Ukudibana Komgaqo - siseko Wamanzi Nempilo Kawonke - wonke

Ulwalamano phakathi kwenkqubo yamanzi kunye nezempilo kawonke-wonke lwenza enye yemisonto engundoqo kwilaphu lemithetho yale mihla. Ukufikelela ekucocekeni, kumanzi akhuselekileyo akuyonkxalabo nje yemekobume kodwa kukuthintela okuthe ngqo kokulunga koluntu. Xa iinkqubo ziphumelela, ukuqhambuka kwezifo ezibangelwa yile ngxaki yamanzi, ukuncipha kwenani lokufa kweentsana, nokunyuka kwemveliso yezoqoqosho. Xa zingaphumeleli, iziphumo zihamba ngezibhedlele, izikolo, izikolo, kunye neentsapho. Eli nqaku lihlolisisa indlela ezikhoyo, imiqathango eqhubekayo, imingeni eqhubekayo, kunye namaqhinga ekamva ahambela phambili kwimiqathango yamanzi kunye nempilo kawonke wonke.

Imbali Yamanzi Nempilo

Kudala ngaphambi kokuba ingcamango yeentsholongwane iqondwe, impucuko yaqonda ukuba umgangatho wamanzi waphembelela impilo. Kwamandulo eMesopotamia, imijelo yamanzi akhupha amanzi amdaka anokusela. AmaYiputa agcina amanzi amdaka kwiimbiza zodongwe kwaye asebenzisa ialum ukungcolisa, uqheliselo olunciphisa inkunkuma ebonakalayo kwaye, ingazi, ezinye iintsholongwane. Kodwa yayinguBukhosi baseRoma obayitshintsha kakhulu eyona ndlela yokukhupha amanzi amdakazayo ehlabathini lamandulo. Imijelo yawo yayithwala amanzi acocekile kwimithombo ekude ukuya kwizixeko, ngoxa imibhobho yayiwa ithumela kwimithombo kawonke, kwimithombo yokuhlamba, nakumakhaya afumileyo. Nangona ukuchanabeka kwayo izipheko ezintle. Nangona ukufumaneka kwamanzi acocekileyo kwawanciphisa ngokuphawulekayo ukusetyenziswa kwezifo zokuqhomfa komzimba kuxhomekeka kwamanzi amda okanye imilambo.

Imvukelo Yezoshishino Nengxaki Yokucoceka

IMvukelo yemizi-mveliso yaphelisa le nkqubela. Ukusetyenziswa kwesixeko, ungcoliso lwemizi - mveliso, kunye neenkqubo ezingentle zokulahla amanzi endle zaguqula imilambo evulekileyo. ELondon, uMlambo iThames wangcoliswa yinkunkuma ekhoyo ngabantu kwaye wakhutshwa ngamaza obushushu basehlotyeni kangangokuba amaza obushushu asehlotyeni avelisa “uMkhulu-Gadiyo” ka1858, uqhubela iPalamente ukuba isebenze. Esi siganeko sahambelana noGqr. John Snow'uphando lwamaquququzelo lobudoda phakathi kwe-mpulase. I-Snow yaqala ukusetyenziswa kwempompi yamanzi engcolisekileyo, inika ubungqina obungenakuphikiswa kokudluliselwa kwamanzi okubangelwa yikholera. Izinto zakhe, zidityaniswe namanzi asetyenziswayo kwimbali yonyango lwamanzi.

Iintlobano Zamanzi Zanamhlanje Nempilo Kawonke - wonke

Namhlanje, inkqubo yamanzi isebenza kumanqanaba amaninzi , umgaqo-sizwe, umthetho wesizwe, okanye imimiselo yephondo, kunye nokuphunyezwa kommandla. Kumgangatho wehlabathi lonke, i iWorld Health Organization (WHO) ikhupha [ izikhokelo zeDradiyo yeDamon[[FULT]], ezimisela ukusetyenziswa kwemicropu ekhoyo, imichiza, kunye nemilinganiselo yemiqathango ye-radiografi. Ezi migaqo azisebenzi ngokusemthethweni kodwa zisebenza njengemiqathango yemilinganiselo yesizwe kumazwe angaphezu kwe-190. EUnited States, [[FFONF] kunye nakumazwe afumana umlinganiselo wotywala, ufumana umlinganiselo wotywala, [[Foctive] u-Foctive [5] kunye noMmandla wobuzwezwe-onke wobuzwe] ukusetyenziswa kwamanzi: [unyaka-19]

Unyango lwamanzi nemithetho yokucoca

Izityalo ezisebenzisa unyango lwamanzi zale mihla zisebenzisa indlela ephindaphindiweyo: ukudityaniswa, ukukhutshwa, ukudityaniswa, ukudityaniswa (ngokuqhelekileyo ichlorine, ichlorinamine, okanye ukukhanya kwe-ultraviolet). Imimiselo yemithetho egunyazisa amaxesha okudityaniswa, amanqanaba athintela akwizibulali-ntsholongwane, kunye nokujongwa kwendlela yesiqhelo yezinto eziphilayo ezibonisa izinto eziphilayo ezifana [[FLT] 3], ukukhupha ukungcola, ukukhupha ukungcola kokungcola emanzini, kufuna izityalo ezilahlwayo ukuze zidibane nemilinganiselo esezantsi yonyango esusiweyo yonyango olususiweyo. Imithetho ye-Sanlitoniumjiko. Imithetho equka i-EPA’s's [[FLTY] [FFGOLT] [5], ukuphumeza umlinganiselo womoya, u-Foctivemos], u-Foctive.[5]

Uhlolo kunye neenkqubo zokuvavanya

Uvavanyo lwe-Routine lungumqadi wesiqinisekiso samanzi. Iinkqubo zamanzi kawonke-wonke kufuneka zilinge amanzi kwiindawo ezininzi kwinkqubo yokusasaza kwaye zinike ingxelo yeziphumo kumagunya ezempilo. EUnited States, iEPA’s Engalawulwayo i-Monithating Service [[[FLT:]][FLT1]] ngamaxesha athile uvavanyo olumalunga nama-30 aphumayo angenayo imilinganiselo kazwelonke, njenge-perlimate nepolyfluoralkings (PFAS). [FLT]] [ii] kwakhona lugcina iimvavanyo [FLT:] ezikhoyo kunye nokukhuthulwa kwemijelo-out Survetic Systeances [[FT5]], iindlela ezidityani ezidityaniswe ekudibanisweni, ukusela amanzi, ukudanisa, kunye nokunyusela amanzi, ukuchaza i-Dathoondo.

Iintlawulo

Ukuthatha indawo yemibhobho yakwaluphala, izityalo zonyango, kunye neendawo zokugcina zifuna inkxaso eqhubekayo. I-United States ijongene nemali eqikelelwa kuma-R325 ezigidi kumashishini amanzi afunekayo kwiminyaka engama-20 ezayo, ngokwe- iMelikan Society of Civil Enginers. [[FLT]] Ukusela iNgxongo yamanzi yemali [ inika imali ephantsi [25] ebolekayo ukwenzela imisebenzi ephucula ukuthomala imfuno nempilo kawonke. Iinkqubo ezifanayo zikhona eKhanada, e-Australia, naphesheya kweYurophu. Izibonelelo zezizwe, njengoko iWorld Bank kunye [FLD:4] neUnited Nations Children Fund (UNFFFF]]], imali esezantsi yemali yamazwe asemaphandleni, kunye nokubonelela ucocelo oluphakathi kumazwe alungele ukufikelela kuphuhlisolwazi lwamazwe ngokubanziwakulwa yi-2030.

Amaphulo Emfundo Kawonke - wonke

Inkqubo isebenza nje ngokusebenza kanye njengokuba uwonke wonke ekulungele ukuyilandela. Amasebe ezempilo aqhuba amaphulo alula, angenakulibaleka ngemiyalezo enjenge- “Booleater stages stages stages, "Amanzi okusela akhululekileyo” kwiindawo ezikufutshane ezineentambo zesikhokelo, kunye“ nokuhlamba ngamanzi acocekileyo ezikolweni. CDC's Clac Hands Count [[ inyathelo lokuthatha inyathelo kunye ne-[FLT] Ubunjani ne-GOndlone-AM obuyimfiliba buyiNyaka Ubunjani bamanzi [ unceda abathengi baqonde amanzi abo asekuhlaleni kwaye benze inyathelo elirhabangwayo. Kwimimandla apho amanzi angekho ngcono,[66] izihluzi ze-Geneadiac, izihluzo ze-ediavention, ngokokunyuselwa ecaleni.

Ucelomngeni Oluqhubekayo Kwinkqubo Yamanzi Nempilo Kawonke - wonke

Phezu kwayo nje inkulungwane yenkqubela, iingxubusho ezintsha neziphindaphindekayo zibangela ukuba kungabi lula ukutshintsha kwemozulu, ungcoliso, ukungalingani, nokuvela kwezinto ezinokuthanani nokungcola, zifuna ukuba imigaqo iqhubeke ikho.

Ukutshintsha Kwemozulu Nokuhamba Kwamanzi

Ubushushu obukhulayo behlabathi butshintsha iindlela zemvula, kukhulisa zombini imbalela kunye nezikhukula. Isothuthi sinciphisa amanzi acocekileyo akhoyo ukuze kuncitshiswe ukungcola, ungcoliso olugqithiseleyo kunye nomngcipheko wentyatyambo enetyhefu ye-algal evelisa imicrocytin. Izikhukula zikhukula zikhubaza iinkqubo zokukhukulisela inkqubo yemethonga, zikhupha ukungcola okungalungiswangasetyenziswanga, imilambo kwimilambo, imilambo, namanzi aselwandle. Ngonyaka wama-20222, izikhukula ezikhoyo ePakistan engcoliswe kukusela amanzi aphukileyo, nto leyo ebangela ukunyuka kwekhova kwekholera kunye nesifo sohudolo. Indawo Yolawulo lwe-CCCMfuleni ephakathi kwe-oyile, i-oyile, i-oyile-mediokthrona, i-mediat, i-active transmess, i-mong.[FLt transformation, i-typetion,

Ungcoliso Lwezolimo Nezemizi - mveliso

Imoledi ephuma kwisichumiso `````Izinyo eliphuma kwisichumiso)) nephosphorus' zenza iintyatyambo eziyingozi kwi-algal kwimachibi namathanga. Ingxaki yamanzi eToledole, apho intlambo yamanzi iphumayo eLake Erie, yanyanzela isixeko ukuba ivale amanzi aso iintsuku ezintathu, echaphazela abemi bani abahlala khona. Izinto ezingcolisayo, kuquka iintsimbi ezinzima (i-metrine, i-mercureji) kunye nee-atrictics (inkcens, izibulali-zinambuzane), ezihlala emanzini ahlala aphantsi kwamashumi eminyaka. [[FFOLT][3] Udwebo oluphezulu [[FFFFFOLD] kunye noluthelo olukhoyo, zinyuke zicoce amakhulu eengileyo, kodwa ii-Plas ziyaqhubeka ukusongela i-compas.[5]

Umahluko Okhoyo

Ehlabathini lonke, 2.2 amawaka ezigidi zabantu abanawo amanzi okusela ngokukhuselekileyo, kunye namawaka ama-3.6 ezigidi zokungabinazo inkqubo yogutyulo ekhuselekileyo, ngokwe-WHO/UNICEF Ukuhlolwa kweNkqubo yokusebenza kweminxeba. Umthwalo uyehla ngokungenakuthelekiswa nanto kubantu basemaphandleni, abemi basezidolophini, kwaye abaphantsi kakhulu abahlala edolophini. E-United States, Uhlanga lwe-Navajo[[FT:3] lunamashumi amawaka amakhaya angenamanzi angenamibhobhidi, axhomekeke ekutsalweni kwamanzi agcinwe lula kwiitanki ezonakaliswa lula. KwiFlin, Michigan, iindleko ezithe zikhokelele ekukhohliseni kwemibhobho, ukubhexa kwemizwa kwabahlayo.

Iintsholongwane Ezidityanisiweyo Neentsholongwane Ezilwa Nezifo

Ukutshintsha kwemozulu kukwandisa umgama wemichiza ehamba emanzini. Vibrio volfitus, intsholongwane ekhula kumanzi ashushu aselunxwemeni kwaye ibangela izifo zenxeba elimandundu kunye ne-septicemia, ichazwe kumntla weKapa Cod, USA. [NEG] i-Naegleria , i-bacteria [i-bactic trans], i-brain amoba, ngoku ifikelela kwiinkqubo zamanzi kumntla weU.S. okwangoku, ukusetyenziswa kweziyobisi ezilwa nakumntu ozingela ukuchasana emanzini. Izityalo aziyilwangakhangeliselwanga zize zisuse iintsholongwane ezinokuchasana okanye zichase iintsholongwane, ziyakwazi ukuphinda zingene emanzini ahamba emanzini, ngoko amanzi zize ziwasebenzise namanzi amayeza afunekayo.

Ulwalathiso Neendlela Ezidityanisiweyo Zexesha Elizayo

Ukuhlangabezana neemfuno zamanzi adityanisiweyo kunye nempilo kawonke-wonke kufuna ukudlulela ngaphaya kwemithetho eyahlukeneyo ukuya kwimimiselo esekelwe kwimimiselo. Kuvela iindlela eziliqela ezithembisayo.

Ukuqinisa Intsebenziswano Yamazwe Ngamazwe

Amanzi ayazi imida. Imilambo esusiweyo kunye nee-aquifer zinika amanzi okusela izigidi, kodwa iinkqubo zolawulo lwentsebenziswano zihlala zibuthathaka kwimimandla emininzi. Ingqungquthela yamanzi yeZizwe ezihlangeneyo kunye ne iManyuko ePalgrandhwaters Inforandmentation Assesment Center [[] ibonelela amaqonga okuhlola, ukuhlaza okudityanisana, kunye noxanduva. Ukuqinisa la maqela [[FLT] kunye nokuqinisekisa ukuba iingcali zempilo kawonke zinesihlalo etafileni] kunye nomgangatho wolwandle ekuphatheni iindleko zongcoliso. Iinkonzo zezizwe ngezizwe ngezizwe, njengemeko-Meko ye-AFFFFF:5]

Ukuveliswa Kwezinto Ezizinzileyo Nezibonelelo

Isithethe se- “isiseko” semibhobho edityanisiweyo, izityalo ezisembindini) zongezelelwa yi-“green place". izibonelelo zemvula ezifana ne-hydrology yendalo. Imiyezo yemvula, i-bioswales, izakhiwo ezincinane, kunye neendawo ezimelwayo ezithe tyaba ezithe tyaba, zifunxa amanzi angcolileyo, izikhuseli-zixhobo zokukhupha ipeyinti. Ezi nkqubo zinciphisa umthwalo kumanzi amda wenkunkuma emdakamanzi, ukusetyenziswa kwamandla asezantsi okunyanga, nokunika izithuba eziluhlaza eziluhlaza ezinika ukuphucula impilo yengqondo. Izixhobo zonyango ezisetyenziswa yilanga eqinileyo ezifumaneka kummandla we-6Gambidrid.

Ubuchule bokulungisa ubunjani bamanzi

Inkqubela kwimivzwa yexesha lokwenene le-tellite ekwimeko, uluvo lwesatellite ekude, kunye nokufunda ngomatshini kuguqula ubuchule bamanzi bokuhlola. Ku-1964 abenzi boluvo lwe-PH, i-turbidity, i-chlorine, kunye nezixhobo ezithile ezidibanisa ixesha, zithumela izilumkiso kubasebenzi ngaphambi kokuqhambuka. I-tellitel ijonge iintyatyambo ze-algal kunye nongcoliso lomoya kumanzi ahamba-moya. Izixhobo zokuyila i-matshini zichaza iziphumo zokungcoliswa kwe-data yemozulu, ukusetyenziswa komhlaba, kunye neengxelo zembali. I-michiligameter kufuneka ixhase ukuxhasa ukuthunyelwa kwezi zixhobo zobugcisa, ingakumbi phantsi kwemimandla ekhoyo, ngokuxhasa iprojekethi ye-data kunye nokukhupha ungcoliseko-data ezivumela iinkonzo zempilo ukuba zisebenze kumaxesha akuqala akuqala.

Ukukhuthaza ubandakanyeko nemfundo yoluntu

Uhlolo oluthe gqolo lwengingqi, apho abemi beKhanada beqokelela iisampula ze banike ingxelo yeemeko zotshintsho lwee-cellphone, ziphumelele kummandla wasemaphandleni eHonduras, eIndiya, nase-Afrikaan Great Lakes. Iinkqubo ezifana ne Water Rangers eKhanada basebenzisa abemi ekuvavanyeni iindlela zabo zemendo zasekuhlaleni kwaye bakhuthaze ukutshintsha inkqubo. Iphulo lobuGcisa ukuchaza umgangatho wamanzi ngolwimi olucacileyo kwaye libonelele amanyathelo asebenzayo (umz., ukubila amanzi ngexesha lezithuthi, ngokusebenzisa izihluzi ezivutheli ezivunyiweyo zokususa) ukukhuthaza abantu ngabanye ukuba bakhusele xa imithetho ihamba mfutshane. AmaGadi ekhokeli benkqubo ekhotho, amkeleke njengeNewark, New Jersey, ibonisa oko kuzakuditya ukuditya okuzikhusela ugcinyo olungekho ngaphaya kwezo lwezo lwezo lwezo lwezo lwezopolitiki.

Ukusebenzisa Indlela Enye Yempilo

Isakhiwo sokwakha esinye sempilo [[FLT:] siyaqonda ukuba impilo yomntu, impilo yezilwanyana, kunye nempilo yemekobume iyadibana. Inkqubo yamanzi eyamkela le silanga iqwalasela indlela ukuphuma kwezolimo okuchaphazela ngayo zombini izifo zemfuyo kunye nezifo ezibangelwa ngabantu, indlela ukuxhathisa kwezifo ezibangelwa yintsholongwane phakathi kwezilwanyana nabantu ngamanzi, nendlela imozulu etshintsha ngayo imizi - bume yendalo ebangela ukuchaphazeleka kwemichiza. Umzekelo, CDC yenye i-Ofit Office yeSebe lempilo yooksi yezonyango isebenzisana namanzi kunye namaqumrhunja ezilwanyana ukuze ajonge ukukhusela i-Cptospodium yombini elahlwayo kunye nezilwanyana eziphila abantu.

Isiphelo

Inkqubo yamanzi kunye nempilo kawonke-wonke iyaqhubeka idityaniswe ngokungenakuhlukaniswa, njengokuba ibinjalo kangangamawaka eminyaka. Imbali ibonisa ukuba iinkqubo ezisekelwe kwinzululwazi zinokunciphisa ngokuphawulekayo izifo, ukunwenwa kobomi, kwaye zomeleze uqoqosho. Kodwa iingxaki zokutshintsha kwemozulu, ungcoliso, ukungalingani, kunye nezisongelo ezivelayo zifuna ukuba sikhawuleze uphuhliso kunye nokusebenzisana. Ngokuqinisa inkqubo yokulawula yamazwe ngamazwe, ukuvelisa izakhiwo eziqinileyo, ukulungiselela ukujonga inkqubela phambili, ukunika uluntu, nokwamkela imbono enye yempilo, singakhusela eyona mfuneko ingundoqo yobomi. Indleko yokungathathi nxaxheba kulinganiswa ekuguleni, ukukhutshwa kwemveliso, ukuncitshiswa komsebenzi, nokuncitshiswa kobomi.