Ukudibana kwamalungelo omtshato kunye nemithetho yokugcina abantwana ngummandla entsonkothileyo womthetho wentsapho oye watshintsha ngokuphawulekayo kule nkulungwane idlulileyo. Ukuqonda indlela ezi migaqo zomthetho ezisebenza ngayo zibalulekile kwiingcaphephe ezingokwasemthethweni, kubafundisi-mthetho, nakwiintsapho eziqhuba iingxwabangxwabangxwaba zokufumana ilungelo lokugcina umntwana. Ngoxa umtshato ngokwembali wakha isiseko esicacileyo samalungelo abazali, izigqibo zale mihla zigxininisa ngokungakumbi kwimpilo entle yomntwana kungakhathaliseki ukuba umgangatho womtshato unjani. Eli nqaku lihlolisisa imvelaphi yembali, imigaqo esisiseko yesiseko, inkqubela-phambili, kunye neziphumo eziluncedo zokudibana kwale macala oku, zinika umthombo ocacileyo womntu osoloko ufuna ukucaca okungokweemvakalelo.

Imbali Yomtshato Nemithetho Yokugcina Abantwana

Kwimbali engokwasemthethweni yaseNtshona, umtshato wawujongwa njengesivumelwano sabucala phakathi kwendoda nomfazi, indoda inegunya elisemthethweni kumfazi wayo. Phantsi kwemfundiso yomthetho eqhelekileyo yesokufihla ityala, ibhinqa elitshatileyo lalingenazimfanelelo ezisemthethweni; impahla yalo, imali, kwanabantwana balo babelawulwa ngokusemthethweni ngumyeni wayo. Imithetho yokugcina umntwana ngexesha elifanelekileyo yayivumelana nesi sakhiwo soosolusapho — utata wayenelungelo elipheleleyo lokugcina abantwana bakhe abasemthethweni. Eli lungelo lalisekelwe kwimbopheleleko katata yokulungiselela nokulawula indlu yakhe.

I-19th-century “imfundiso entle yeminyaka” yaphawula utshintsho oluphawulekayo. IiNkundla zaqalisa ukuqikelela ukuba abantwana abancinane, ingakumbi abantwana abancinane, kufuneka bahlale noonina, ngokusekelwe kwinkolelo yokuba inkathalo kamama yayibalulekile ebudeni beminyaka yokuqeqesha. Oku kujongwa phambili kwamalungelo omthetho katata oqhelekileyo, nangona kwakusekufutshane kubantwana abancinane. Umzekelo, phakathi kwenkulungwane ye-20, imfundiso encinane yeminyaka ivela kwi-“imfuno enkulu yomntwana”, nangona umama waqhubeka ebambelele kwimiqathango emininzi de kube ngowe-1970. Umbutho woomatila kunye notshintsho olubanzi lwaseluqukutyeleleni lukhuthaza ukuba imigaqo-yo. Umzekelo, umthetho weBhalifoni, umgaqo weMigaqo-19795, wakwala nayiphi nayiphi nayiphi nayiphi naleyo esekelwe kwimo-yobufana neyomgadiyo.

Namhlanje, phantse lonke iphondo lase-U.S. liye lamisa umgangatho ongcono othanda abantwana, lisusa izinto ezikhethwa ngumntwana ngokwesini. Noko ke, ilifa elingokwembali lokhetho lukamama liyaqhubeka liphembelela ukugweba nokulindela kwezenkundla kwimicimbi yabantwana. Ukuqonda le ndaleko kubaluleke kakhulu kuba ibonisa indlela amalungelo omtshato — akha alawulwa ngayo ngumzali — athotyelwa phantsi kwindlela ephakathi esebenza ngokufanayo kubazali abatshatileyo nabangatshatanga.

Imigaqo Esemthethweni Enxibelelanisa Umtshato Nelungelo Lokugcina

Imbono Yokufumana Umzali Emtshatweni

Enye yemigaqo ehlala ihleli enyanzelisa umtshato kunye nokugcina umntwana “kukunikwa ilungelo lokufumana ilungelo lokuhlala nabantwana” okanye“ ukutyunjwa kwabazali.” Phantsi komthetho oqhelekileyo nemimiselo emininzi yanamhlanje, umntwana ozalelwe ibhinqa elitshatileyo ucingelwa ukuba ungumntwana womyeni wakhe. Le migaqo ithetha okunzulu: ngokuzenzekelayo inika indoda amalungelo abazali, kuquka ilungelo lokufuna ukugcinwa okanye ukutyelelwa, ngaphandle kokuba kufuna isenzo esisesikweni sokuzala. I-FONF Parentage Act (UP), eyamkelwa ngamaphondo amaninzi, iphakamisa esi sindululo. Umzekelo, (2017) ithi, “indoda ithelekelelwa ukuba ingumzali womntwana ukuba... umntwana uzalelwe kumfazi kwaye ingumfazi otshatileyo.

Le ngcamango ayisebenzi kuphela kuqhawulo-mtshato kodwa kwakhona kwiimeko zokufa okanye zokwahlukana. Noko ke, isenokungavumelani. Indoda ingakucell ’ umngeni ukucinga ukuba ayingotata webhayoloji — ngokomzekelo, ngokuvavanya iDNA. Ngokufanayo, utata othelekelelwayo usenokufuna ukuphelisa ukuzala okumiselweyo ukuba umtshato wawungesiso isiseko sokukhulelwa komntwana. Kwimeko apho uqhawulo-mtshato, imbono yokukhupha ilungelo lokugcina umntwana: inkundla sele iwagqala amaqabane omabini njengabazali abasemthethweni, ngoko ke ukugxininisa ngqo ekunikeni iimbopheleleko zabazali.

Uqhawulo-mtshato nowokugcina umntwana: Owona Mgangatho ulungileyo

Xa abazali beqhawule umtshato, iinkundla zimisela ilungelo lokugcina umntwana ngokusekelwe kwizinto ezintle zomntwana. Lo mlinganiselo ubhetyebhetye ngabom, uvumela abagwebi ukuba baqwalasele oothunywashe abaninzi. Ngokuqhelekileyo, ezi zinto ziquka umanyano lwemvakalelo phakathi komzali ngamnye nomntwana, ubuchule bomzali ngamnye bokulungiselela ikhaya elizinzileyo, iimfuno zomntwana zemfundo nezempilo, kunye nayo nayiphi na imbali yogonyamelo lwasekhaya okanye ukusetyenziswa kakubi kweziyobisi. Imimiselo emininzi idwelisa ngoonobumba. Umzekelo, iKhabhinipho Lwnipho Lwhosalkthi 3011 ibala iings ezinje ngemibango “impilo, ukhuseleko, kunye nempilo yomntwana” kunye“ nemfuno-ntlalo kunye nokunxibelelana kwabazali bobabini.”

Amalungelo omtshato adibana nale ndlela ininzi yokuhlola. Okokuqala, ukuma komtshato ngokwako akufane kusebenze ngendlela elawulayo — umgangatho ongcono osebenza ngokulinganayo kwizibini eziqhawule umtshato nakubazali abangatshatanga. Noko ke, abazali abatshatileyo basoloko benendlela elula yokumisela abazali abasemthethweni (njengoko kuphawulwe ngasentla). Okwesibini, inkundla isenokuqwalasela ukuqina kwekhaya lomtshato kunye nekhono labazali lokusebenzisana, okuthi kufunyaniswe lula ngakumbi kulwalamano lomtshato oluphelileyo. Okwesithathu, ukuba omnye umzali ebengumgcini-mdla oyintloko ngexesha lomtshato, ukuba umzali unokuba netyala elinamandla lokugcina ityala, kungakhathaliseki ukuba omnye umzali unikela ngemali. Oku kuyindlela yanamhlanje yokusetyenziswa kwemfundiso “yokuba umgcini-mpala umkhwa”, eyavelayo ngowe-1970 nowesifana nowe-we-we-we-we-we-wesibini.

Umahluko obalulekileyo ngutyekelo olukhulayo “lokukhulisa abantwana” okanye“ lokugcina umntwana.” Ngoku amaphondo amaninzi aneembono ezingqinelanayo zokuba ixesha lobuzali elilinganayo okanye elilinganayo kakhulu lelokuba kukwixesha lomntwana eliphambili, ngaphandle kokuba ubungqina bubonise okungeyiyo. Umzekelo, iMinnesota Signates Icandelo 518.17 inikela ukuba “inkundla ayisayi kukhetha omnye umzali omnye ngaphezu komnye ngokubhekiselele kwisiseko somzali wesondo lomzali” kwaye ikhuthaza amalungiselelo athi“ andise ixesha umzali ngamnye achithe nomntwana wakhe." Olu tshintsho lubonisa ukuba abantwana bayangenelwa kubazali babo emva koqhawulo mtshato.

Impembelelo yomtshato olinganayo

Ukubekwa ngokomthetho komtshato ongokwasemgaqweni omnye eUnited States ngesigqibo seNkundla Ephakamileyo . Hodges (2015] ngokusisiseko utshintsho kumgaqo we-mouse wobundlobongela. Phambi ] Obergefel[, izibini ezingokwasemgangeni zijongene nokungaqiniseki ngamalungelo omzali, ingakumbi kubazali abangooobhayoloji. Kwana kumanqaku athi ukugqalwa kwemitshato enye okanye imitshato yoonozala, ukusetyenziswa komzali okuqhelekileyo akukhange kusebenze kusini esifanayo ngenxa yokuba “ulwimi lwe-RGON,3]. Njengesiphumo, ibhinqa elanika ukuzalwa komntwana omnye ngexesha lomtshato ongokwasemthethweni. Kwaye kwathathwa ukuyeka komtshato osemthethweni, ukuba ulwalamano oluzenzekelayo lungagqibelelana.

.Obergefell ufuna onke amaphondo ukuqaphela imitshato-yobufanayo, kodwa ayikhange izenzekele inyuse imo yomzali kumaqabane okuziphatha okufanayo. Amazwe amaninzi aqalisile ukuhlaziya imimiselo yawo yokuba ngumzali-wesini, ngokucacileyo kuquka izibini ezitshatileyo ezifanayo. Umzekelo, imigaqo yentsapho yaseKhalifoniyani ngoku inika ukuba “i-person ithelekelelwa ukuba ngumzali womntwana ukuba... umntwana uzalelwe kumfazi kwaye umntu utshate nomfazi” (udityaniso 7540). Olu lwimi lusebenzisa “umzekelo, kunokuba“ 01," ngoko kukwambombombombo olunye. Amanye amathe alandele isuti, kodwa amanye amatyala omthetho omthetho omthetho osetyenziswayo.

Enye imbambano ephindaphindwayo ibandakanya abantwana abazalelwe ngobugcisa bokuzala (ART) ngexesha lomtshato omnye wobufanayo. Ukuba isibini esitshatileyo esingokwabelana ngesondo sisebenzisa imbewu yendoda okanye iqabane lomtshato lokumitha, iqabane lomzali ozalwayo kusenokufuneka lithabathe amanyathelo angakumbi asemthethweni — afana nokufumana umntwana wokutholwa ngomnye okanye umzali ozalelweyo — ukuseka ubuzali obusemthethweni. Ngaphandle kwamanyathelo anjalo, iqabane lomtshato lisenokungamelangamele ukuzama ukufumana ilungelo lokugcina inzala ukuba inzala iyahlukana. Iinkundla zifikelele izigqibo ezahlukeneyo. [ [iller-Jenkns]. Miller-Jenkins [Flg:20], iVermond Court ixhasa amalungelo omzali ongokwankwemin, i-ozalana kwisivumelwano sobukhomibhin, i-ongongomnye umzali osekelwe kwisigqibo somtshato esisekelwe kwisivumelwano somtshato esingongongomnye esisekelwe kwisivumelwano.

Ukudlala phakathi kwamalungelo omtshato kunye nokugcina umntwana kwizibini ezingoonogalelo kuhlala kungummandla ojikeleza ngokukhawuleza. Oogqirha kufuneka bagcine oku kungoku kwimimiselo yomabini yezomthetho kunye nezigqibo zekhompyutha ukucebisa abaxhasi ngokufezekileyo. Kukhokelo olunenkcukacha ezingakumbi, ubuncwane obuvela kwimibutho enjenge Iziko lohlanga lwamalungelo eLesbian[[ kunye ne[FLT]Melikan Bar Condul Icandelo loMthetho wentsapho lixabisekile.

Uphuhliso lwakutshanje olungokwasemthethweni

Zininzi izimvo zakutshanje eziye zalungisa ukudibana kwamalungelo omtshato kunye nemithetho yokugcina abantwana. Okokuqala, iKomishini yoMthetho kaVictive Law ka-2017 ka-1917 yokuphinda i-Unifontement Paretage Act (UKA 2017) ithetha ngokucacileyo ngomzali wabantwana abazalelwe nge-ART kunye ne-swerog, kwaye isebenzisa ulwimi lwesini esinesini esiphakathi kwamalungu omtshato. I-UPA 2017 iye yamkelwa ngokupheleleyo okanye ngokwenxenye ngamaphondo amaninzi, kuquka iWashington, iVermont, kunye neRhode Island.

Okwesibini, iinkundla ziye zawaqonda ngokukhulayo amalungelo abazali abanobungozi — abantu abadala abaye bamisela ulwalamano olufana nolomzali nomntwana kodwa abatshatanga nomzali wemvelo okanye owamkhulisayo. Kwamanye amazwe, umzali womtshato wesibini usenokufaneleka njengomzali oziphetheyo nasemva koqhawulo mtshato ukuba banolwalamano olumisiweyo nomntwana. Olu phuhliso luphazamisa ulwalamano olungokwesithethe phakathi kwamalungelo omtshato asekelwe kubazali kunye nolwalamano lomntwana. Umzekelo, kwi-reage of L.B. [2001], iNkuNkundla ephezulu yaseWashington ikholelwa ukuba iqabane elingokwahlukileyo elingomzali oye wazenza njengomzali iminyaka emininzi enokuthi afune ukugcinwa kwelo okanye i-demonfauni yomtshato.

Okwesithathu, imimiselo karhulumente efana nethi URhulumente Against Women Act (VAWA) kunye noMthetho we-Fomunicial Leavement Jurisdict and Endictment (UCJEA) inxulumene namalungelo omtshato. IUCCJEA, efunyenwe kuwo onke amazwe, imisela imithetho emiselwe ngurhulumente onegunya lokumisela ilungelo lokugcina abantwana. Xa abazali abatshatileyo bahlukene baze bafudukele kumazwe awahlukeneyo, le mithetho ichaphazela iziphumo zokugcina umntwana. Ngaphezu koko, uVaWA uvumela abasindileyo bogonyamelo bahlale ngaphandle kwesohlwayo kwimicimbi yokugcina umntwana, beqonda ukuba imicimbi yokhuseleko lomzali — ngokufuthi imele ihlolwe kakuhle phakathi komtshato — xa isenziwa ngocoseleko.

Kukho utshintsho lwemeko-ntle oluye lwenzeka. Amanye amaphondo amisele “iimbono ezithi ukuxhasa ukukhulisa abantwana ngexesha elifanayo, lo gama abanye beye basuka kwiimbono ezinjalo ezisekelwe kuphando olumalunga neentsapho eziphezulu. Ngo-2023, iKentucky idlulise umthetho ofuna iinkundla ezifuna ukuqwalaselwa“icebo lokukhulisa” elandisa ixesha lomzali ngamnye, ukuhambisana nentsingiselo yesizwe. Okwangoku, uchaza njengoColorado, ukwamkela“imigaqo yokuvelisa ixesha” esoloko ikhokelwa ngabazali kunye nokuqhubeka nonxibelelwano lwabo bobabini, ukuze bafumane ukhuseleko lwabantwana.

Imizekelo Esebenzisekayo Nezixabisi

Ukungavisisani kwamalungelo omtshato nemithetho yokugcina umntwana ineziphumo zokwenene kwiintsapho. Qwalasela ezi meko zilandelayo:

Abazali Abangatshatanga

Xa abazali bengatshatanga, umama ngokuzenzekelayo unelungelo lokugcina umntwana ngokusemthethweni nangokomzimba kuphela xa ezalwa ngaphandle kokuba ubawo umisela ubuzali. Ukuba utata ufuna ukuba umntwana akhuliswe, kufuneka afake iprojekthi yokuzala, esenokufuna ukuvavanywa kwe-DNA. Nokuba utshate nomnye umntu, usenokugqalwa njengomzali osemthethweni ukuba amaqhina omtshato avunyiweyo avunyiwe. Ukungatshati komtshato akuwubambi umthwalo onzima, kodwa kunyanzelela umthwalo owengeziweyo. Abaninzi bathi “ukwamkela ngokulula inkqubo yokuzala i-DNA. inkqubo yokuba abazali abangatshatanga bangayisayi kutyikitya esibhedlele esibhedleleni, nto leyo enika utata amalungelo asemthethweni ngaphandle komyalelo wenkundla. Noko ke, ukuvuma oku akumele kucelwcingwe ngethuba elithile.

Uqhawulo - mtshato Nokulungiswa

Emva koqhawulo-mtshato, imiyalelo yokugcina umntwana ayihlali ihleli. Omnye umzali angacela ukulungisa ilungelo lokugcina umntwana ngokusekelwe “kutshintsho olukwimeko.” Amalungelo omtshato asenokufak ’ isandla: ukutshata kwakhona kusenokuthathwa njengotshintsho, ingakumbi ukuba kwakha umzali omtsha womtshato wesibini okulungeleyo ukunceda ngenkathalo. Noko ke, owona mlinganiselo uphambili uphambili ubangela ukuba umntwana aphinde atshate uza kuhlala ephambili, kwaye inkundla iya kuhlolisisa indlela okuchaphazela ngayo ukuma komntwana nolwalamano lwakhe nomzali ngamnye.

Ukukhuselwa kwabazali

Kwizibini ezitshatileyo ezitshatileyo, ukutholwa komzali wesibini kusoloko kunconyelwa ukuqinisekisa ukuba omabini amaqabane atshate anelungelo elicacileyo elisemthethweni. Ukutholwa okumiselwe ngexesha lomtshato kumisela umzali osemthethweni osinda kuqhawulo-mtshato. Ngaphandle kweli nyathelo, iqabane elingaphiliyo lingakufumanisa kunzima ukukhusela ityala, ingakumbi ukuba isibini siqhawule umtshato. Amanye amaphondo, njengaseNew York neKhalifonia, anokuthi “akhulise umntwana nge-estompl” iimfundiso ezinokukhusela umzali ongengongomntu ophila njengomzali.

Ingxaki Yokusebenzisana Nezizwe Ngezizwe

Amalungelo omtshato asenokuhluka xa abazali behlala kumaphondo awahlukeneyo okanye kumazwe. I-UCCJEA imisela imithetho yokumisela ulawulo lwezwe lasekhaya, kodwa indlela yokuphatha abazali abasekelwe emtshatweni isenokuhluka. Umzekelo, urhulumente ongawaqondiyo amalungelo afanayo okutshata (nakuba oku kungumqathango wemithetho-siseko oku kuyimfuneko emva kokuba wehlela ) [ukuzama ukulinganisela amalungelo abazali bomtshato omnye weqabane elinye lomtshato. Kwiimeko ezinjalo, ukholo olupheleleyo noluTshenxiso lukaCreaus lufuna ukuba uqaphele imishano evela kwamanye amazwe, kodwa imiyalelo yokugcina izilwanyana isenokonakalisa. Izizwe ngezizwe ngezizwe ingxube ingxube yongeze omnye umlinganiselo womtshato okanye ukulingana nobunzima kwe-US. Imiyalelo yemithetho yemithetho yemithetho yesizwe nemithetho yezizwe ngezizwe.

Isiphelo

Ulwalamano phakathi kwamalungelo omtshato kunye nemithetho yokugcina abantwana luyaqhubeka lusanda, ibonakalisa amaxabiso aphezulu entlalo-ntle yabantwana abalinganayo. Ngoxa umtshato owakhe wanikwa kufuphi namalungelo obuzali, umthetho wangoku ugxininisa kwizinto ezilunge ngakumbi zomntwana, ukusebenzisa umgangatho othambekileyo oqwalasela iimeko ezikhethekileyo zentsapho nganye. Ukubekwa kwasemthethweni komtshato omnye, ukuhlaziywa komthetho kuxhomekeke kumthetho kumthetho woMthetho weSikolo, kunye nezinguquko zomgangatho wombuso zithe zandisa zonke izakhiwo ezahlukeneyo zentsapho. Ukuqonda oku kunceda ukusetyenziswa kakuhle kweentsapho zonke kwaye kukhuthaza iziphumo ezintle zabantwana. Njengokuba imigaqo yezemfundo esemthethweni iqhubeka itshintsha, ihlala isaziwa kwimithombo edumileyo — njengolu hlobo [FLD: 0] i-GroulGenekalGenest Pation Gatey [1] kunye nonxulumano olubalulekileyo nabazali, ngokomthetho kunye nomthetho onjalo.