Kudala uncedo lwamazwe angaphandle lusisixhobo esibalulekileyo sokuxhasa inkqubela-phambili yezoqoqosho, impilo, imfundo, kunye nezibonelelo kumazwe angamashumi amathandathu eminyaka adluleyo. Kule minyaka ingamashumi amathandathu edluleyo, izigidi zezigidi zeerandi ziye zathunyelwa kumazwe anikelayo kunye namaziko amaninzi koorhulumente baseAfrika, i-Asia, iLatin America, kunye neMbindi Mpuma Ephakathi. Kodwa nangona ezi ziphumo zithe zahlolwayo zisoloko ziphelelwa. Xa izimali ezizinzileyo zikhutshwa, imisebenzi iyarhoxiwa, izikolo ziyanyamalala, amayeza ayaphela, kwaye ukuphelelwa kokuthemba uwonke wonke. Ukunqamleza kwemigudu yoncedo lwamanye amazwe nezo zobugqhinga ngoko akuyo nje inkxabisi oluyimfuneko ukuqinisekisa ukuba luncedo lufikelela kubantu abafuna kakhulu.

Ulwalamano phakathi koncedo nokonakala luntsonkothile kwaye luphindaphindwa. Urhwaphilizo lunganciphisa ukusebenza koncedo, kwaye uncedo olungasebenziyo lungadala imeko-bume apho urhwaphilizo lukhula khona. Ukuphulula lo mjikelo kufuna iqhinga elitshayelelaneyo, elineentlobo ezininzi ezidibanisa ukukhanya, utshintsho lolwakhiwo, umgangatho, kunye nolawulo lwengca. Eli nqaku lihlola ucelomngeni, iindlela ezibonise isithembiso, kunye neendima zabadlali abaphambili behlabathi, ukuzoba kwimizekelo yehlabathi lokwenene ukuchaza oko kusebenza, kwaye yintoni engenziwanganjalo.

Ucelomngeni Lorhwaphilizo Olufumaneka Kuncedo Lwamanye Amazwe

Urhwaphilizo kwimeko yoncedo lwamanye amazwe asiyongxaki enye, ebangelwa kukunyoba, ukurhwebelana, ukuqhatha, ukurhwebelana ngezakhono, nokubanjwa kwezobupolitika. Kumazwe amaninzi, izakhiwo ezibuthathaka ezisemthethweni kunye neemali ezingaphantsi kwenkxaso zenziwa phantsi kwemiqathango yenza kube lula ngamagosa ukuba aphambukise imali. Ingxelo yama-202020 ye-Accounting Office ithelekelele ukuba ukunganyaniseki koncedo lwamazwe angaphandle kunganciphisa iziphumo zoncedo ngama-25 ekhulwini kwamanye amaqela. IBhanki, engenisa amawaka ezigidi zemisebenzi yophuhliso nyaka, ifumanise ukuba ukugxampyulwa yimeko ephambili yokungaphumeleli kweprojekthi.

Umonakalo udlulela ngaphaya kokulahlekelwa yimali. Xa uncedo lubiwa kwinkqubo yokugoma, abantwana abakhutshwanga. Xa izivumelwano zokwakha zixhonywa, iindlela ziwile. Xa imali yemfundo iphela, amagumbi okufundela ajika abe zizakhiwo. Ezi ziphumo zibangela ukuba abantu bagxeke uluntu kwaye zingakwazi ukutshintsha idemokhrasi. Ngaphezu koko, ubuqhophololo bubangela umjikelezo wokuzipheka: abanikelayo basenokumathidala ukuxhasa imisebenzi eqhubekekayo, oorhulumente abasweli ukunikela iinkonzo, kwaye abemi baphelelwa lukholo kwisivumelwano sentlalo, bebenza babe sengozini yokufumana i-populist kunye ne-athorist.

Kwakhona urhwaphilizo lugqwetha ukusasazwa koncedo kumazwe amkelekileyo. Uphando lubonise ukuba imali elungiselelwe imimandla ehlwempuzekileyo idla ngokuphelela kwiindawo ezilawulwa ngamaqela aphezulu anxulumene nezobupolitika. Le ndawo ayipheleli nje ekunciphiseni ubuhlwempu kodwa inokuphelisa ukungalingani kwengingqi kunye nokungqubana kwepetroli. Ucelomngeni, ngoko, asikokuthumela nje imali eninzi, kodwa luqinisekisa ukuba imali ihamba kwiinkqubo ezimelana nokuxhatshazwa kweziyobisi.

Indlela Urhwaphilizo Oluyimpumelelo

Ukuqonda isizathu sokuba imigudu yokulwa nokunganyaniseki iqhubekeki kwinkxaso yangaphandle esebenzayo, kuluncedo ukulandela iindlela apho urhwaphilizo luthoblisela khona iziphumo. Okokuqala, ukunganyaniseki kunyusa iindleko zokunika uncedo. Xa kufuneka ukunyotywa kwemali yokucoca amasiko okanye imvume ekhuselekileyo, ixabiso lenyani leprojekthi linganyuka, linyanzelisa ukunqunyulwa okanye ukuqina. Okwesibini, ukugqwethwa kweprojekthi kugqwetha ukhetho lweprojekthi: iprojekthi exhatshazwayo yezo zezo zezo zezopolitiki isenokuxhaswa kwezonefuthezelekayo, ukuchitha imithombo emhlophe. Okwesithathu, ukunganyaniseki kudima ishishini kunye namazwe angaphandle, ngokudala ishishini elingaxekanga. Ok'ukileyo, ukuqhamba kubangela ukukhula kwabantu abasebenzi abasebenzi abaqhamileyo abahlala eluntwini, nabahlayo.

Uhlolisiso lonyaka ka-2018 olwenziwa yiNgxowa-mali yeZizwe Ezikhulu Zorhwebo lufumanise ukuba amazwe anamanqanaba aphezulu orhwaphilizo athambekileyo anokuthoba umgangatho wokukhula, ukungalingani kwengeniso eninzi, kunye neenkonzo zikawonke-wonke ezibuthathaka. Ukuze uncedo lwamanye amazwe luphumeze usukelo lwawo, kufuneka lube yinxalenye yomgudu omkhulu wokomeleza ulawulo. Oku kuqonda kuye kwasusa iindlela zokunikela ngaphandle kongenelelo oluqhelekileyo lwezezokuphelisa urhwaphiliso oluqhelekileyo olujolise ekuvaleni intengiso olubangela ukuba urhwaphindo luchule.

Iindlela Zokulwa Norhwaphilizo

Kule minyaka ingamashumi amabini idluleyo, abanikeli kunye noorhulumente abafumana inkxaso-mali baye bavelisa iindlela ezininzi zokuphelisa ukunganyaniseki. Akukho ndlela inye esebenzayo kuzo zonke iimeko, kodwa ezi ndlela zilandelayo zingunobangela wezona nkqubo ziphumelelayo zokulwa nokunganyaniseki.

Ukucaca kwengxelo nokuphendula

Ukukhanya kwelanga kujongwa ngokubanzi njengesona sibulala-ntsholongwane silungileyo. Ukufumana, inkcitho kawonke-wonke, kunye nokuzimela kwemiba yezophicotho kwenza indlela yokufihla urhwebo enzima. Amasebe amaninzi anikelayo ngoku afuna ukuba oorhulumente abamkelayo bapapashe iinkcukacha ezineenkcukacha malunga nemisebenzi yoncedo, kuquka uqingqo-mali, izigqibo, kunye nocwangciso lokunika. Amaqonga amanani afana [[FLT: 0] Akhuphele phandle Nto Yonu Imali [[FLT: 1] ne-International Aid Translareficiation Icence iyenze ibe lula kubemi kunye nabalindi behlabathi ukuba balandele imali. Xa edityaniswe neenkqubo ezikhululekileyo zomatshini nezisebenzayo, ukubonakala okubalaseleyo kwemali yezopolitiki.

Ukuqinisa iziko

Ukonakala kuhambela phambili apho amaziko abuthathaka. Ukwakha imibutho eyomeleleyo, ezimeleyo ukuvelela ulwabelo loncedo nokusetyenziswa kukuzityalo lwemali olunika iingenelo ezinde. Oku kuquka iikhomishini ezilwa nokunganyaniseki, iiofisi zophicotho-zincwadi, amaqumrhu ophicotho-zincwadi, kunye nesebe elingakhethiyo. Abameli abafana neUnited States Agency yeNguquko yezizwe ngezizwe (USAID) kunye ne-European Union bafake imali eninzi kwisakhiwo sobuchule bolawulo, ukusuka ekuqeqesheni abagwebi ukuxhobisa amaqela obulumko bemali. Noko ke, utshintsho lwezikomishini lufuna ukuba kuqhubekeke ukwenziwa kobupolitiki; ushishino oluchaphazelo oluchaneyo lungabi namsebenzi ukuba iinkokeli zayo azigunyaziweyo ekuqululweni kwezenzo eziphezulu.

Inkxaso-mali elungelelanisiweyo kunye neNgxowa-mali esekelwe kumsebenzi

Ukukhulula uncedo kwimiboniso ethile echasene nokonakala ingenza izikhuthazo ezinamandla zokuguqula. IMillennium Challenge Corporation, umbutho woncedo lwamanye amazwe, edume ngokusebenzisa inkqubo yokukhetha esekelwe kwizalathiso zolawulo. Amazwe kufuneka abonise inkqubela kwiindawo ezinjengolawulo lokonakala, ulawulo lomthetho, kunye noxanduva lwemali phambi kokuba afumane intlawulo enkulu yemali edibeneyo. Ngelixesha i-Millennium Chal Corporation, umbutho woncedo lwamazwe angaphandle, uyakwazi ukukhuphisana nolawulo lobulali basekuhlaleni. /ithsuths zive iinguqu ezinokufumaneka kumazwe afana neGhana neSenegal.

Ukuthelekisa uluntu nokuphendula

Mhlawumbi uhlolo olunempumelelo kurhwaphilizo lorhwaphilizo kukugaxelelwa kwabemi. Uhlolo lwemisebenzi yoluntu. olufana nonxulumano lwabazali nomfundisi-zonyango lwesikolo okanye iikomiti zezempilo zoluntu ezihlola amayeza ngezantsi zibonisekile zinciphisa ukuvuza. IBhanki yehlabathi ] iphendula ngokwamatyala [ iinkqubo zinika amaziko kunye nokuqeqesha amaqela asekuhlaleni ukuba agcine amagosa etyala. E-Uganda, ukuvavanywa okungacwangciswanga ngokucwangciswayo kwempilo kufunyenwe ukuba iziphumo ezichuliweyo eziphuculiweyo ngokucutha kweziyobisi. Ukuhlohla kwemiba uqingqo-mali, okusetyenziswa kumazwe ukusuka e-Ortio Alegred ukuya eNairobi, abahlaziswe kunika ulawulo oluthe ngqo kwicandelo lemali, ukuncitshiswa kwamathuba okulungele ukudityaniswa kwemali.

Indima Yemibutho Yezizwe Ngezizwe

Imibutho yezizwe ngezizwe ikwindawo eyodwa ekudibaneni koncedo nokunganyaniseki. Imisela imigaqo-nkqubo, inikezela ngobuchule bobugcisa, izimali zomjelo, kwaye isoloko isebenza njengabameli phakathi kwabanikeli nabamkeli. IBhanki yehlabathi[, umzekelo, iphuhlise ulawulo olubanzi kunye necebo lokulwa nokonakala eliquka izixhobo zokuhlola, uhlolo lwengqibelelo, kunye nezivumo zemibutho ebandakanyekileyo ekhohlisweni. I-STOLEN [asteve Recovery], iqhuba kunye ne-United Nations Office on Drugnoids and Crigues, inceda amazwe afumane izinto ahluthelwe zize zifumane izinto ezingekho mthethweni.

INkqubo yoPhuhliso lweZizwe Ezimanyeneyo (UNDP) ixhasa imigudu yokulwa nokonakala kwinkqubo yayo yehlabathi jikelele yokuphuhlisa inkqubela ehlala ihleli, isebenza noorhulumente ukuqinisa izakhiwo zomthetho nokukhuthaza ukubonakala. Iibhanki zophuhliso lwengingqi, njenge-Afrikan Development Bank ne-Asian Development Bank, zidibanise amalungu achasene nenkohlakalo kwizibuko ezibolekisayo. Intlangano yezezoqoqosho Co-andoration kunye noPhuhliso (OECD) inika i-um yolwam wamazwe anikelayo ukuze kwabelane imisebenzi emihle kunye nokuhlola iindibano ezilwa ne-bribber.

Le mibutho ikwadlala indima ebalulekileyo ekuququzeleleni uncedo olusebenzayo. Isindululo seParis esingeyoMncedi - ncediso (2005) kunye neAccra Agenda elandelayo ukwenzela isenzo sagxininisa ukuphendulana kunye nolungelelwaniso lwenkxaso yomnikeli kunye nolawulo lwamazwe olwamkelekileyo. Ngelixesha inkqubela ingalinganiyo, ezi zicwangciso ziye zanceda ekutshintsheni incoko ukusuka ekubeni ijekeleze kwiinkqubo zokwakha ezichasa ukonakala.

Uhlolisiso lwetyala nemizekelo

Amava ehlabathi lokwenene abonisa amathuba kunye nothintelo lokudibanisa amanyathelo okulwa nokonakala noncedo lwamanye amazwe.

EGhana: Utshintsho Olukhoyo Nokubonisa Imbonakalo

IGhana ibisoloko ingumsebenzi owenziwe ngokudityaniswa kwabanikezeli boncedo ngenxa yedemokhrasi engazinziyo kunye nokuphucula ulawulo lwayo. Emva kokuhamba kwamashumi eminyaka yoncedo oluthi ngamanye amaxesha lunyuse ukukhangela irente, urhulumente ekuqaleni kowama- 2000 waseka iKhomishini yamalungelo abantu kunye ne-Administrative Justice kwaye kamva i-Uniorts, kuquka iSebe leSebe lezezorhwebo le-UK leNtlalo-Inters dermental Development (ngoku i-FDO), linikezele ngobuchule kunye nenkxaso yemiqathango yomthetho kawonke ngo-2003, lidityanisiwe namathuba okufumana izivumelwano zokunyotywa kwemali kurhulumente. Ngelixa imingeni eseleyo isala ingakumbi kwicandelo lokukhupha ushishino oluxhasweyo, oluxhaswa luxhaswa lukhuselwa ngoncedo.

IIndonesia: Ukwenziwa kwengxwabangxwaba nokujongwa koluntu

Emva kokuwa kweSuharto, i-Indonesia yaqalisa inkqubo yokuphucula isidima epheleleyo eyadlulisela iimbopheleleko ezibalulekileyo zokuchitha iimbopheleleko koorhulumente basekuhlaleni. Oku kwakhokelela ekunyukeni korhwaphilizo lwasekuhlaleni njengoko amagosa asandul'ugunyaziswa ayengenawo ulawulo. Ekuphenduleni, urhulumente wadala iKhomishini yoHluliso lwezigwebo (KPK) ngo-2002. Abasebenzi abanjengeWorld Bank ne-USAID baxhasa imisebenzi yeKK's kwaye baxhasa uthungelwano olukhulu lwezinyathelo zobugqeba loluntu. I-KPK's ingxwaba amagosa aphezulu aphezulu, edityaniswe noqingqo-mali kwingingo yengingqi, banceda ukuncitshiswa kwesikolo nemali yempilo. I-2016 yafumanisa ukuba ii-Indongangezo zolawulo ezichasene nokhudl

IRwanda: Izakhiwo Ezisuka Ezweni

Ukululama kweRwanda emva kotshaba lohlanga lwama-1994 kudla ngokuchazwa njengengxelo yempumelelo ekulawuleni. Urhulumente, ngenkxaso ephawulekayo yokunikela, wakha inkqubo yolawulo lwemali kawonke-wonke esebenzayo, iofisi yophicotho-zincwadi, kunye negunya elinamandla lokulwa nokonakala (i-Ombudsman). I-iraday yasetyenziswa ngokuxhasa inkqubo yoqingqo-mali efunekayo kwingxelo zomsebenzi wequmrhu. IRwanda, ngokuqhubekayo iphumelela kakuhle kwi-Transparency International Revolution Perceptions Index xa ithelekiswa nabamelwane bayo. Ngelixa abanye abagxeki bephikisa ukuba imekobume yezobupolitika ithintela ukuchasana, ukukwazi kwelizwe ukudlulisela iinkonzo nokunciphisa ubuhlwempuzelo kubangelwa yinxenye kwimithetho yayo engqongqo elwayo elwa nokungacothanga. Isifundo sithetha ukuba kumazwe agqibelela, ukhokelo oluquququzelwe neziphumo ezinxulumene nokubonelela.

Ukulungelelanisa Uncedo Nolawulo: Indlela Ephambili

Ngaphandle kwezi mpumelelo, ukudibana koncedo lwamanye amazwe kunye nokunganyaniseki kuhlala kuzaliswe luxinzeleko. Abanikazi kufuneka balungelelanise ungxamiseko lokunika uncedo loncedo lobuntu ngesantya esicothayo solawulo. Uncedo lwexesha longxamiseko, ngokukodwa, luchanabeke kwinkohlakalo kuba ukuhlenga-hlengi okukhawulezileyo kudlula amajelo aqhelekileyo okuvelela. I-COVID-19 ibhenca ezi zifo, kunye neengxelo zezixhobo zokhuseleko zobuqu ezibiweyo kunye nezivumelwano ezinyusiweyo kumazwe afumana inkxaso-mali emininzi.

Ukuya phambili, imigaqo emininzi kufuneka ikhokele kwisizukulwana esilandelayo somgaqo-nkqubo woncedo:

  • Ukuchasa ukonakala kwasekuqaleni. Kunokuba baphathe ulawulo njengecandelo elahlukileyo, abanikeli kufuneka bafake imbonakalo ecacileyo kunye nobuchule bokuphendula kwiprojekthi nganye, kungakhathaliseki ukuba igxininiswa kusini na.
  • [[UMTL: 0] Ungenelelo olungaphakathi kugcino-lwazi kunye nobugcisa olufana nebloko zokufumana itsheyina, i-Al yokufumana ukufumana i-oomalies, kunye neqonga elihambayo lokunika ingxelo. Ezi zixhobo zingawuphelelisa ulawulo lwesithethe.
  • Izibuko lengingqi yoluntu lwasekuhlaleni kunye ne-media ezizimeleyo, ezisoloko ziluluhlu lokuqala lokuzikhusela nxamnye norhwaphilizo. Abanikazi kufuneka bakhusele kwaye banike amandla iinja ezigadileyo, kwanaxa begxeka iinkqubo zoncedo.
  • Ukuthatha uluvo lwexesha elide. Utshintsho lweziko luthatha isizukulwana. Imijikelezo emifutshane yenkxaso-mali kunye nezinto eziphambili ezitshintshayo ezinika umphini zinciphisa umgudu ofunekayo wokwakha iinkqubo eziqinileyo, ezinyanisekileyo.
  • [ ulawulo loxanduva lomntu ngamnye. oorhulumente abamkeli mabagcine abanikezeli benoxanduva lokubona ngaphaya kwabo nokuhlonela izibophelelo zokudibanisa uncedo nezinto eziza kuqala zasekuhlaleni.

Isiphelo

Uncedo lwamanye amazwe kunye nemigudu yokulwa nokonakala azinakuhlukaniswa; ngamacala amabini engqekembe enye. Ngaphandle kwesenzo esinentsingiselo sokuhlola urhwaphilizo, uncedo lubonakala lusilela kwisithembiso salo, kwaye kwezinye iimeko, lungade lukwazi ukudibanisa iingxaki ezifunwayo. Iindlela ezidweliswe apha/ukuzilungisa, ukomeleza, ukudibana kwemeko, kunye nokudibana kwengingqi, kwaye ukuqinisekisana kwengingqi, ukudibana kwengingqi, nokungakhange kusebenze, kodwa kwenza isiseko esicacileyo sokuphucula iziphumo. Izifundo zetyala ezivela eGhana, e-Indonesia, kunye neRwanda zibonisa ukuba inkqubela inokwenzeka xa abanikeli kunye nabamkeli besebenza kunye ngolawulo olucacileyo. Njengoko uluntu lwehlabathi lonke lulungiselela ukuphuhlisa inkqubela, ukungqubana koncedo noncedo lwamazwe asemzini ziya kuhlala lungena ngaphaya komqatha.