Amanzi akhuselekileyo okusela ngamanzi akhuselekileyo akwindawo ephezulu empilweni kawonke-wonke, kodwa izibonelelo zamanzi ezaluphalayo zisongela lo mthombo ubalulekileyo wee-oksidiliya zezigidi zabantu. Ngaphaya kweUnited States nasemhlabeni wonke, imibhobho, izityalo zonyango, kunye neenkqubo zokusasaza ezifakelweyo ezikwinkulungwane edluleyo ziyafikelela ekupheleni kobomi babo obuluncedo. Isiphumo singxaki eyandayo yokungcoliswa, ukuphazamiseka komsebenzi, kwaye ukuphelelwa kwentlawulo lwabathengi. Ukubeka ezi zinto akufuni nje kuphela ukuveliswa koqoqosho lwemali kodwa kubandakanya ubuchule obuninzi, obunemichiza enzima, ukuvavanywa, kunye nokuditya okuqhubekayo kobugcinjciphe. Eli nqaku lihlolisisa ubunjani bamanzi obusuka kwizinto ezikhoyo, ukuvavanywa kweziphumo eziphantsi koobangela, kwaye lichaza iindlela eziluncedo zokuqinisekisa ukucocekelwa kwamanzi acocekileyo

Ingxaki Ekhoyo: Isizathu Sokuba Ukwaluphala Kusongele Amanzi Asempilweni

Igama elithi "ukurhweba isiseko" libhekisela ekuwohlokeni komzimba kwamanzi akhiweyo amashumi eminyaka — ngamanye amaxesha ngaphezu kwenkulungwane mandulo. EUnited States kuphela, iAmerican Society of Civil Enginegers (ASCE) inika ilizwe imo ye-oyile eselwayo iqondo C, ikhankanya i-300,000 yamanzi angundoqo unyaka ngamnye kwaye malunga nemalitha ezingamawaka amathandathu ezigidi zamanzi alahlekileyo alahlekileyo. Imibhobhobho emininzi yezinto ngoku eyaziwa ngokuba yimingcipheko yempilo, efana nentsimbi exhotyiweyo, kwaye engasetyenziswanga. Izityalo zonyango ezicetywa ekuqaleni kwenkulungwane yama-20% ye-20 zidla ngokungenamandla okuthetha iPFAS, amayeza, kunye nentlalomo eyingozi. Intlalo yomzimba kunye nentlalo-manziwayo eyingozi ibangela ukubola okungaphiliyo. [200]

Ngapha koko, indleko yomntu ininzi. Iziganeko zigxininisa ukuba ukuchaza umgangatho wamanzi kwisiseko sogcino-lwazi esikhoyo esifana noFlint, Michigan; Newark, New Jersey; kunye noJackson, Mississippi ziye zafumana amanqam athe xhaxhe isikhokelo, ukuqhambuka kweentsholongwane kunye nokungaphumeleli kwenkqubo echaphazela ngokungenakuthelekiswa nanto, iziphumo ezibonisa ukuba ukuchanabeka komgangatho wamanzi kwimiqathango yokwaluphala akuyo ingxaki nje yobugcisa okanye yemali — ngumbandela wokulungisa imekobume yemekobume kunye nokuthemba kukawonke-wonke. Njengokuba imibhobhobho ihla kunye nokuncinanisa kwamandla okusetyenziswa kwendlela yokukhusela okungalingani naka kwabemi okuthi ngokungenakuthelekiswa naka kancinane.

Izinto ezingundoqo ezisebenzisa amayeza kunye nempembelelo yempilo ezinxulunyaniswa neenkqubo zokwaluphala

Ukuqonda udidi ngalunye kunceda ukubeka imigudu yokunciphisa inzala.

Ilothe Nesinyithi Sobhedu

Imigca yenkonzo yelothe (LSLS) isele ilifa elidume kakhulu lenkqubo yamanzi yakudala. Ngaphambi ko1986, ilothe yasetyenziswa kakhulu kwimibhobho yamanzi kunye nokuthengisa. Ekuhambeni kwexesha, ukudleka okubangelwa kukutshintsha kwemichiza yamanzi (pH, alkalinetic, i-chlorine) i-leat ingakhokelela emanzini empomponi. Ukuchanabeka komoya kuyingozi kakhulu kubantwana, okubangela umonakalo ongenakulungiseka nophuhliso. Ikoporo, kwakhona ibhotile, i-opperbos, iyakwazi ukukhwela kwimibhobhobho ephezulu kwaye ikhokelela kwimicule yemibhobhobho, isibindi, kunye neengxaki zezintso. I-EPA's Leat Leattings Priverssss (LR) idla ngokuba ngu-201, ifuna ii-R1, ii-asethi zenkonzo zasekhaya, kunye ne-R2, kunye ne-R2,000, kunye ne-20000, kunye nee-20000, kunye nezo zoncedo ezithekayo.

Iingozi Zezinto Ezincinane Eziyingozi: Ibhabhalm Nezilwanyana Eziphila Ngemichiza

Imibhobho emidala, ingakumbi enziwe ngentsimbi okanye ngesamente engadityanisiweyo, inika indawo ezibukhali ezigcina iibhakitiriya ezincinane kakhulu — imibutho entsonkothileyo ekhusela iintsholongwane nezinye iintsholongwane. Le mibhobho yebhaybhulifilim ingaqulatha [ Ligionallal[ (unobangela wesifo se-Compiliances, i-obrical diseaseaser, engenakubacteria, kunye Pisephonas[]. Kwinkqubo encitshiswe ngokubulala amagciwane [idriveriverives] (oqhelekileyo kwiminxa yokwaludala), ezi zifo ezibangela ukuqhaqhama. Iimeko-engileyo kunye neengxaki ze-exterrometerss.

Ungcoliso ngenzala (DBP)

IChlorine nechlorinamine, ezona zibulali-ntsholongwane zixhaphakileyo, ziyasabela ngemichiza yendalo emanzini ukuze zenze i-trihalalethane (THMs) kunye ne-haloacetic acids (HEAS). Ukuchanabeka ixesha elide kumanqanaba anyukileyo e-DBP kunxulumene nomngcipheko womhlaza kunye neengxaki zokuzala. Iziko lonyango lobudala linokuba alinayo inkqubo ezaneleyo (umz., zinyusa i-coagnetic exectives, i-carbon) ukuze zisuse ii-actives (iphection. Ngaphezu koko, njengoko amanzi ehamba ngemibhobho emidala, ukubola, ukubulala, ivumela ii-DBP ukuba zikhule kwinkqubo yokusasa.

Izinto Ezidibanisayo: PFAS neMicroplastics

I-Per- kunye ne-polyfluoroalkl (PFAS) izinto ezisetyenziswayo “imichiza yexeshana” esetyenziswa kwimveliso yabathengi kunye neenkqubo zoshishino — ibonwa ngokukhulayo kwimveliso yamanzi okusela. Iinkqubo ezininzi zonyango zakudala aziyilwanga ukuwasusa. I-PFAS ihamba emanzini, ingakwazi ukumelana nonyango lwemichiza yebhayoloji, kwaye inxulunyaniswe nomhlaza wezintso, kunye nokucinezelwa kwenkqubo yokuzikhusela kwi-ithyroyidiyo. Ngokunjalo, imicroplastiki idial kunye nezixhobo ezindala ze-athomu ye-plastiki zisenokukhupha i-plastiki. Ngoxa iziphumo zemicroplastiki zisaqhubeka, ixhala. I-EPA ice umlinganiselo ophezulu we-PO ne-PFOFOS, ziya kusetyenziswa amandla amaninzi ukuze kufakwe i-carbon e-octive.

Iingxaki Zolawulo Nezemali Ekwenzeni Oku

Ucelomngeni lwezibonelelo zokwaluphala ludityanisiwe ziinkcitho zemithetho elawulayo kunye nezithuba zemali. UMthetho we-Desert Water Water Act (SDWA) umisela imigaqo enyanzelekileyo, kodwa iinkqubo ezininzi ezincinane azinabo ubuchule kunye nemali yokusebenzisa. I-2021 I-Infrablicformation Information Invementation kunye neMissions zinika i-Unict emalunga ne-R35 lamawaka ee-R3, ii-$1,7,7,7 zezigidi zezigidi ze-R3, eDDSWSR inika, kwaye i-$9 yezigidi ze-$8 zokhuseleko ze-PFAS inika ukulungiswa. Nangona le ngxelo isasilela phantsi kweemfuno zizonke. Ngaphezu koko, ii-applines ezilawula ixesha zidla ukukhuliswa ngenxa yokulungisa, ukubukezwa kwemekobume, kunye neemeko zobupolitika ezininzi ezikhoyo.

Ubuchule bokulungisa nokubuyisela

Ukulungisa umgangatho wamanzi obunzima kwimiqathango yokwaluphala kufuna ubuchule obudityanisiweyo, obuneenjineli, inkqubo, umanyano loluntu kunye nolwamkelo lobugcisa.

Ukuthathelwa indawo ngesantya esiphezulu kwemigca yenkonzo yesikhokelo

Ukususwa ngokupheleleyo kwe-LSL kukuphela kwesisombululo esisisigxina songcoliso lwelothe. Umthetho we-EPA ohlaziyiweyo weKhopper kunye noMkhosi ugunyazisa zonke iinkqubo zamanzi zikawonke-wonke ukuba zivelise uludwe lwenkonzo ngo-Oktobha 2024 ze zithathe indawo yemigca yesikhokelo kwiminyaka eli-10. Iinkqubo eziphumelelayo, njenge Newark, zisebenzisa udityaniso lwemali karhulumente ne-orhulumente, izicwangciso zoluntu, kunye nezihluzi zamanzi ezikhululekileyo ukukhusela abemi ngexesha lomsebenzi otshintshiweyo. Isitshixo sokuphumelela kokuzoba imaphu echanileyo — i-Awatertapeeal kufuneka isebenzise iingxelo zembali, ukuhlolwa kwentsiminye yeenkonzo, kwaneematshini ukuxela iindawo apho iingxelo zenkonzo zingaphelelangaphelelangaphelelangaphelelangachazwanga.

Ulungiso lokugqibelela

Iinkqubo ezingenakuyibuyisela ngoko nangoko yonke imibhobho ekhokelayo, i-michiza yamanzi elungileyo iyafuneka. Ukulungisa i-PH kunye ne-alkaline, ukongeza i-orthophosphate njengesithinteli sokudleka, kunye nokuqinisekisa ukuba ii-ecrimetics ezaneleyo zokubulala iintsholongwane zinokuyinciphisa ngokuphawulekayo intsingiselo. Le ndlela ifuna ukujongwa okuqhubekayo kwemilinganiselo yomgangatho wamanzi kuyo yonke inkqubo yokusasaza, njengoko inkqubo yemichiza itshintsha ngokuhamba, ubushushu, kunye nemeko zamanzi. Ubugcisa bokweva obutsha bunceda ukujonga okukhawulezileyo, ivumela izinto ezisebenza ngokulungelelanisa unyango ngokukhawuleza.

Ubugcisa bonyango obuqhubela phambili

Iindawo zonyango ezikhulayo ezinenkqubo yale mihla zibalulekile ukususa izinto ezivelisa amaqhuma kunye nee-DBP. Iindlela ezinokusetyenziswa ziquka:

  • Ikharbon ephanyazanyisiweyo (GAC): isebenza kakhulu kwiPFAS, incasa kunye namaqumrhu evumba, kunye nezandulela zendalo.
  • [[UMTL: 0] I-Ion Exchange (IX): ijoliswe ekususweni kwePFAS, i-nitrate, kunye nezinyithi ezinzima.
  • [[NTL: 0] Imembrane Filtration (udityaniso, i-nanofiltifir, ukubuyiselwa kwe-osmosis): Kulungile ukususwa kwentsholongwane nokuncitshiswa kweinorganic kunye nezinto eziphilayo.
  • [[NTL:0] UV Ephambili i-oxidation (UV/AOP): iqhekeza imichiza ephinda iphinde isetyenziswe njenge1,4-dioxane nePFAS xa idityaniswe ne-hydrogen peroxide.
  • Ukudibanisa: Isebenzisa ugcino-lwazi olusebenzayo kwibhayoloji ukususa izinto eziphilayo ze kunciphise ulwakhiwo lwe-DBP.

Ubugcisa ngabunye kufuneka bukhethwe ngokusekelwe kumgangatho wamanzi aluhlaza wasekuhlaleni, abaqhubi abalawulayo, kunye nexabiso lexabiso. Uluntu oluninzi lusebenzisa iindlela ezininzi ezidibanisa amanyathelo amaninzi onyango.

Ulawulo olucwangcisiweyo nogcino-lwazi

Kunokuba lilinde umbhobho wokwaphuka okanye ukungaphumeleli kwamanzi, izinto eziluncedo zijika zisiya kulawulo lwe-data-everence yempahla. Oku kubandakanya:

  • Imeko yohlolo kusetyenziswa uphando oluvuzayo, iziva-sandi, iimitha ezikrelekrele kunye nerada yamaza ekhokelweyo.
  • Ukufuzisela ihydrolic ukuchaza iindawo ezihamba kancinci, ezinamanzi ancinane nexesha eliphezulu apho umgangatho uwohlokayo.
  • Ukwenziwa komngcipheko okusekelwe kumngcipheko wokuhlaziya, ukujolisa utyalo-mali kwimibhobho enesantya sophulo, uxinzelelo oluphantsi, nomgangatho wamanzi ophantsi wembali.
  • Ukwenza inkqubo yokugudisa ukususa umgquba kunye nebhayoloji.

Iziphakamisi ezininzi ngoku zisebenzisa ubukrelekrele obungeyonyani ukuxela ukungaphumeleli kwamanzi nokucwangcisa ugcino phambi kokuba kwenzeke amanqam. American Water Works Association (AWA) ipapashe ukhokelo kuqheliso olungcono lolawulo lwempahla.

Ubandakanyeko Nemfundo Yoluntu

Ukwethemba uluntu kubalulekile nakuwuphi na umgangatho wamanzi. Ukusetyenziswa kwemali kufuneka kunxibelelane ngokucacileyo ngeengozi, izenzo ezithatyathwayo, kunye nezixhobo ezilindelekileyo zexesha. Iindlela ezisebenzayo eziquka:

  • Impapasho ecace gca yeziphumo zovavanyo lwamanzi (umz., esebenzisa iidraftiboard ze - Internet).
  • Izaziso zendlu ukuya kwindlu ngethuba kungenelo lwenkonzo yesikhokelo okanye amanzi abilayo.
  • Ukunikezela ngezixhobo zokuvavanya amanzi ezihlawulwayo kunye nezihluzi ezisetyenziswa kwincam yabantu abasengozini.
  • Ukwenza iinkqubo zenkonzo yesikhokelo zokuxhasa ngemali (iimali zemali) ukunceda abanini-khaya abathwala inxalenye yexabiso.
  • Amaphulo okufundisa ngokulungisa imizi yeepayinti (ukunyamekela nokugcina amanzi ashushu) ukuze kuthintelwe ukungcoliswa kwemizi.

Xa uluntu lufundiswa yaye lubandakanyekile, amanani okuthobela ayaphucuka, yaye ukuthembana koluntu kuyakhula.

Ufundo lwe Case: Izifundo ezivela kwiinkqubo zokubuyisela zehlabathi lokwenene

INewark, iNew Jersey, inika ulumkiso kunye nemodeli. Emva kokujamelana nemeko enzima ekhokelayo ngo-2016, isixeko sathatha indawo yemigca yenkonzo ekhokelayo engaphezu kwe-18,000 kwiminyaka emithathu — isenzo esifuna umanyano olukhulu, ukufikelela uwonke-wonke, nokusetyenziswa kwe-state--metal mea. Izifundo ezingundoqo ziquka ukubaluleka kolwazi lukawonke-wonke olunobundlobongela, umphako wamanzi, kunye nodweliso lwenkqubo oluphakathi oluvumela abanini-makhaya ukuba bakhethe ngokulula. U-Newark wasebenzisa intlanganisela yemali evela kwizwe, i-DWSRF, kunye nesiCetart Plage. Njengomphumo, igalelo elikhokelayo kumanzi ekwisixeko esithotshiswe ngokuphawulekayo ngaphantsi komgangatho wesenzo.

Omnye umzekelo nguMadison, Wisconsin, owaqalisa ukubuyiselwa komgca wenkonzo ekhokela ngokuzithandela kwiminyaka elishumi eyadlulayo, efumana malunga nekhulu elinamashumi alithoba ee-100% ngokusebenzisa “umgaqo we-dig kanye” ekunxibelelaneni nolungiso lwesitrato. UMadison wanika iimali-mboleko ezincinane ezibolekisa ii-odola zokubuyisela ezisecaleni kobuqu. Le migudu yempangelo yaphepha ingxaki yaza yakha ukuthembana kwexesha elide.

Kwicala lonyango, iPortsmouth, iNew Hampshire, ifake enye yenkqubo yokuqala epheleleyo ye-UV ephambili yokususa i-PFAS, isebenza njengobungqina be-conceote ezinye izinto ezisebenza ngokujongene nongcoliso oluvela kwigwebu lokulwa umlilo kunye nemithombo yoshishino. Le nkqubo isebenzisa ukukhanya kwe-UV kunye ne-peroxide ukuqhekeza iimolekyuli ze-PFAS, ukufikelela intengiso ezisusiweyo ngaphezulu kwe-99%.

Indlela Ephambili: Inkqubo, ukuveliswa kwemali, Nokubuyiselwa

Akukho sicombululo sinye sinokuthi silungise ucelomngeni lwezibonelelo zamanzi alupheleyo kwilizwe lonke. Impumelelo ixhomekeke kwimali egciniweyo evela kuwo onke amanqanaba karhulumente, izinto eziluncedo, kunye noluntu.

  • Imali eqhubekayo karhulumente neyaserhulumenteni yokulungisa izibonelelo, ijolise ngokukhethekileyo kwingingqi ezisweleyo.
  • Abaqhubi bomthetho bomeleze ulawulo njengee-PFAS MCL ezinyanzelekileyo kunye nemiqathango yentambo ekhawulezayo yokubuyisela.
  • Ulwandiso lobugcisa obuncinci kunye nolusemaphandleni olungenabuchule
  • Udityaniso lobunjani bamanzi lokuhlola kwisixokelelwano segridi zamanzi ezibukhali ukufumanisa iziganeko zongcoliso zokwenene.
  • Uphando kwizixhobo zombhobho ezintsha kunye neendlela zokubuyisela umva (umz., ulwaleko lwemibhobho, oluphiliswe kwindawo yombhobho) olunokwandisa ubomi bezinto ngaphandle kokuvumbulula ngokupheleleyo.

I- Imigaqo yehlabathi yempilo yeQumrhu loBunjani bokusela ngamanzi isebenza njengendlela yokubhekisa emhlabeni wonke ekubekeni imigangatho ekhuselekileyo. Ukusebenzisa uncedo ngezi zikhokelo ngeli lixa uthetha ukunqongophala kwemiqathango yesiseko somhlaba kusukelo olufanele ukufunwa.

Isiphelo: Ukukhusela Oyena Mntu Ubalulekileyo Esimke Ngayo

Ukukhula koncedo kubangela esinye sezisongelo ezinzulu nezintsonkothileyo kumgangatho wamanzi kwimbali yanamhlanje. Ukusuka kwilothe nakwintsholongwane ukuya ekuvezeni imichiza enjenge-PFAS, iingozi zokwenene kwaye ngokungenakuthelekiswa nanto zichaphazela ezona ntlalo zibuthathaka. Noko ke, ngokudibanisa iinkqubo zonyango olunzima, ubuchule bokulungisa izinto eziluncedo, kunye nokuzibophelela okunentsingiselo, izinto eziluncedo zingabuyisela nokukhusela ubunjani bamanzi amashumi eminyaka ezayo. Iindleko ezifunekayo zinkulu — kodwa ixabiso lokungenzi nto, lilinganiswa kwiingxaki zempilo kawonke, ukukhuthuthwa kwezoqoqosho, nokuphelelwa kwethemba, zingaphezulu kakhulu. Uluntu ngalunye lufanele lufumane ulawulo olukhuselekileyo, amanzi acocekileyo, kwaye oko kuqalisa ngokuzinikela okutsha kokwenza iinkqubo zale mihla.