Table of Contents

Ukwazisa: Ulwalamano Oluchaseneyo Phakathi Kwemithetho Yokuziphatha Nomthetho Kurhulumente

Ukuziphendulela kukarhulumente kuxhomekeke kwiintsika ezimbini: imilinganiselo yokuziphatha nomthetho. Ngoxa umthetho unika imigaqo esesikweni, enyanzelekileyo yehambo, isiseko sokuziphatha esikhokelela kwindlela yokuziphatha engaphaya kwemilinganiselo encinci esemthethweni. Ukusetyenziswa kwezi zizathu zomthetho zoluntu kugqiba indlela abasemagunyeni abazenza ngayo izigqibo zikawonke wonke, indlela abemi abawathemba ngayo amalungiselelo abo, nendlela oorhulumente abazixhasa ngayo. Ukuqonda oku kudibana kwemibutho akuyo nje inkqubo yemfundo yemfundo yokufundisa, kuyimfuneko ekwakheni iinkqubo zolawulo ezinamandla ezinokumelana nengcinezelo, ezinokuxhathisa, nokunceda abantu bafumane impumelelo.

Ngokwembali, kwavela imimiselo yomthetho yokuqinisekisa ukulindela ngokokuziphatha, kodwa imithetho ayinakuchaphazela zonke iimeko. Iindawo zabampukane ziyazingisa, yaye ngaphandle kwendlela yokuziphatha engqongqo, kwaneyona nkqubo ingokwasemthethweni eninzi inokuthintelwa. Ngokwahlukileyo koko, imilinganiselo yokuziphatha engenawo amazinyo asemthethweni inokungahoywa ngaphandle kokungasohlwaywa. Eli nqaku lihlolisisa indlela imilinganiselo yokuziphatha kunye nomthetho okudityaniswa ngayo ukuphendula korhulumente, ukuzoba kwimimiselo yesiseko, imizekelo yehlabathi yokwenene, kunye neenkqubo ezisebenzisekayo zokuphucula.

Ukuchaza Imilinganiselo Yokuziphatha Nomthetho

Iyintoni Imilinganiselo Yokuziphatha Kurhulumente?

Imilinganiselo yokuziphatha lisebe lentanda-bulumko elijongene nemigaqo yokuziphatha nengalunganga, okulungileyo nokubi, okusesikweni nokungekho sikweni. Kubume bukarhulumente, imilinganiselo yokuziphatha ibhekisela kwimilinganiselo yokuziphatha elindelekileyo kumagosa karhulumente kunye nakumaziko. Le migaqo idla ngokucaciswa ngokwemigaqo yemilinganiselo yokuziphatha, izifungo zesikhundla, kunye nemigaqo yezobugcisa. Bagxininisa imilinganiselo efana nokunyaniseka, ingqibelelo, okusesikweni, nokuhlonela umthetho. Ngokungafaniyo nomthetho, imilinganiselo yokuziphatha ayinyanzelwa ngeenkundla okanye ngamapolisa kodwa ngengcinezelo yoontanga, ngesidima sobugcisa, nangengqeqesho yangaphakathi.

Ukuqiqa okungokwenzululwazi kurhulumente kufumana izithethe ezininzi zentanda-bulumko. Imilinganiselo yokuziphatha yomntu (edityaniswe noImmanuel Kant) igxininisa kwimisebenzi nemithetho, iphikisa ukuba ezinye izenzo zilungile okanye azichananga nokuba ziyintoni iziphumo. Imilinganiselo yokuziphatha yobuOtholi (edityaniswe noJohn Stuart Mill) igweba izenzo ngeziphumo zayo, izimisele ukwandisa intlalo-ntle. Imilinganiselo yesidima (esekelwe ku-Aristotle) igxininisa uphawu lomenzi wesigqibo, ibuza oko umntu olungileyo anokukwenza. Ngokwendlela, amagosa kawonke asoloko edibanisa ezi zinto, kodwa uxinzelo oluphakathi kwazo lungadala iingxaki ezingoko ngokokuziphatha.

Uyintoni Umthetho Kurhulumente?

Umthetho yinkqubo yemithetho esungulwe nenyanzeliswa ngamaziko entlalo okanye oorhulumente. Inika isiseko apho ukuziphatha kwabantu kwangasese kunye noluntu kulawulwa khona. Kwinkqubo yedemokhrasi, imithetho imiselwa yizindlu zowiso-mthetho, ichazwa ziinkundla, kwaye inyanzeliswa ngamaqumrhu aphetheyo. Isiseko esisemthethweni sokuphendula urhulumente siquka amalungiselelo omgaqo-siseko, imimiselo, imimiselo, kunye nomthetho ochaza amatyala (njengokunyoba kunyotywa okanye ukuqhatha), ukuseka iinkqubo (njengenkqubo efanelekileyo kunye neentlanganiso ezivuliweyo), kunye nokwenza unyango (njengemiqathango yezolwaphulo-mthetho okanye iityala zamakhaya).

Umthetho unika amazinyo emilinganiselo yokuziphatha: umgaqo wendlela yokuziphatha ofana "nomthetho karhulumente akufunekanga awusebenzise isikhundla sabo ukwenzela inzuzo yangasese" unyanzeleka ukuba unyanzeleke xa uthe wajongwa njengomthetho ochasene nokunganyaniseki. Noko ke, umthetho uphendula ngokuyimfuneko emva-ukukhangela ngezantsi, ngokunjalo, kwiingxaki ezisele zivele. I-Ethics, ngokwahlukileyo, inokuba kukujongwa phambili, ukukhokela ukuziphatha kwiimeko ezintsha. Owona rhulumente umele avumela imithetho yakhe ilungelelanise iminqweno eqinileyo ngelixa kuvumela imithetho yokuvala iingcambulo apho umthetho uthule okanye uphelelwe lixesha.

Indlela Imilinganiselo Yokuziphatha NeyoMthetho Edibana Ngayo

Ukudibana kwemilinganiselo yokuziphatha nomthetho kunamandla. Ngokuchaseneyo. Ngokuchaseneyo, imithetho idla ngokuba nemilinganiselo yokuziphatha, kodwa ayiyomiqathango yendlela yokuziphatha esemthethweni ebophekayo. Umzekelo, umphathi-mikhosi usenokuba nomsebenzi osemthethweni wokuphepha iingxabano zenzala kodwa umsebenzi wendlela yokuziphatha wokubonakalisa iingxabano ezinokwenzeka naxa umthetho ungafuni tyhilwa. Ngokuchasene noko, umthetho usenokuba usemthethweni osemthethweni kodwa uthandabuzeka kakuhle.

Indima Yemilinganiselo Yokuziphatha Ekuphenduleni Urhulumente

Ukuthemba Nobulungisa

Imigaqo-nkqubo ye-Gradius ingumqondiso ophambili wokuthemba uluntu. Abami kufuneka bakholelwe ukuba urhulumente wabo usebenza ngengqibelelo, ngobulungisa, nangokubona ngaphaya. Xa imilinganiselo yokuziphatha iphezulu, ukuthembana kuyanyuka; xa kuvela amahlazo, ukuthembana kuyaphela. Uphando lwe-OECD lusoloko lubonisa ukuba amazwe anemigaqo elungeleleneyo anandipha ulwaneliseko oluphezulu ngenxa yeenkonzo zikawonke-wonke nokukulungela ngakumbi ukuthobela imithetho. Imigaqo-siseko ngoko inegalelo ngokuthe ngqo ekuqulunqeni kwemithetho yamaziko karhulumente.

Ukuthintela Urhwaphilizo Nokuziphatha Okuphosakeleyo

Izithethe ezinamandla zokuziphatha zisebenza njengendlela yokuqala yokuzikhusela ekumoneni. Imithetho iyodwa ayinakuyilindela indlela nganye yokuxhatshazwa. Ukuqeqeshwa kwemithetho, ukhokelo, kunye nemilinganiselo ecacileyo iyabanceda abasemagunyeni baqonde baze baxhathise iimpembelelo ezingafanelekanga. Ngokomzekelo, i-Ofisi yemithetho yeBhunga inika uqeqesho olunyanzelekileyo kubo bonke abasebenzi besebe abaphetheyo, ithetha ngemibandela efana nezipho, imisebenzi yangaphandle, kunye neyopolitiki. Iinkqubo ezinjalo zinciphisa amathuba okungaboni nto zize zibangele ukuba baqonde ihambo elindelekileyo.

Ukukhuthaza Ukubonisa Icala, Ingqibelelo Nembopheleleko

  • Ulawulo lweNqanawa lufuna ukuvuleka ekugqibeni izigqibo. Oku kuthetha izizathu ezicacileyo zokukhetha inkqubo, iirekhodi ezifikelelekayo, namathuba okuhlola uluntu. Imithetho yokubonisa ngaphaya kolwazi (njenge Freedom of Information Zenzo $izixhobo zomthetho, kodwa ukusetyenziswa kwayo okunempumelelo kuxhomekeke kwinkcitho engoko kukuzibophelela ekutyhileni kunokuba kufihle.
  • [[Umthetho:0] Amagosa kufuneka enze ngokunyaniseka kwaye aphakamise ukuthemba kukawonke-wonke. Ingqibelelo igqitha nje ekulandeleni umthetho; kuthetha ukuphepha kwanembonakalo yokunganyaniseki. Imithetho yehambo idla ngokufuna amagosa ukuba azibeke esichengeni kwizigqibo apho angazikhethanga apho kusenokuncinwa khona.
  • [[NTLA] Ukungaguquguquki: Amagosa amele aphendule ngezenzo zawo kwaye kufuneka amkele iziphumo zokungaphumeleli. Uxanduva lwezobukho benqanawa luquka ukuxela okuqhubekayo kobubi, intsebenziswano kunye nemibutho ejongene nezobuphathi, nokukulungela ukulungisa iimpazamo.

ISiseko esingokwasemthethweni sokuXhotyiswa koRhulumente

Izibonelelo zomGaqo-siseko

Umgaqo-siseko wangoku omninzi uquka imigaqo esisiseko yokuziphendulela, njengokwahlula amagunya, ukukhangela nokulinganisela, kunye namalungelo asisiseko. La malungiselelo enza isakhiwo phakathi kwendlela yokuziphatha kunye nomthetho osebenza ngayo. Umzekelo, umGaqo-siseko waseUnited States ufuna uMongameli "ukuqinisekisa ukuba imithetho iphumezwe ngokuthembeka," ukumisela umsebenzi wokubulala ngokuthembekileyo okunomlinganiselo osemthethweni nongokwesiko.

Imithetho yemithetho

Imithetho ekhethekileyo izalisa iinkcukacha. Iindidi ezingundoqo ziquka:

  • Imithetho yokukhupha ityala: njengoMthetho wobuNondyebo woMsebenzi woMsebenzi woMsebenzi woMkhosi woMsebenzi woMkhosi woMsebenzi woMkhosi woMkhosi woMkhosi woMkhosi wase-U.S. uMzantsi Afrika (FCPA) kunye noMthetho we-UK wokuSifumba, ophazamisa ukunyoba kwamagosa karhulumente asekhaya nakwamanye amazwe.
  • Imithetho ekwiZenzo zoRhulumente:[ Le mithetho imisela iimfuno ezityhiliweyo kwimfuno zemali, izipho, kunye neemfazwe zezimvo zomdla. Imithetho ye-U.S. kuMthetho kaRhulumente ka-1978 yamisa i-Ofisi yemithetho yoRhulumente kwaye yagunyazisa ukhupho lwemali kumagosa aphezulu esebe.
  • [ Imithetho yokukhusela iWistleer Provices with Let: Imithetho efana neWhistleer Protection Act kwiU.S. ikhusi lomsebenzi elichaza ukuziphatha okubi ngokuziphindezela, ngaloo ndlela likhuthaza ukuziphatha okuhle kwimibutho.
  • Imisebenzi yolawulo: Le mithetho imisela imithetho ngendlela abameli abazenza ngayo izicwangciso, bekhuthaza okusesikweni nokubonakala kwimo yolawulo.

Ulawulo nonyanzelo lwejaji

Iinkundla zinendima ebalulekileyo ekubekeni oorhulumente abanoxanduva. Uhlolo lwezeejaji luvumela abantu nemibutho ukuba bacel ’ umngeni izenzo ezingekho mthethweni. Kumazwe amaninzi, iinkundla ezizodwa ezilwa nokonakala okanye iinkundla ezingokwasemthethweni zisingatha amatyala abandakanya ukwaphulwa kwemigaqo yokuziphatha. Ngokomzekelo, iNkundla ePhakamileyo yaseIndiya iye yasebenzisa amandla ayo okudelela ukunyanzelisa imilinganiselo yokuziphatha kubomi babantu bonke. Noko ke, ukuwiswa kwemithetho kuxhomekeke kubagwebi abazimeleyo, kwii-ovimba abaneleyo abaneleyo, kunye nemigangatho ecacileyo esemthethweni. Xa iinkundla zichanabileyo okanye zithweswa, ukuhlahlela ityala.

Ukusetyenziswa Kwezifundo Zemithetho Nomthetho

Iqhinga leNkcubeko yamanzi neMithetho kuMgaqo woRhulumente

Ihlazo leWatergate (1972-1974) lisengumzuzu ohlaziyiweyo ekudibaniseni imilinganiselo yokuziphatha nomthetho. Ukuqhekeza kwikomkhulu leKomiti yesizwe yeDemocratic yayilulwaphulo-mthetho, kodwa isigqubuthelo esiquka ukusetyenziswa kakubi kwamandla kunye neempazamo zemilinganiselo yokuziphatha kumgangatho ophezulu. Ihlazo elihlasimlis' labangela ukuba iNgqungquthela idlulise i-Promension in the Government Act ka-1978, eyadala i-Oficagost of Governmental Ethictics kwaye yagunyazisa ukutyhilwa kwemali. Eli tyala libonisa indlela ukungaphumeleli kwemilinganiselo engundoqo ekukhokelelweni ngqo ekumiselweni ngokwasemthethweni, ukusetyenziswa kwemithetho esemthethweni kwimiqatha enyanzekileyo. Ngaphandle kwehlazo, ezininzi zezi zinyathelo zokubonakala zingenakuze zimkelwe.

Ukhuseleko lwemipuletho kunye netyala likaGqr. Jeffrey Wigand

UGqr. Jeffrey Wigand, owayesakuba ligcuba elilawulayo lecuba, wabhenca ukusetyenziswa kwentshongo yentshongo yentshongo yemali eninzi yempilo kawonke-wonke. Umzekelo wakhe, owenziwa kwifilimu iThe Insider, ubonisa ukudityaniswa kwemithetho yokuziphatha (imfuneko yokuziphatha ukutyhila iinyaniso eziyingozi) kunye nomthetho (ukukhusela okuthe kwanikelwa kubavuli bempempetha). UWigand wajamelene neziso ezisemthethweni kunye nokuhlaselwa ngokobuqu, kodwa ekugqibeleni imithetho yokuzikhusela yamnceda ekuphindeni. Lo mzekelo ubalase indlela ezimeleka ngayo izicwangciso zomthetho zincede ngayo izilangazelelo ezinceda umdla kubantu, kwanaxa bezama ukuvavanyazisa imicimbi enamandla.

Ukunyoba Nokunganyaniseki: ICandelo Lokucoca Lokusebenza EBrazil (ILava Jato)

Umsebenzi Car Wash yayiluphendlo olukhulu lokulwa nokonakala eBrazil olwavumbulula ukunyoba okucwangcisiweyo kwinkampani ye-oyile ye-oyile kunye nabezobupolitika ababandakanyekileyo kumaqela amaninzi. Uphando ngokwalo lwaphakamisa imibuzo engokokuziphatha malunga nokuqhatha kwabatshutshisi nokusetyenziswa kwezicelo. Kodwa kwabonisa amandla okunyanzelisa umthetho okugcina abadlali abanamandla ekubandakanyeni xa imicimbi yezopolitiko ikhona. Ityala libonisa imfuneko yezixhobo ezinamandla ezisemthethweni ze-petrorting, izivumelwano ze-lective, intracrency-ealoang sy sy sy sy /alonglindlidenside with with with with with with with withm isibopho esisesikweni kwimithetho engakhethi-mthetho.

IiKhomishini zeMisebenzi kunye nemizimba ezimeleyo elawulayo

Oorhulumente abaninzi baye bamisela ugunyaziso oluzimeleyo lwemilinganiselo yokuziphatha ukuze bongamele ukuthotyelwa nokuphanda ukwaphulwa komthetho. Umzekelo, i-ofisi ye-Ofisi yoRhulumente yase-U.S. I-Ofisi ye-Ofisi yoLuntu icebisa iimbono zentelekelelo nemfundo. ICanadian Conflictive of Infation kunye ne-Ethic Commissioner icebisa abaphathi-ofisi kawonke kwaye ijonge ulwaphulo. La maqumrhu asebenza ekulungelelaniseni imigaqo yokuziphatha nomthetho: anyanzelela imigaqo engoko yokuziphatha kodwa akhuthaza izithethe ngokhokelo nangoqeqesho. Ukuzilawula kwawo kwingcinezelo yezobupolitika kuyachaphaza. Xa imicimbi enjalo ihlaza ixhomekeke kwimithetho ecacileyo, oovimba abafanelekileyo, kunye nempucuko ebonakalisa inkculo yabo.

Ucelomngeni Lokulungelelanisa Imilinganiselo Yokuziphatha Nomthetho

Imimandla Engwevu Neengxaki Ezintsonkothileyo

Imithetho ayinakuyixela kwangaphambili yonke imeko. Iingxaki zenkcubeko ziphakama xa imigaqo emibini engqineke ichasene ngokulinganayo, umzekelo, phakathi komsebenzi wokufihla imfihlo nomsebenzi wokuxela ububi. Kwiimeko ezinjalo, ukhokelo olusemthethweni lusenokuba alwanele. Amagosa kawonke-wonke amele asebenzise umgwebo, kwaye umgwebo uphenjelelwe zimilinganiselo yobuqu, inkcubeko yentlangano, kunye nengcinezelo evela kwabasemagunyeni. Ngaphandle koqeqesho olunamandla lwemilinganiselo yokuziphatha, amagosa asenokuphambuka ecaleni lokuzikhusela kunokuba abonisele nomdla ebantwini.

Unyanzeliso Lonyanzelo

Umthetho usebenza njengempumelelo nje yokusebenza kwawo. Ukuba imithetho echasene nokonakala ikhona kodwa ayifane igwetywe, iphulukana nexabiso lokuthintela. Ukunyanzeliswa kusenokungangqinelani ngenxa yokungaxhomekeki koovimba, ukungenelela kwezobupolitika, okanye ukungabi nankululeko kwiqumrhu eligwebayo nabatshutshisi. Kwamanye amazwe, imithetho yemilinganiselo yokuziphatha isetyenziswa ngokukhethayo nxamnye nabachasi bezobupolitika ngoxa amaqabane ekhuselekile. Oku kuphelisa ukuthemba kwabantu bonke kwaye kudala ingcamango yokuba umthetho sisixhobo samandla kunokuba ugcine okusesikweni.

Izithethe Zokufihla Imfihlelo Nengqiqo Engqinelanayo

Ngamanye amaxesha indlela "yekukhangela- ibhokisi" ivela: amagosa alandela uxwebhu lomthetho kodwa atyeshele umoya. Umzekelo, bangafaka ifayile efuna ukutyhilwa kodwa bafihle izinto ezikhoyo kwintelekelelo entsonkothileyo. Ukuthobela okusemthethweni ngaphandle kokuzinikela ngokwesiko kusenokufihla ukuziphatha okubi okuqhubekayo. Ukutshintsha kwempucuko yentlangano kunzima. Izithethe zobumfihlelo, uloyiko lokuziphindezela, kunye nokunyaniseka koogxamente bangawuphazamisa umthetho osemthethweni. Imithetho egunyazisa ukuphembelela ukuvuzwa kwempempe okanye uphiliso oluzimeleyo inganceda, kodwa utshintsho lwempucuko lufuna ukhokelo nomgudu oqhubekayo.

Ucelomngeni lokudityaniswa kwehlabathi kunye nolungelelwano oluphakathi

Kwihlabathi elidityanisiweyo, urhwaphilizo lusoloko lubandakanya ukuthengiselwana ngaphaya kolawulo oluninzi. Imibutho yezizwe ngezizwe enjenge-OECD kunye ne-Transparency International iphuhlise imigangatho (umz., i-OECD Anti-Bribery Convention) yokudibanisa imithetho nokukhuthaza intsebenziswano. Noko ke, ukwahluka kwenkqubo engokwasemthethweni, ubuchule bokugcina, kunye nesimo sengqondo senkcubeko ngezipho okanye iindleko zidala imingeni enzima. Iinkampani ezininzi zamazwe ngamazwe ngamazwe zijamelene neengxaki ngokwemilinganiselo yokuziphatha kumazwe apho imikhwa yasekuhlaleni ingquzulana nemithetho yamakhaya. Ukuqinisa ukungqubana kwemithetho nemithetho yemilinganiselo yomlinganiselo yomhlaba wonke kufuna izivumelwano ezingokwabelanayo, ii-data kunye, kunye nokuzibophelele kwimigaqo-siseko somthetho.

Ubuchule bokunika ingcebiso kuRhulumente

Uqeqesho Lwemilinganiselo Yokuziphatha Ekhuthazayo

Ngokuthe rhoqo, uqeqesho lwemilinganiselo yokuziphatha olunyanzelekileyo kuwo onke amagosa karhulumente luyiqhinga lokusisiseko. Uqeqesho alufanele lugqume nje kuphela imithetho kodwa kufuneka lubandakanye amagosa kwimiba yokuqiqa ngemilinganiselo yesimilo (okancinci uphando lwezifundo zendlela yokuziphatha, iingxubusho zemisebenzi, iingxoxo zeengxaki. Injongo kukwakha izihlunu zemilinganiselo yokuziphatha ezinokuboniswa xa kuvela iindawo ezingwevu. I-Profethi ye-Rhulumente kufuneka ilungiswe kwiindima ezahlukeneyo (umz., abaphathi-mastile, abamiselwe bomthetho abasebenzi abaphezulu, abagcina umthetho) kwaye ihlaziyingelele ukubonakalisa imingeni emitsha njengeyo yobukrelekrele okanye imfihlo-data. I-US ofisi ye-Gregiclatiesties inika izinto zoqeqesho ezibanzi

Ukuqinisa iMisebenzi yeFrame engokwasemthethweni

Imithetho kufuneka iguqulelwe ekucombululeni amatyala avelayo. Oku kuquka ukuvala izikhalazo kwimali yephulo, ukunyanzela ukuhlahlela ngokungqongqo, kunye nokunyuka kweemfuno zokutyhila. Ukumisela imimiselo kungafuna uhlolo lwexesha nexesha lokuqinisekisa ukuba iyasebenza. Ngaphezu koko, isiseko somthetho kufuneka siquke ukulungelelanisa ukusebenza ngamandla kwemibutho ejongene nezobugrafisi, ukukhusela abaphandi, kunye nezigwebo ezinentsingiselo zokwaphula umthetho. [Transpactives Perceptions Uhlulotions [ ibonisa ukusetyenziswa ngamandla kwemiqathango yomthetho kunye nokunganyaniswa kokonakala okunga, ichaza ukubaluleka kokuqhubekeka komthetho.

Ubuxhakaxhaka boncedo lokubonisa ngaphaya

Uvula amaqonga ogcino-lwazi, ubhaliso lwezibonelelo kunye nongquzulwano lomdla, kunye neenkqubo zokufumana ngamanani zinciphisa amathuba okuziphethe kakubi okufihliweyo. Ubugcisa bungavumela ukuvelela: ugcino-lwazi lwenqanawa olukhoyo luvumela ukulandelelwa kwexesha leemfuno zikarhulumente. Umzekelo, inkqubo ye-Estonia ehamba phambili inika ukufikelela okucacileyo kwiinkqubo zikarhulumente nezigqibo. Noko ke, ubugcisa bunyusa amathuba obuqu kunye nenkxalabo ngekhompyutha. Imigaqo yesikhokelo yezobukhokeli yokusetyenziswa koophatho okanye i-AIA ngurhulumente kufuneka idityaniswe kulwanolwazi olusemthethweni ukususela ekuqaleni.

Izidumbu ezizimeleyo ezilawulayo ezinamandla okwenene

Ikhomishini ye-Ethics, i-ombudsmen, kunye nabahloli jikelele kufuneka babe nenkululeko . zombini de jure kunye ne-codo. Oku kuthetha ukubonelela ngemali ekhuselekileyo, iinkqubo zokumisa ezibakhusela ekungeneleni kwezobupolitika, negunya lokunyanzelisa ubungqina kunye namaxwebhu okufikelela. Kufuneka babe namandla okuncomela isenzo soluleko okanye ukubhekisa kumatyala okutshutshiswa. Icebiso le-OECD kwingqibelelo kawonke-wonke [[ igxininisa imfuneko yokulawula imizimba elawula inkqubo yengqibelelo epheleleyo, hayi abameli ngabanye.

Ukukhuthaza Ukuba Nenxaxheba Kuwonke - wonke Nokunikela Ngezigqibo

Ukuphendula koorhulumente asiyombopheleleko yorhulumente. Izakhono, imithombo yezosasazo, nemibutho yoluntu isebenza njengeenja ezibukeleyo. Imithetho exhasa inkululeko yolwazi, ikhusela iintatheli, kunye neentlanganiso ezivulekileyo yenza uluntu luba netyala kumagosa. Ukuncedisa uqingqo-mali, ummi, kunye nokuqhutyelwa kwemikhala kukhuthaza ukuphendula. Xa abemi bebophelelekile, abakhange baphawule kuphela ukuziphatha okubi kodwa bakwanceda ukumisela imilinganiselo yokuziphatha ngengxoxo. Amaziko emfundo, njengoko inqaku lokuqala liphawulile, anendima ebalulekileyo ekukhuthazeni impucuko yokuphendula iinkokeli zexesha elizayo.

Isiphelo

Ukudibana kwemilinganiselo yokuziphatha nomthetho ekuphenduleni ityala likarhulumente asikokungaguquguquki kodwa ngummandla onamandla woxinzeleleko kunye nokuxhasana. Umthetho unika ukwakhiwa kwezakhiwo `imithetho ecacileyo, iindlela zokusebenza, kunye neendlela zonyango. Imigaqo enika umphefumlo(imilinganiselo) ekhuthaza ukuthemba, ulawulo, nokuxhasa imbopheleleko yokuzibophelela kwizinto ezintle zikawonke-wonke. Akukho nanye enokuphumelela. Urhulumente oxhomekeke kumthetho kuphela unokuba ngqongqo nobuchule bokuxhasa imigaqo; lowo uxhomekeke kwimilinganiselo yokuziphatha usenokuba akanakuba noxanduva kunye nokugcinwa. Oninzi oorhulumente abamele bafake imigaqo-mthetho kuwo omabini, baqinisekisa ukuba isiseko somelele, silungelene, kwaye ngokuqhubekayo, ngoxa ehlakulela impucuko enzulu ngoqeqesho, ukhokelo, nokubonakala.

Njengoko iingxaki oorhulumente abajamelene nazo ziguquka (ukusuka kukhuseleko lwamanani ukuya kulawulo lwemozulu lwehlabathi lonke) imfuneko yokuba kukhule umthetho onamandla wemithetho. Ootitshala, abalawuli bomthetho, kunye nabemi kufuneka bonke banikele kulo mgudu. Ngokuqonda nangokuthetha ngolwalamano phakathi kwemithetho nemithetho, singakhuthaza ukubonakala ngaphaya, ukuthembeka, kunye nolawulo oluthembekileyo. Injongo ayikokugqibelela kodwa iyaqhubekeka kuhambo oluya kwinkqubo apho urhulumente ngamnye eqonda ukuba imilinganiselo yokuziphatha ayiyomfuneko nje esemthethweni kodwa ingumsebenzi osemthethweni, kwaye apho bonke abantu baziva benegunya lokuphendula.