Ukuqonda Umahluko Kulawulo

Ukwalathisa okucacileyo kumgaqo wokuba izigqibo zikawonke-wonke, ugcino-lwazi, kunye neenkqubo kufuneka zivuleke ukuze zihlolwe ngabemi. Kudlulela ngaphaya kokufikelela okulula kumaxwebhu; kufuna ukuba ulwazi lube lwexesha, luqondeke, kwaye lusebenziseke. Xa oorhulumente besebenza ngendlela ecacileyo, bavumela abemi babone indlela imithetho eqingqiweyo ecwangcisiweyo, indlela eqingqiweyo emiselwe ngayo, nendlela imigaqo esetyenziswa ngayo. Oku kutyhileka akuyo nje isiseko sokuziphendulela phantsi kwedemokhrasi. Ngaphandle kokubonakala ngokucacileyo, abanabemi abanako ukukukwazi ukukuyivavanya ngokunelisa ukusebenza kwabameli babo okanye babanze baphendule ngokungaphumeleli kwabo.

Le ngcamango inemvelaphi enzulu yembali. Iingcinga ezikhanyiselweyo njengoJeremy Benham zaxhasa ukufumaneka kwabantu ekuboneni imicimbi karhulumente, zikholelwa ukuba ukubhengezwa kuya kuthintela ukusetyenziswa kakubi kwegunya. Kule mihla, ukunyanzeleka kokubonakala ngokukhawuleza kwamandla emva kweMfazwe Yehlabathi II, ukufikelela kwinqanaba lokwamkelwa kwenkululeko yolwazi kwimimandla emininzi yolawulo-melo. I-United States yadlulisela inkululeko yolwazi (FOFIA) ngo-1966, kwaye imithetho efanayo ngoku ikhona kumazwe angaphezu kwekhulu. Le mithetho inika abemi amandla okucela iirekhodi zikarhulumente, kodwa ukubonakala kokwenyaniso kufuna ukupapashwa kolwazi olunentsingiselo ngaphandle kokubuzwa.

Imvelaphi Yembali Yokubonisa Ingqiqo

Imfuneko yokulawula okucacileyo asinto intsha. KwiAthene yamandulo, abemi ababehlanganisene e-Agora ukuze baxubushe imicimbi kawonke-wonke, kwaye iingxelo zemimiselo zazibhalwe ematyeni ukuze bonke bafunde. Lo mzekelo karhulumente ovulekileyo walahleka ebudeni beenkulungwane zolawulo lolawulo lookumkani, kodwa waphinda wavela ngexesha lolukhanyiselo. Iingcali zentanda-bulumko njengoImmanuel Kant zaphikisa ukuba ukubhengezwa kobulungisa: “Zonke izenzo ezinxulumene nokulunga kwabanye abantu azichananga ukuba umgaqo wazo awuvumelani nokusasazwa.” Lo mgaqo waveza isiseko sokukhanyaza kwale mihla.

Inkulungwane yama-20 yabona ukubonakala ngokucacileyo kungusukelo olusemthethweni nolawulo. Inkululeko ye-Swedish ye-Press ka-17666 isoloko ichazwa njengenkululeko yokuqala yehlabathi yomthetho wolwazi, kodwa ayizange ibe kude kube lixesha lasemva kwemfazwe apho ingcamango ifumene khona ulwamkelo lwehlabathi lonke. Unyuko lwemibutho yezizwe ngezizwe, efana ne CD, iye yaphakamisa ngokubhekele phandle njengelungu elingundoqo lolawulo olulungileyo. Inyathelo labo loRhulumente likhuthaza amazwe angamalungu ukuba afumane imigaqo efikelelekayo nenza izigqibo.

Indima Yenkululeko Yemithetho Yolwazi

Inkululeko yolwazi (FAI) ingumthetho osisiseko osemthethweni wokubonakala. Inika abemi ilungelo lokufumana ulwazi olubanjwa ngurhulumente olunokungabikho kokhuseleko lwesizwe okanye lwezobuqu olulinganiselweyo. Noko ke, ukuphumelela kwemithetho yeFOI kuxhomekeke ekuzalisekisweni. Kumazwe amaninzi, izicelo zihlangatyezwana ngokulibazisa, iindleko ezigqithisileyo, okanye ukukhulula okugqithisileyo. Ukuzenziwa kolawulo lwe-FOI ludityaniswe nemibutho engqongqo, njengabameli bolwazi, kunye nempucuko yokuzimela kwisebe likarhulumente.

Ngaphaya kwe-FOI, intshukumo yogcino-lwazi evulekileyo yandisa isixhobo sokubona ngaphaya. Oorhulumente ngoku bakhupha iiseti zogcino-lwazi ekuchitheni imali, kwizivumelwano, kwimo yemekobume, kunye nempilo kawonke-wonke kwiifomati ezifundeka ngomatshini. Iikhampali ezifana Data.gov [[FLT]] kwiU.S. okanye [[FLT:]data.'data.'.uk[[FLT] ku-UK.] unika izinto ezingalungiswangabonwanga, abaphandi, nabajikelezi bolwazi ukuhlalutya nokujongwa. Olu tshintsho ukusuka kwintshukumo (ukukhupha izicelo) ukukhutshwa komsebenzi lunyuse ngokuphawulekayo umthamo wolwazi olukhoyo kubemi.

Imfundo Yesibini Njengentsika Yolawulo - melo

Ukubonisa ngaphaya kolwazi nobuchule bokusebenzisa ulwazi akwanelanga ukuba abemi abanalo ulwazi nobuchule. Imfundo ye-Cvic igcwalisa lo msantsa ngokuxhobisa abantu abanolwazi ngendlela urhulumente asebenza ngayo, amalungelo abo neembopheleleko, kunye nezixhobo zokuthatha inxaxheba ngokufezekileyo. Ukuba ngabami abasele benolwazi oluhle kubalulekile kwidemokhrasi esebenzayo; ngaphandle kwayo, ubungozi obubonakalayo bokungasithembisi esingento.

Imfundo ye-BIC ayipheleliselwanga kwimfundo esemthethweni. Iquka iinkqubo zoluntu, amanyathelo okufunda, kwanokufunda ngokungacwangciswanga ngeendaba kunye nengxubusho. Injongo kukuhlakulela oko i-Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy[ ibiza “ubuchule be-crivision”: ulwazi, ubuchule, kunye neempawu ezenza abemi bakwazi ukubandakanyeka kubomi babantu bonke. Oku kuquka ukuqonda umgaqo-siseko, ukwahlukana kwamandla, kunye neendlela zokuvota kunye nomelo.

Inkxalabo ye-core elungele ukuba ngummi ofundelweyo

Iinkqubo zemfundo karhulumente eziphumelelayo zijolise ingqalelo kwimiqolo emininzi esisiseko:

  • Ulwazi lwemibutho yorhulumente: Abami kufuneka baqonde indima yamasebe asekuhlaleni, urhulumente, norhulumente, kwakunye nemisebenzi yamaqumrhu afana neenkundla kunye nezindlu zowiso-mthetho.
  • [[UMTL:0] Ingcinga engokoluvo kunye nokufunda kwijelo-ndaba: Kwixesha lobuxoki, abemi kufuneka bakwazi ukuvavanya imvelaphi, baqonde ikhethe, kwaye baqinisekise izibakala ngaphambi kokuba benze oko.
  • Ukuqonda amalungelo noxanduva: Ukusuka kwinkululeko yokuthetha ukuya kumsebenzi wokuchophela amatyala, abemi kufuneka bazi zombini izinto abanelungelo kuzo noko kulindelekileyo kubo.
  • Iziphelo zokuganana: Ukubhala kumagosa anyuliweyo, ukulungelelanisa iintlanganiso zasekuhlaleni, nokuba nenxaxheba ekuchotshelweni kwabantu ngokubanzi bubuchule obuluncedo obubangela ukuba uthathe inxaxheba kwintlalo-ntle.

Ngokwembali, izikolo eziphakamileyo zaseMerika zanikela iiklasi ku- “bivics” ezagubungela le mixholo. Noko ke, kumashumi eminyaka aliqela adluleyo, ukugxininiswa kovavanyo olusezantsi lokufunda nezibalo kuye kwaxinene kuqeqesho lwamaphondo olunikezelweyo. Ingxelo yeZiko leNtshona Koloni ichaza ukuba kuphela amaphondo asithoba afuna unyaka opheleleyo wemfundo yezentlalo-ntle, kunye neNational Assesment of Educational Progressss ibonisa ukuba ingaphantsi kwekota yeU.S. abafundi bangamachule kwiphondo.

Iingxaki Kwimfundo Yanamhlanje

Imfundo yezentlalo evuselelekayo ijongene nemiqobo emininzi. Olunye ucelomngeni olukhulu kukungavisisani kwezobupolitika: iingxoxo ngoko kumele kufundiswe (umz., ingcamango egxekayo yohlanga, ulawulo lomhlaba) ziguqule iibhodi zesikolo ukuba zibe yindawo yedabi. Enye yimpembelelo ekhulayo yamajelo eendaba entlalo, adla ngokuvuza ukusabela ngokweemvakalelo ngenxa yokucingisiswa. Abantu abaselula, ngokukodwa, bazaliswe yingxubusho encinane enokubangela impikiswano entsonkothile okanye isasaze ubuxoki obucacileyo.

Ngaphezu koko, ukufikelela kwimfundo yomgangatho ophezulu akufani. Abafundi kwimimandla etyebileyo badla ngokuba namathuba okuphikisana, oorhulumente bemodeli, kunye nonxulumano noorhulumente basekuhlaleni. Abafundi kwizikolo eziphantsi kweliso eliphantsi bangafumana nje ushwankathelo oluncinane. Oku kulula ukuthoba usukelo lolwazi lwabemi kunye nokungalingani kwentsebenziswano kwezopolitiko. Ukufumana okuphantsi kunye noluntu oluncinane kudla ngokuba nomgangatho ophantsi ophantsi wokuvota kunye nomelo oluncinane, umsantsa onokuthi ulandelwe ngokwenxalenye ukuze ungabi nalwazi lwamaqumrhu.

Inzululwazi: Indlela Imfundo Ecace Ngakumbi Neyokuvelisa Imveliso Engakumbi Engakumbi Nganye

Imfundo ecacileyo neyasekuhlaleni ayiyomisebenzi eyahlukeneyo, kwaye iyaqinisa. Xa oorhulumente besenza inkcazelo ifikeleleke, yenza kube nemfuneko yokuba abemi bayiqonde loo nkcazelo. Ngokwahlukileyo koko, xa abemi befundiswa ngokulawula, badla ngokufuna ukuba kubekho ukubonakala ngokucacileyo kwaye bagcine iinkokeli zinoxanduva. Oku kubangela ukuba abantu baphendule ngedemokhrasi.

Qwalasela umzekelo woqingqo-mali lokuzingca, inkqubo edibanisa ukubonakala kwemali nemfundo yoluntu. Kwizixeko ezifana neNew York nePorto Alegre, abemi banikwa ubuchule bokufumana iinkcukacha zoqingqo-mali baze bamenywe ukuba bavote indlela yokunikezela inxalenye yemali karhulumente. Oku kufuna ukuba urhulumente akhululeke ekupapasheni ulwazi lwemali kunye nokukwazi kwabemi ukuqonda ukurhweba nokusetyenziswa kwemali. Uphando lubonisa ukuba abathathi-nxaxheba kwiinkqubo ezinjalo bayazi ngakumbi ngemali kamasipala kwaye batyelele urhulumente wabo wasekuhlaleni ukuba bathembe.

Ukunika Abemi Ubuchule Ngogcino - lwazi Oluvulekileyo Nohlalutyo Olubaxiweyo

Uphando logcino-lwazi oluvulekileyo lulungiselela izinto ezingalungiswanga ukwenzela umsebenzi woluntu, kodwa kufuneka zidityaniswe nemfundo ukuze ziqonde oko zinokukwenza. Umzekelo, ugcino-lwazi olukwizitishi zamapolisa lungabonisa imilinganiselo yokucalucalula ubuhlanga qha kodwa ukuba abemi bakhona bayakwazi ukuqwalasela amanani kwaye bathelekise nogcino-lwazi lwamanani. Iinzuzo ezifana ne Ikhode yaseMelika i-Aphandle yamalungu omsebenzi womnatha wobugcisa ukuguqula ugcino-lwazi lube zizixhobo ezinceda abantu abahlala phakathi.

Uhlolisiso Lwetyala Kubugcisa Besigqeba

Enye imeko ephawulekayo yi- “Fix Mystret” iqonga leplatfomu elaphuhliswa ekuqaleni kwi-UK. Ivumela abemi ukuba banike ingxelo yemiba yasekuhlaleni `njengemingxuma okanye imingxuma eqhekeziweyo yemibhobho yendlela' esecaleni'. Ngokungqalileyo kwibhunga labo. Impendulo yebhunga ithintelwe ekuhleni, yenza ingxelo ecacileyo yokunikezelwa kwenkonzo. Impumelelo yeqonga ixhomekeke kubemi abazi ukuba bangayisebenzisa njani kwaye baqonde indlela yokunikela ingxelo esebenzayo. Imikhankatho yemfundo, idla ngokuqhutywa ngamathala eencwadi asekuhlaleni okanye amaqela abantu, inceda umsantsamko.

Omnye umzekelo yiprojekthi ye- “Open Dislore". Iprojekthi ye-Khalifoniya, ehamba phambili kwiphulo lemirhumo kunye nenkcitho efuna intlawulo. Esi sigqeba sikwenza kube lula ukubona ukuba ngubani oxhasa imali yeliphi ipolitiki. Kodwa ngaphandle kwemfundo ngemithetho yezemali kunye nempembelelo yayo kwimigaqo-siseko, abemi basenokungakwazi ukutolika ugcino-lwazi-okanye isizathu sokuba bakhathalele. Izixhobo zokusebenza kunye nenkcitho yeprojekthi ezilungiselelwe yiprojekthi zinceda ukugcwalisa elo thuba lemfundo.

Le mizekelo ibonisa ukuba imfundo yezentengiso neyoluntu imele ihambelane. Oorhulumente abanakusuka nje balahle inkcazelo ebantwini baze balindele ukuba nenxaxheba kulwazi.

Izithintelo Zokuba Nempumelelo Ekuboniseni Imbonakalo Nemfundo Eluncedo

Phezu kwazo nje iinzuzo ezicacileyo, imiqobo emininzi ithintela ukuqondwa ngokupheleleyo kwesi sigulo. Ukuqonda le miqobo kubalulekile ekuyileni izicombululo eziphumelelayo.

Inkcazelo Ephosakeleyo Nenkcazelo Eninzi

I-intanethi inikezele ngokwedemokhrasi yolwazi, kodwa iphuphume uluntu ngobuxoki kunye nenkcazelo echaphazelekayo. I-Misformation isasazeka ngokukhawuleza kunokuba iqinisekise inyani ingahlala. Ummi odibana nezicelo eziphikisanayo ngengqibelelo yonyulo okanye ukhuseleko lwezitomithi angaziva esongamele kwaye edidekile ngokupheleleyo. Oku kukhukuliseka kwento yokwenene yahlukeneyo kulucelomngeni oluthe ngqo kuko kokubili ukubonakala (okuxhomekeke ekuthembeni ugcino-lwazi lwasemthethweni) kunye nemfundo yoluntu (efuna isiseko solwazi oluchanileyo).

Ingxaki ibangelwa kukuzala kolwazi. Xa umbutho ngamnye ufaka uninzi lweengxelo, iinkcazelo, kunye nokukhutshwa koomatshini bokushicilela, kwanabona bani bani bazinikeleyo abanakuhlala benjalo. Isiphumo singummangaliso wembonakalo: ulwazi oluninzi lungakhokelela ekuqondeni okuncinane. Iintlangano kufuneka zibeke ingqwalaselo ecacileyo yolwimi olucacileyo nokucaciswa kolu lwimi olucacileyo ukugxininisa okufunyenweyo.

Ukuhlaziywa Kwezobupolitika Nokungathembani

Kumazwe ahlukeneyo, ukubonakala okungabuya nomkhwezeli. Xa abemi bethemba abezobupolitika beqela labo kodwa bengathembi umbutho abachasanayo, basenokujonga ugcino-lwazi olufanayo ngeleelens ezi-crustal", ukwamkela ulwazi oluxhasa iimbono zabo kunye nokugatya oko kubacelw'iiiingcinga. Oku kushukumisa kuyenza ibe buthathaka injongo yokubonakala ngokucacileyo, okuthetha ukuyila isiseko esisekelwe kwinyaniso. Ngokufanayo, imfundo yezentlalo iyatshintsha: oko iqela elithile likubona njengokufundisa njengenkqabaliso, elinye libona njengelingo.

Ukungathembani akuphelelanga kukwahlulahlulwa-hlula. Uluntu oluchanekileyo, oluchanelwe ngokwembali lucalulo lweenkqubo zikarhulumente, lungajonga ukuvela kwembonakalo ngokukrokrela. Kulo, “ukungathembeka” kungathetha ukujongwa okanye ukuqokelelwa kogcino-lwazi olunokusetyenziswa nxamnye nalo. Ukwakha ukuthembana akufuni nje kuphela ukuvulwa kwenkcazelo kodwa kwanomanyano oluseluntlungwini oluchasa iingozi zengozi nemisebenzi yokuzilungisa.

Amaqhinga Ekamva

Ukuze boyise le miqobo, oorhulumente, abafundisi-mfundo, kunye nebutho labantu kufuneka basebenzise indlela exhaphakileyo. La maqhinga alandelayo asekelwe kubungqina nakwizenzo ezintle ezivela ehlabathini jikelele.

Ukufudusa ulwazi lwamajelo kulwimi lweCUBICCricula

Ufundo lwezaveku-ndaba . Ukukwazi ukufikelela, ukuhlalutya, nokuyila ijelo-ndaba . ngoku kungundoqo wemfundo yoluntu. Abafundi kufuneka bafunde ukwahlula phakathi kweendaba noluvo, ukuchonga okuxhaswe, nokuqinisekisa imithombo. Amazwe afana neFinland aye enza ukuba ukufunda nokubhala kumgangatho wezixhobo zekhompyutha kube yindawo efunekayo kwizifundo zesizwe, kwaye asoloko ekwimeko ephezulu ekukwazini ukumelana nokususa ulwazi. Izikolo zingasebenzisana nemibutho egcina iinyaniso kunye neethala leencwadi ukuze zibonelele izinto. Kubantu abadala, amathala eencwadi kawonke kunye neekholeji zoluntu, zinganikela iiprojekthi kwiincwadi zokufunda iinombolo kunye nokuhlola ulwazi kwi-intanethi.

Enye indlela ethembisayo kucwangciso “lokuqiqa nge-intanethi” ucwangciso lwezifundo oluphuhliswe yiStanford History Education Group. Ifundisa abafundi ukuba baphande ukuthembeka kwee-webhsayithi ngokushiya iphepha ukuze bakhangele imvelaphi yenkcazelo(-) uphando olubonisa ukuba nabafundi basekholeji abasoloko bengenabo. Ukuqulunqa ubuchule obunjalo kwiiklasi zoluntu kuqinisekisa ukuba izixhobo zokubonisa ukukhanya (njengeendawo zokubonisa ulwazi oluvulekileyo) azifumaneki kodwa zinokusetyenziswa.

Ubuxhakaxhaka obucocekayo bokwenza ungenelelo

Ubuxhakaxhaka bungavala umsantsa phakathi kwemfundo yokubona ngaphaya kunye neyoluntu ukuba yenziwe ngabasebenzisi engqondweni. Ulwandiso, umzekelo, lungenza ukufunda ngoqingqo-mali okanye umthetho obandakanyekileyo. “Ucelomngeni lobubhila---” imfaniso esetyenziswa kwizikolo ezininzi eziphakamileyo iquka ugcino-lwazi lokwenene lukamasipala, ivumela abafundi ukuba bacebise baze bavote imali. Ngokufanayo, iziphumo ezifana“ukuqhekeza amatyala kulwimi olucacileyo kwaye bavumele abasebenzisi baqhagamshelane nabameli babo nge-pap enye.

Noko ke, ubugcisa asiyonto incedayo. Ukuxhomekeka kakhulu kwiinkqubo kunokungaqiniseki ukuba abemi abanazo ii-cellphone okanye ukufikelela kwi-intanethi ethembekileyo. Naliphi na icebo lobugcisa kufuneka lipheleliswe kukudibana ngaphandle konxibelelwano: iintlanganiso zeholo yasedolophini, ii-fourms, kwaneposi ezindala. Iimodeli ze-Hybrid, apho okuqulethwe kwi-intanethi kudityaniswa nengxoxo engaphakathi, zibonakala zisebenza kakhulu.

Oorhulumente kufuneka bamkele amava omsebenzisi (UX) obuchule bokwakha imigaqo yokubonisa izibuko labo. Endaweni yokulahla ugcino-lwazi oluluhlaza, banganika iibhodi ezitsolo ezicacileyo ngokubona, umongo, kunye nokuchaza okubhaliweyo. Isixeko saseBuenos Aires, umzekelo, sihlaziya inxuwa laso elivulekileyo logcino-lwazi ukuze ziquke “ukuchaza” iimpawu ezichaza indlela ugcino-lwazi oluluchaza ngayo ubomi bemihla ngemihla babemi.

Isiphelo: Indlela Engaphambili

Ukudibana kwemfundo yokubonisana neyoluntu nokubonisana kwemfundo akuyonto iphambili, kodwa kuyinto ebangela ukuba kubekho idemokhrasi esebenza. Xa oorhulumente bevula iincwadi zabo kunye nabemi bekwazi ukuzifundela, kunokwenzeka ukuba baphendule ityala labo. Xa abemi beqonda amalungelo abo neembopheleleko zabo, bayakwazi ukusebenzisa izixhobo ezinika intelekelelo. Lo mjikelo ulungileyo unokubuyisela ukuthembana namaziko, unciphise ukunganyaniseki, ukhuthaze abantu abathenjiswe intabalala.

Kodwa ukufikelela oku kufuna ukwenza ngabom. Abenzi bomgaqo-nkqubo kufuneka baxhase imfundo yoluntu njengomxholo ongundoqo, hayi njengento ecingelwayo. Kufuneka bayile iinkqubo zokubonisa imbonakalo yobuchule obungalinganiyo obuhambisana nokuqeqesha. Uluntu kufuneka luqhubeke lungenisa, ludala izixhobo eziguqula ugcino-lwazi lube ngamabali nezifundo zisebenze. Yaye abemi kufuneka bazenze umsebenzi ohlala ixesha elide wokuhlala befundile /hngenwa ziindaba, kodwa bathandabuze, bexoxa ngazo, kwaye bazenze izinto.

Indlela engaphambili ayilula, kodwa ingxamisekile. Njengoko ulawulo-melo lujamelene neengcinezelo zolawulo-lwazi, ukudidelwa, nokungananzi, iindlela ezibini zokubona imbonakalo kunye nemfundo yoluntu zinika ikhambi eliqinisekisiweyo. Ngokunika abemi ulwazi nolwazi lokulusebenzisa, sinokukha ikamva apho ulawulo loburhulumente luyiyo ngokwenene kubantu, kubantu, nakubantu.