi khethe, sebenzisa iitsheki ezicwangcisiweyo. Umzekelo, nanini na uziva uvumelana ngamandla nentwana yomxholo, zinyanzele ukuba ufumane umthombo odumileyo ongavumelaniyo nalo. Oku kusilwa noqhankqalazo oluqinisekisayo kwaye kuvulela amathuba okuqonda okulungelelene ngakumbi.

Ubuxoki Obusengqiqweni Bokukwazi Ukubona Kwizingxubusho

Ubuxoki obusengqiqweni ziimpazamo ekuqiqeni okungalungisiyo kwempikiswano. Ukuyiqonda kukunceda ujonge uqikelelo olubuthathaka kwiingxoxo zabanye nakwindlela yakho yokucinga. Iziphendu ziquka:

  • Ad Hominem: Ukuhlasela umntu owenza impikiswano endaweni yesiphumezi-miyalelo ngokwaso." Awunakuthemba ukuba uyingcali yemozulu kuba eqhuba imoto.")
  • [[UMTL:0] Umntu osetyenziswayo: Ukungachazi kakuhle indawo yotshaba ukwenza kube lula ukuhlasela."iinkcukacha zenkqubo entsha zifuna ukuphelisa yonke imimiselo.""
  • [[UMTL:0] Unobangela wobuxoki (Post Hoc Ergo Propter Hoc): ucinga ukuba ngenxa yokuba esinye isiganeko silandela esinye, esokuqala sabangela esinye, sesibini. ("Ibagula emva kokuba nditye kwivenkile yokutyela, ngoko ukutya kumele ukuba bekukubi.")
  • [[UMTL:0] Appel kugunya: Ikhankanya igunya elingafanelekanga okanye elingasebenziyo. ("Le bharthili ixhasa lesongezo sokutya, ngoko kufuneka isebenze."
  • [[UMTL:0] Slope ejikelezayo: Ukuxambulisana ukuba inyathelo elincinci lingakhokelela ngokungenakuphepheka kwityathanga leziganeko ezingalunganga ngaphandle kobungqina." Ukuba sivumela lo mthetho omtsha, uza kukhokelela kwisiphelo sedemokhrasi.""

Shicilela uluhlu lwemingeni eqhelekileyo kwaye uyigcine ikufuphi xa ufunda iindaba okanye amajelo eendaba. Ekuhambeni kwexesha, uzakuqala ukuzibona phantse kuzo zonke izinto ezinokukukhuthaza, ezikubangela ukuba uchase iziphumo zazo.

Ubuchule Bokufunda Amajelo Obugcisa

Ukucinga ngendlela ecacileyo ngexesha lolwazi kufuna ubuchule obukhethekileyo bokuvavanya umxholo we-media. Cinga ngento oyijongayo ngalo lonke ixesha uvula utyiso lweendaba.

Indlela yeSIFT (Yima, ngenisa uphando, Fumana, Trace)

Indlela yokufunda i - SIFT inceda kakhulu ekuhloleni izinto eziku - Internet:

  1. [[UMTLL: 0] Yima: Phambi kokwabelana okanye ukwenza, nqumama. Musa ukuvumela imvakalelo ilawule intshukumo yakho.
  2. Hlanganisa imvelaphi: Nqakraza kude kumxholo ukuze ufunde ngombhali okanye umvakalisi. Ingaba yindawo edistance? Yindawo eyaziwayo yosasazo? Yintlangano yendaba esemthethweni?
  3. Fumana iSigqumo esiLula ngakumbi: Jonga ugqumo lwebali elinye kwimithombo ethembekileyo. Ukuba intengo iyinyaniso, iziphumo ezininzi ezithembekileyo zizakuba zinike ingxelo ngayo.
  4. [[FLT: 0]] Iintengiso, iicaphula, kunye ne Media kwimo yokuqala: Ngokufuthi, ulwazi lukhutshwe kumongo. Ucaphulo lungathathwa ngaphandle kolandelelwano, okanye umfanekiso ungasuka kwisiganeko esingadibaniyo. Sebenzisa uphengululo lomfanekiso ukubuyisela umva (njenge Google okanye i-Tineye) ukuqinisekisa okuqulethwe yimbonakalo.

Le ndlela ithabatha imizuzu embalwa kuphela kodwa inciphisa ngokuphawulekayo ingozi yokusasaza inkcazelo ephosakeleyo.

Iingcebiso ezithi zichaphazele ukuchana kwemithetho

Iziphumo zamanani ezilahlekisayo ziluncedo lwabadali abalahlekisiweyo. Isaziso esifana "no 90% wabantu bayavuma" sivakala simangalisa, kodwa iinkcuba - buchopho ezigxekayo ziyabuza:

  • Ngaba lalingumzekelo wobukhulu nowenani labantu, ngaba laphandwa ngabantu abali - 100 okanye abali - 10 000?
  • Yayibuzwa njani imibuzo ephambili evelisa inkcazelo engathembekanga.
  • Iyintoni isiphelo sempazamo nexesha lokuzithemba? Amanani amaninzi achaziweyo awanazo ezi nkcazelo zibalulekileyo.
  • Ngaba uphando oluye lwenziwa ukuze kudideke izinto ezitshintshayo?

Xa uthandabuza, khangela iphepha lokuqala lophando okanye khangela amanxuwa afana Snopes okanye FactCC.org esebenzayo ekupheliseni ukusetyenziswa kwezibalo.

Ibandakanya kwiNxibelelwano eyakhayo

Ukucinga ngendlela erhabaxa asiyonto uyenzayo uwedwa. Ukuncokola nabanye ngenkcazelo kuvavanya iimbono zakho kwaye kukunika ubungqina obutsha. Kodwa ke, incoko ngenkcazelo ephosakeleyo inokuba shushu kwaye ingabi namveliso. Nazi iindlela ezisekelwe kubungqina zokuncokola ngempumelelo.

Umgaqo Wokunyamekela Abanye

Xa utolika isiphumezi sengxoxo yomnye umntu, sebenzisa umgaqo woncedo: thatha eyona nkcazelo isengqiqweni yesikhundla sabo. Le ndlela ikhuthaza intlonelo kwaye inciphisa iimpendulo zokuzikhusela. Endaweni yokucinga ukuba ukholo olubi, bubuze imibuzo ecacisayo. Umzekelo, "Ndikuva usithi unyulo luxhotyiswe ngemasti. Bubuphi ubungqina obungqalileyo obukufumanisa kunyanzeleka kakhulu? Oku kuvula ucango ukuze kunikezelwe ubungqina kunokuba kuphelw ’ uxambuliso.

Ubugcisa bokuhla unyuka

Ukuba ingxubusho iba yenziwa ishukuma, buyisela ingqwalaselo ukusuka ekukholiseni ukuya ekuqondeni. Sebenzisa "I" iingxelo ukuchaza indlela ocinga ngayo ngaphandle kokutyholwa: "Ndibone ugcino-lwazi olwahlukileyo kulwazi lokhuseleko olucetyiswayo olucebisa ukuba inkqubo yonyulo yomelele. Singayijonga kunye? Le ntsebenziswano inciphisa impendulo yesisongelo kwaye yandisa amathuba okutshintshana ngokunyanisekileyo.

Ixesha Lokudibanisa

Asiyoncoko yonke elungileyo. Ukuba loo mntu akanamdla kubungqina okanye usebenzisa iingcamango ezivakalayo, maxa wambi kungcono ukudimazeka ngokuzolileyo. Qaphela ukuba awunakunyanzela ukucingela umntu ongakakulungeliyo. Khusela inkathalo yakho yengqondo kwaye uphephe ukuwela kwimijikelo yengxoxo engenamveliso.

Ubuxhakaxhaka bokhuselo

Ubugcisa bungumthombo wengxaki kwaye buyinxalenye yesisombululo. Sebenzisa izixhobo zamanani ukukhuthaza ukucingisisa nokunciphisa umthwalo wobuchopho.

Inyaniso yokuhlola kunye nezixhobo zoqinisekiso

Iincwadi ezininzi ezifumaneka kwi - Internet zibalulekile ukuze abantu bakwazi ukufunda:

  • Izintsopethi:[ Enye yezona zidala iiwebhsayithi zokukhangela inyani, ukugquma amarhe kwi-intanethi, amabali asedolophini, kunye neentengiso zobupolitika. Ukuhambela ii-Snopets.
  • [[UMTLL: 0] I-Piolitifact:[[[FT:1] Ijolise iliso kwiingxelo zezobupolitika kwaye ilinganise kwiNyaniso----Meta. I-Pilot Fact.
  • FactCK.org: Iprojekthi engeyoparati ye Annenberg Policy Center ejonga ucoselelo lwenyaniso lwamanani amakhulu ezobupolitika. ICheck.org
  • [[FLT: 0] Uphendlo lomfanekiso olubuyela emva:[[FLT: 1] Sebenzisa imifanekiso ye Google okanye i-Tineye ukufumana imvelaphi yasekuqaleni nomongo womfanekiso.
  • Izixhobo ezihlalutya ii akhawunti ze Tyithi- translate (ngoku i Bot Sentinel): i khawulelanisa ii akhawunti ze translate translate types types is antifix.

Izihlomelo Zomkhangeli zincwadi Nongeniso

Fakela isandiso esinika ulwazi olunxulumene nemeko ngeli lixa ukhangela:

  • NewsGuard: ilinganisela iiwebhsayithi zeendaba ezisekelwe kukholo nokubonakala. Lo mfanekiso uvela kwibar yakho yesixhobo yesikhangeli ukunika inqaku lokunyaniseka elikhawulezayo.
  • [[UMTL: 0] Uphando lweendaba: Iiflegi ezaziwayo iiwebhusayithi ezinalwaziwayo ezigqwethekileyo.
  • B.S ubhaqo: umsebenzi ofanayo, obonisa imvelaphi engathembekiyo.

Ezi zixhobo zisebenza njengomaleko wesibini wokomeleza, nto leyo enciphisa umgudu wokuqonda ofunekayo ukuze kuvavanywe iimvelaphi.

Ukwakha Ukhokelo Nxamnye Nolwazi Oluphosakeleyo

Ukucinga okunexesha elide kufuna uqheliselo nokuzibandakanya nabantu. Injongo kukudala imikhwa ekwenza umelane nenkcazelo yobuxoki.

Ingcamango yokurhoxisa nokugquma

Uphando lwakutshanje kwinzululwazi yengqondo luchonge icebo elinamandla: "ukuyeka ukusetyenziswa kwesifo somzimba okanye ukusetyenziswa kwengqondo. Njengokuba isitofu sichaphazele inkqubo yomzimba womzimba wakho kwintsholongwane ebuthathaka, ukubeka umva kukuchaphazele kwiintlobo zengxoxo ezidinanisayo. Xa ubona ubuchule obuqhelekileyo bokusebenzisa inkohliso (njengedichotomiees) ngokuphosakeleyo, uyakwazi ukumelana nayo. RAND kunye neCambridge University ivene imidlalo ekhululekileyo kunye neevidiyo ezifundisa ezi ngcamango ngendlela echuliweyo. Ukudlala le midlalo nabahlobo kunye nentsapho kulwakhiwo olugcina ukhuseleko oludityayo oludityayo nxamnye nenkohliso.

Ukwahlula Inkqubo yolwazi

Lungela ngenkuthalo utyiso lwezindaba nemithombo yakho. Ungalandeli okanye ukhuphe iingxelo ezithe gqolo ezabelana ngenkcazelo ephosakeleyo. Yithi jijela imithombo yakho ngaphaya kwemiqathango yezopolitiko nemimandla yomhlaba. Landela intatheli ezidumileyo ezichaza indlela yazo yokusebenza. Zibophelele kumaphephandaba avela kwimibutho enikezelwe kwimibutho ezinikele kulwazi oluphuma kumajelo eendaba, njenge News Literacy Project

Isiphelo: Imbopheleleko Yommi

Kuluntu olulawulwa ngedemokhrasi, ukufaneleka kwentetho yesidlangalala kuchaphazela ngokuthe ngqo ukufaneleka kokulawula. Oku kuthetha ukuphelisa ukukholosa ngamaziko, ukuhlukanisa abantu, kwaye kunokukhokelela kwiziphumo eziyingozi ezifana nokuqhatha kwemithi yokugonya okanye ugonyamelo lonyulo. Njengabemi, sinembopheleleko kungekuphela nje yokukhusela iingqondo zethu kodwa kwanokumisela ukucingela abanye. Oku kuthetha ukwabelana ngenkcazelo eqinisekisiweyo, ukulungisa iimpazamo ngobuchule, nokukhuthaza imfundo yokufunda nokubhala kwimfundo kumajelo emfundo kwizikolo nasemsebenzini.

Ukulwa nxamnye nenkcazelo ephosakeleyo asiyomfazwe yexesha elinye kodwa ngumsebenzi oqhubekekayo. Ngokufaka ngaphakathi izicwangciso ezichazwe kwesi sikhokelo ``ukuqonda ubuchule bokukhohlisa, ukusebenzisa imodeli EBRA, ukwamkela ucalucalulo, ukusebenzisa indlela yeSIFT, kwaye uthabatheka ngokunempumelelo ekuqiniseni ulwazi lwemeko-bume. Ixesha ngalinye uqinisekisa intengo phambi kokuba ubelane ngayo, unegalelo kwisikwere esisempilweni. Ucelomngeni luyanzima, kodwa izixhobo ziyafumaneka. Ukucinga okuntlukwano, ukukhuliswa, okungundoqo, okungacotha, okunga, okungundoqo, okungayeyona nto iluncedo kwinkathi yenkohliso.