Ukulungelelana Phakathi Kwezihlangu Nezimfihlelo Zamanani

UHlaziyo lwesine kuMgaqo-siseko waseUnited States luqinisekisa ilungelo labantu lokukhuseleka nxamnye nophengululo olungekho ngqiqweni kunye nokuxhuzula. Kwixesha le-analog, olu khuselo lusekelwe kumakhaya, kumaphepha, nakwiziphumo zengqondo. Namhlanje, ngoko ke, ezona nkcazelo zichukumileyo zihlala zikho kwii-cella, kwiiseva zamafu, nakuzo zonke eziququlethweyo. Njengoko amandla okunyanzelisa umthetho ekhula ngobugcisa, iinkundla kunye neenkqubo zomthetho ziye zanyanzeleka ukuba ziphinde ziphinde zibuze imibuzo ebalulekileyo: Urhulumente ufuna nini isiqinisekiso sokufumana ubungqina be-adiograph? Yaye eli nqaku linokuhamba njani nokutshintshana kweemfuno zomthetho namalungelo obuqu kubugcisa banamhlanje, ukuvavanya izicwangciso-matheko, ukuqinisekisa iimeko zobugcisa, iinkqubo ze-ogathorioser, kunye nokuzama ukuphinda-mvume ekulungele ukhuseleko ebantwini ngabanye abantu.

Iimfuno Ezisisombululo: Isiseko somGaqo-siseko

Imfuneko yogunyaziso yenye yezona ziphambili zokhuseleko loMphetho-mda wesine. Ukufumana isiqinisekiso sokuphendla, ukunyanzeliswa komthetho kufuneka kwanelise izinto ezintathu ezisisiseko: isizathu esilindelekileyo, i-oknti, kunye nemvume yokugweba. Isizathu esifanelekileyo sifuna ubuchule bokuba ubungqina bolwaphulo-mthetho bufunyanwe kwindawo eza kuphengululwa. Isiqinisekiso sifuna ukuba isiqinisekiso sichazwe kwindawo ethile ukuze kuphengululwe kwaye izinto zithathwe. Ekugqibeleni, umantyi wobundiswano kufuneka ahlole isicelo ngaphambi kokuba kuphelwe.

Ngokwembali, ezi zikhuseli zathintela imvume yoncedo jikelele kunye nee-grats zoncedo, ezavumela amagunya aseBritane ukuba enze uphengululo oluvunyiweyo. Inkundla ePhakamileyo ibisoloko ibambelele kwelokuba uphengululo olungenasizathu lungekho ngqiqweni, lungalawulwa kuphela oluthi lumiselwe ngokuphandle olufana nokuvuma, iimeko ezichanekileyo, ukuphendla isiganeko sokubanjwa, kunye nemfundiso ecacileyo.

Ulindelo Olusengqiqweni Lokuvavanywa Kwento Engayo

Katz v. United States (1967), iNkundla ePhakamileyo yandisa ukhuseleko lweSine sokuHlaziya ngaphaya kwetyala lokwenyama. INkundla yathi ukuvalela kwe-elektroniki kwidolo-mfono-mfono-wonke kwabumba ukuphengulula, ukuseka ngoku-funyaniswe “ukulindelo olulula lwemfihlo”. Ngaphantsi Katz[, uphengululo lwenze ukuba (1) umntu ubonise ukulindela okubalulekileyo, kwaye (2) uluntu lukulungele ukuqaphela oko kululindele ngendlela esengqiqweni. Oku kwaba lucwangciso lokuhlola ulwazi lwemfihlolo yolwazi.

Amalungelo Okufihla Icala Kwixesha Lamanani

Ukunyuka kwe-intanethi, izixhobo ezihambayo, kunye nokusetyenziswa kwezixhobo ezincinane kutshintshwe kakhulu ukuba yiyiphi inkcazelo ekhoyo kurhulumente. Ifowuni enye ingaqulatha imbali, ii-imeyili, imiyalezo yokubhaliweyo, iifoto, ugcino-lwazi lwezempilo, iirekhodi zemali, kunye nemikhwa yokukhangela. Inkundla ePhakamileyo yase-U.S. iqaphele ukuba ubume bamanani balo gcino-lwazi abuyithobeli imfuneko yokhuseleko lomgaqo-siseko.

Imfundiso Yesithathu Nemida Yayo

Kangangamashumi eminyaka, “imfundiso yesithathu” yavumela urhulumente ukuba afumane iirekhodi ezigcinwe ngamashishini ngaphandle kwemvume, kwingcamango yokuba abantu bakhuphele ngokuzithandela ulwazi kumaqela amathathu kwaye ngaloo ndlela baphulukane nokulindela okufanelekileyo kobumfihlo. Smith v. Maryland [1997], iNkundla yabambelela kwelokuba urhulumente angasebenzisa iileta zepeni (ezibhalwe ngomdla) ngaphandle kwesiqinisekiso kuba abasebenzisi bemfono-mfono bacinga ukuba inkampani yemfono iza kuthatha la manani. Ngokufanayo, [[FLT:] .[FLT] v ] , [FLT] ,[FLT] iirekhodi ezizingezo ze-BMP]

Noko ke, ugqabhuko-bhombu lwamanani luye lwayonakalisa imfundiso yesithathu. Cartent v. United States (2017), iNkundla ePhakamileyo yala ukusasaza le mfundiso kwindawo ekwiseli-lwazi (CSLI). IJaji enkulu uRoberts wabhala ukuba “iindawo yotshintsho kwizobugcisa ze-attricial" yenza isakhiwo sesithathu sesahlulo seminyaka yamanani. Inkundla yakholelwa ukuba urhulumente kufuneka afumane isiqinisekiso sokufikelela kwimihla esixhenxe okanye ngaphezulu yeCSLI, eqonda ukuba olu gcino-lwazi lunika“ iwindow ehambayo kubomi bomntu.”

Ityala lophawu lwasemhlabeni kumda wezaphuli-mikhosi kunye nobugcisa

Umqhubi m. United States (208)

Ngokunokwenzeka i-FLT isisigqibo esibalulekileyo se-mvo-mntwini yexesha langoku. IFBI yasebenzisa iintsuku eziyi 127 ze CSLI ye-CSPENTer kaTimothy Carplate ukubeka iingxelo zeselfowuni kufuphi neendawo zokuphanga. Urhulumente waphikisa ukuba iingxelo zezoshishino zeqela lesithathu (umthwali wemida) kwaye ngaloo ndlela ayithobeli phantsi kwemfuneko yesiqinisekiso. INkundla yeNkundla ePhakamileyo ayivumelani kwisigqibo sika-5-124, ilawula ukuba “umntu ulindele imfihlolo esemthethweni kwingxelo yemibutho yakhe ephathekayo njengoko ibanjiwe yiCSLI. Inkundla yagxininisa i-[FLT] embalini yembali.[FFONT]

[[FLT: 0] kodwa inciphisi yesicelo sabo sokuvela kobugcisa. Isigqibo sibeneziphumo eziphezulu zomthetho ozakufikelela kwindawo ekuyo, kunye neenkundla ezininzi ezisezantsi ezisebenzisa ubuchule bazo kugcino-lwazi oluneemvakalelo ezinjengee-GPS ezisuka kwiinqwelo-mafutha okanye kwiimitha ezintle.

EKhalifoniya (2014)

I-Riley v. California, iNkundla ePhakamileyo yavumelana ukuba amapolisa akakwazi ukuphengulula iziqulatho zamanani zeselfowuni ebanjwayo ngaphandle kwesiqinisekiso. Inkundla yaqonda ukuba ii-cellphone zale mihla “zizii-miniputeni” eziphethe ubuninzi benkcazelo yobuqu, kwaye ukuphendla okungavumelanga ukukhusela komphathi-majoni nokugcina ubungqina, akukuthetheleli ukuphendla ngeminxeba. IJaji enkulu uRoberts yaphawula ukuba “idata egcinwe kwicellulane ayinakusetyenziswa njengesixhobo sokubulala igosa-odoma okanye ukwenza i-ophane, evumela ukunqanda ukukhusela nokugcina ubungqina, akukuthetheleli ukupheliswa kweminxeba.

Jones (202)

.United States v. Jones, iNkundla yaqwalasela ukuba ukudibanisa isixhobo sokulandelela iGPS kwisithuthi nokuhlola intshukumo yaso iintsuku ezingama-28 kukwenza uphendlo lwesine loMphengululo. INkundla yagqiba kwelokuba ikwenza, kodwa kumhlaba omxinwa wetyala lomzimba. IJaji yeSotomator's contactrince, noko ke, yaphakamisa imibuzo enzulu malunga nemfundiso yesithathu yeqela kunye nokuhlolwa kwamanani, okubonisa [[FLT:]] i-Calplater[] isigqibo. Zonke ezi meko zisenza i-tractive wisolue jong [[FF:]

Imisebenzi yesakhelo somthetho ngapha komGaqo-siseko

Ngoxa uHlaziyo lweSine lunika isiseko, iBhunga limisele imimiselo elawula ukufikelela kukarhulumente kugcino-lwazi lwamanani. I-ECPA ka-1986 kunye nenxalenye yayo, uMthetho we-Vold Communications Act (SCA), umisela imilinganiselo karhulumente yokufikelela kwezonxibelelwano lwezibonelelo ze-elektroniki kunye neengxelo zomgunyaziso. Phantsi kwe-SCA, urhulumente usenokufuna isiqinisekiso sokuqulungela (njengee-imeyili) egcinwe iintsuku ezingaphantsi kwe-180, kodwa umxholo okanye iingxelo ezindala okanye ezingaqulathiyo zinokufumaneka ngoomatshini abasebenzisa i-electal okanye umgaqo ongaphantsi kwe-senkundleko okanye ongaqinilengangeni.

I-ECPA igxekwe njengephelelwe lixesha, elungiselelwe ngaphambi kokuba i-Intanethi ibe yeyona iphambili kubomi bemihla ngemihla. Amaqela amaninzi afundisayo, kuquka [[FLT: 0]] i-Electronic Foundation Foundation , aye abiza utshintsho. Ngo-2018, iKhomyutha engqungquthela igqitha iClarentizants Usebenzisa ugcino-lwazi (CLOUD), uMthetho ogama libhekiswe nomda onqamlezeneyo kodwa ongawufaki gunya. Amanani amaninzi aye amisela imithetho yawo yobuqu bomgaqo-mfono-mfono we-mfono-mfono-mfono-m weKlifoni (CECPAC), efuna isiqinisekiso solwazi olunabileyo olunayo olukwindawo ye-elektroniki.

Iingxaki Zangoku Ezingokwasemthethweni Neengxaki Ezimandundu

Ukubhala Ubuxoki Nemfuneko Engummangaliso

Ukuvulwa kombhalo ofihlakeleyo osuka kumphetho- ekupheleni komqokozo ofana nomqondiso, Whats App, kunye ne-i-message ibangele ukungavisisani phakathi kokufumana ukhuseleko oluyimfihlo kunye nokugcinwa komthetho. Urhulumente uye waphikisa ngokukhula ukuba iinkqubo zeenkampani zifanele zinikezele ngokusemthethweni, kwanangokwasemthethweni. Noko ke, abagxeki baphikisa ngelithi nawuphi na umnyango onjalo oya kwenza ukuba bonke abasebenzisi bangakwazi ukukhuseleka. Imfazwe ka 2016 yokudubula iSan Bernarnardo i-Phoo ibangele olu xinzelelo kulowo mcimbiso. Ngoxa lo mbandela ugqitywe ngaphandle komthetho omisela umthetho, [[FLT:] [FLT:]] udete ngaphaya “kuhamba ngobumnyama”[FLTPFO:1] ihlala ingenakulungiswa.

Ugcino-lwazi lwendlela elinganayo kunye neenqanawa ezisebenzisa izilwanyana

Njengoko izixhobo ezingaphezulu zisebenzisa istickers zomnwe, ulwaluko lobuso, kunye nokuqinisekiswa kwelizwi, iinkundla ziyaphikisana nokuba urhulumente anganyanzela umntu ukuba avule isixhobo. Ukhuseleko loMthambeko wesihlanu lungasebenza kumagama ayimfihlo kodwa lungasetyenziswa kumatshini oqhelekileyo, ogqalwa njengonobumba bomzimba kunokuba ungqinelwano. Ezinye iinkundla zikholelwa ukuba amapolisa anganyanzela ukuba aqalise umnxeba ngeminwe, ngoxa igama eligqithisiweyo lifuna isiqinisekiso okanye i-password.

Ingqokelela engaphezulu yemithetho yokuziphatha kunye nogcino-lwazi lwe-Bulk

Amasebe karhulumente asebenzisa ngokuqhubekayo i-algorithm ezithe ngqo kunye nengqokelela yogcino-lwazi oluninzi ukwenzela uphando. Iinkqubo ze-Controversial njenge FAUSTA’S CONCT (efakwe nguEdward Snowden) aphakamisa imibuzo yokuba ngaba ingqokelela engenasiqinisekiso ichasene nalesine iPramentement. UMthetho we-USA Freedom ka-2015 waphelisa inkqubo yeminxeba enzima kodwa wavumela ukuqokelelwa okujoliswe phantsi kwesiqinisekiso seNkuManyaniso yeNtentebenzo yamazwe ngamazwe ngamazwe. Umlinganiselo phakathi kokhuseleko lwesizwe kunye nemfihlolo uyaqhubeka uvavanywa kwiimeko ezifana [[FLT: 0] eUnited States v. Moalm[FLT] [FLT:] 202020], apho uqulundlo lwezimfolo-onkethi lwe-ANCEF:20]

Uxanduva Loluntu, Umgaqo-nkqubo Nobugcisa

Ukomeleza imigangatho esemthethweni kuphando lwamanani

Isivumelwano semithetho efunekayo kwiintlobo ezahlukeneyo zogcino-lwazi lwezimvo sibangela ukungaqiniseki komthetho nakubemi. Abaphengululi bomthetho bacebise ukuba “iSinyuso sesine seSine” esiza kusebenzisa ireyithi yomthetho olinganayo kuzo zonke iinkcukacha ezivakalayo, kungakhathaliseki ukuba zigcinwe kwindawo ethile okanye zineqela lesithathu. Amanye amazwe, njengo-Utah no-Washington, sele emisele imithetho efuna imvume yokuba urhulumente afumane ulwazi nge-elektroniki.

Ukukhuthaza ukubonakala okucacileyo kwizicelo zogcino-lwazi lorhulumente

Iinkampani zobugcisa ngoku zipapasha iingxelo zokubonisa ngokuthe rhoqo ezichaza inani lezicelo zikarhulumente ezizifumanayo. Noko ke, imiyalelo engadiscim ayisoloko ikhusela iinkampani ekuchazeni abasebenzisi xa i-data yabo ifikelelwe. Umthetho ofana ne-Imeyile Ubumfihlelo, oya kufuna isiqinisekiso sonxibelelwano lwezombane olugciniweyo, luye lwaziswa kodwa aludluliswanga. I-ACLU iyaqhubeka ixhasa [ ukwenzela imfuneko eyomelele ngakumbi kunye nezikhuseli ze-process.

Ubuxhakaxhaka bobuQhoboshela-buQhubela beP

Ukwenziwa kobugcisa obunento yobuqu engqondweni ."Ngokufuthi kubizwa ngokuba “kukuyila""---------------------asent icutha umthamo wogcino-lwazi olunovakalelo olunokufumaneka ngaphandle kogunyaziso. Isiphelo-ukuvulwa kombhalo ofihlakeleyo, ukwenziwa kwe-device, kunye nokunciphisa ugcino-lwazi yimizekelo yobugcisa obuhambelana nokhuseleko olusemthethweni. Iinkampani ezifana no-Apple zidibanise iimpawu ezifana nezozodwa kunye nokusetyenziswa kwe-dece Siri ukulinganisela ukuqokelelwa kogcino-lwazi.

Ukufundisa Uluntu Ngamalungelo Amanani

Abantu abaninzi abawazi umkhamo imisebenzi yabo yamanani enokuthi ijongwe ngawo ngaphandle kogunyaziso. Amaphulo okufundisa abantu ngamaqela afana ne 'AkaFF'' “Yazi Amalungelo Akho” akhokelayo [ anceda abemi baqonde xa ukunyanzeliswa komthetho kufikelela kulwazi lwabo nendlela yokuzikhusela. Kwixesha lokuhlola okuntsonkothileyo, uvumo olunolwazi luyinkohliso olungapheliyo.

Imigaqo-nkqubo Incomela Ikamva Elilungeleleneyo

Ukulungelelanisa iimfuno ezifanelekileyo zomthetho kunye nokhuseleko oluqinileyo lwemfihlo kufuneka ukwenziwa komgaqo-nkqubo ngocoselelo. Ezi ndlela zilandelayo zinganceda ukulondoloza olu lungelelwano:

  • Inkqubo yokusebenza ye ECPA: Congress kufuneka ihlaziye uMthetho woNxibelelwano lwe-Electronic Communics alufuni mvume yokufuna zonke izinto eziqulethweyo, kungakhathaliseki ubudala, kwaye umlinganiselo wokufikelela kwimida ngaphandle kolawulo lwejaji.
  • I-Adrop “efanelekileyo kugcino-lwazi” imigangatho: abenzi bomthetho kufuneka bafake i isiseko sesakhiwo [ ukwenzela ukuba nasiphi na isicelo sikarhulumente sogcino-lwazi lwamanani olunandiphekayo/ukubekwa kwemiqathango, impilo, i-biometrics, okanye uthungelwano--methi ezinokwenzeka zibangele umjelo.
  • [[UMTL:0] Ukhuseleko lobuchule: amasebe omanyano kufuneka afake imali kuphando nakuphuhliso lokhuseleko lobuchule bobucala obuvumela uphando olujoliswe kulo ngaphandle koqokelelo lwentabalala.
  • [[UMTL:0] ukudala uphatho oluzimeleyo: Ukumisa iibhodi zokuhlola ezingeyoyarhulumente ukuze kuphicothwe ukusetyenziswa kobugcisa bokuhlola kwaye kuqinisekise ukuthotyelwa kweemfuno zegunya.
  • [[UMTL:0] Ikhusi lokukhowuda: Abenzi bomgaqo-nkqubo kufuneka baxhathise unxulumano lombhalo ofihlakeleyo owenziwe buthathaka endaweni yoko bahlolisise iindlela ezisemthethweni, ezifana nemiyalelo ekhuselekileyo yenkundla ngoqinisekiso lokwenyaniswa, ukufikelela okusemthethweni.

Isiphelo

Ukudibana kwemfuno kunye namalungelo obuqu kubugcisa bale mihla asiyondawo emileyo esemthethweni ekhoyo .Iyazitshintsha ngesixhobo ngasinye esitsha, sihlandlo ngasinye seNkundla Ephakamileyo, kunye nako konke ukutshintsha koluvo lukawonke-wonke. Umgaqo ongundoqo wesiGqeba sesine ushiyeka: urhulumente kufuneka athethelele ukungenelela kwakhe kubomi bethu babucala. Njengokuba iNkundla ePhakamileyo yase-U.S. ibhathiwe ingumthetho obalulekileyo , [FLT] Carpartenter [[FL:3], kunye nezinye iziteko, ulwazi lwamanani alufaneleki lukhuseleke kwili okanye luthwalwe epoko.

Ukuhambela phambili, imbopheleleko ayikho kubagwebi nabenzi bomthetho kuphela kodwa ikwakubezolwazi ngezobugcisa kunye nabemi abaqhelekileyo. Ngokuyila iinkqubo ezihlonela imibandela yobuqu, ezikhuthaza imigaqo ecacileyo yokufumana imvume, nokuhlala sinolwazi ngamalungelo amanani, singaqinisekisa ukuba idinga loMphetho-wesine woMgaqo-nkqubo uyaqhubeka kwixesha lamanani. Le ndlela ayilula, kodwa usukelo lucacile: ibutho apho abanyanzeli bomthetho banokusukela okusesikweni ngaphandle kokuncama imfihlelo elikhuthaza ibutho elikhululekileyo.