Ulwalamano phakathi kwenkqubo efanelekileyo namalungelo abantu luhleli kwisiseko sazo izixokelelwano zale mihla zomthetho. Ngeli xesha inkqubo efunekayo inika umatshini wesiko wokuphathwa kakuhle, amalungelo abantu anika izibophelelo ezincinci zokuziphatha ezithi ezo nkqubo zenzelwe ukukhusela. Kwihlabathi eliya lidibana, kuqondwa indlela ezi ngcinga zimbini ezidibana ngayo zinqumla izithethe ezahlukeneyo ezisemthethweni, iinkqubo zezobupolitika, kunye nobume benkcubeko bubalulekile kuye nabani na osebenza emthethweni, inkqubo, inkqubo, okanye ukuphuhliswa kwezizwe ngezizwe ngezizwe. Eli nqaku lihlolisisa zombini imigaqo esisiseko kunye neenyaniso eziluncedo zenkqubo kunye namalungelo abantu, linika imbono engqinela phambili kwiimeko zomhlaba ehlala ingulo kunye neziqinisekisa utshintsho.

Ukuqonda Inkqubo Elindelekileyo

Imongo yengqiqo yokuba urhulumente kufuneka alandele imithetho emiselweyo kunye neenkqubo xa esebenza ngokuchasene nomntu ngamnye. Eli gama lisuka kwibinzana lesiLatin [[FLT: 0]-meterrae (" ngokomthetho welizwe"), ovela kwiMagna Carta ye1215.

  • Inkqubo eProfinyanisiweyo: Elisebe lifuna ukuba urhulumente anikeze isaziso esaneleyo, ukuva ngokufanelekileyo, umenzi wesigqibo ongakhethiyo, kunye nethuba lokunika ubungqina phambi kokuba ahlube umntu wobomi, inkululeko, okanye impahla. Licala elilungileyo lokuvavanywa ngokusesikweni, liqinisekisa ukuba imithetho yobungqina, ukunqamleza, ukuvavanya, kunye nokubhena kuyalandelwa.
  • Inkqubo elindelekileyo ye-Substantive Act:[ Elisebe lisikelwe umda [[[FTLT:2]] wemithetho, kungakhathaliseki ukuba isetyenziswa ngokulinganayo njani. Ibambe ukuba amalungelo athile angundoqo akwindawo eyimfihlo, njenge-engasese, okanye inkululeko yokuthetha] ayinako ukuphazamisana norhulumente ngaphandle kokuba kukho umdla wombuso onyanzelekileyo.

Omabini amasebe abalulekile: inkqubo efunekayo yokuvelisa iprocessical iqinisekisa ukuba urhulumente akathathi nxaxheba ngokuthanda, ngoxa inkqubo efunekayo engaphantsi kwesiseko ithintela urhulumente ekudluliseni imithetho ephazamisa inkululeko engundoqo.

Indima Yamalungelo Abantu

Amalungelo abantu anikwe indalo iphela amalungelo abantu bonke, asekelwe kwisidima somntu. Isiseko samalungelo abantu sale mihla saqalwa emva kweMfazwe Yehlabathi II, kunye neSindululo Somhlaba Wonke Samalungelo Abantu (UDHR) esamkelwa yiNgqungquthela Jikelele yeZizwe Ezimanyeneyo ngowe-1948. Amalungelo abantu ahlulwe ngokwesithethe ngezizukulwana ezithathu:

  • Isizukulwana sokuqala – Amalungelo angaphakathi nawezobupolitika: Ezi ziquka ilungelo lobomi, inkululeko ekuthuthunjisweni, inkululeko yokuchaza, ilungelo lokuvota, nelungelo lokuvavanywa ngokusesikweni. La malungelo asoloko enyanzelelwa kwiinkundla kwaye anxulumene ngokusondeleyo nenkqubo efunekayo.
  • Isizukulwana esitsha – Imali, iNtlalo, kunye neNkcubeko: La malungelo asisigqubuthelo emsebenzini, kwimfundo, kwindlu, kwimpilo, kunye nomgangatho ofanelekileyo wokuphila. Bafuna ukuba oorhulumente benze izenzo ezifanelekileyo, bangaphenduli nje ekungeneleni.
  • Isizukulwana esinemiqukumbelo-okanye u-Uniterarity Amalungelo: Ezi ziquka ilungelo lokuzigqibela, ukuphuhliswa, kunye nokusingqongileyo okusempilweni. Zingadityaniswanga lula kwiinkqubo zomthetho kodwa ziqashelwa ngokukhulayo kwiindibano zezizwe ngezizwe.

Ukudibana kwenkqubo efanelekileyo namalungelo abantu kuyabonakala kakhulu kumalungelo esizukulwana sokuqala: ngaphandle kwemigaqo esesikweni, inkululeko yabemi neyopolitiko iba ngamadinga angekho ngqiqweni. Ngokwahlukileyo koko, ngaphandle kwamalungelo abantu, inkqubo efanelekileyo ingancitshiswa ibe yeyobuchule, ingenankxalabo kubulungisa obuphantsi.

Ukudibana Kwembali: Ukusuka KwiMagna Carta Ukusa KwiSindululo Sehlabathi Lonke

Inkqubo elindelekileyo kunye namalungelo abantu iye yaqukunjelwa kunye. Igalelo likaMagna Carta le-39 lavakalisa ukuba akukho mkhululi unokubalelwa okanye agxothwe "ngaphandle komgwebo osemthethweni woontanga bakhe okanye umthetho welizwe." Le nkqubo ifanelekileyo yamiselwa kamva ngabagwebi bomthetho baseNgilani abaqhelekileyo kwaye bafakwa kwiSicelo sasekunene (1628) kunye neSivumelo sikaHabeas Corpus (1679).

Iingcinga zoluHluno zenkulungwane ye-17 kunye neye-18 .⁠John Locke, Montesquieu, Voltaire/agunyushelwa ukuba oorhulumente kufuneka bawahlonele amalungelo emvelo nokuba iinkqubo zomthetho ziyindlela eyintloko yokukhusela amalungelo abantu ekucinezeleni. UMgaqo-siseko wesihlanu (1791) ngokufanayo wasebenzisa ibinzana elicacileyo "ukwenziwa kwangaphambili komthetho," kunye noMphengululo weshumi elinesine (1868) lokhuseleko kurhulumente. Ngaphandle kwe-Atlantiki, isibhengezo samaFrentshi samaLungelo oMntu nowase-Atlantiki (18789) ngokufanayo wavakalisa ilungelo lokuthathwa njengongenatyala kunye nokufuneka kwenkqubo esemthethweni.

Izenzo zenkohlakalo zenkulungwane yama-20($_iimfazwe ezimbini zehlabathi, ulawulo lozwilakhe, ukutshatyalaliswa kohlanga," zaqinisekisa uluntu lwezizwe ngezizwe ukuba luvumelane nenkqubo efanelekileyo njengelungelo lomntu. Inqaku le-UDHR 10 lithi: "Wonk'enguye unelungelo elipheleleyo lokulingana nokuchotshelwa okusesikweni nokusekuhleni kwenkundla ezimeleyo nengakhethiyo". Lo mgaqo waphuhliswa ngokubhekele phaya kwiSivumelwano sezizwe ngezizwe ngezizwe ngezizwe ngamazwe ngamazwe ngamazwe (ICCCPR) kwiNQhinga le-14, elichaza ngokuziqinisekiso ezineenkcukacha: ilungelo lokuziphendulela, ukuxelelwa ngokwaneleyo, ukukhuselwa koncedo olusemthethweni, nokubhenela kwisiqinisekiso.

Umthetho wamalungelo abantu wehlabathi lonke wenza inkqubo eyiyo yehlabathi lonke ibe yimbopheleleko, kungekuphela kumazwe olawulo-mpukane kodwa nakuzo zonke izibhengezo kwi-ICCPR. Kodwa indlela le migaqo esetyenziswa ngayo iyahluka ngokuphawulekayo.

Imbono Yomhlaba Wonke Ngenkqubo Efanelekileyo Namalungelo Abantu

I-United States

I-United States inikela ukhuseleko olufanelekileyo, ngokukodwa kumgangatho wesizwe. IsiHlanziso sesihlanu siqinisekisa inkqubo efunekayo karhulumente; uHlaziyo lwe 145 luyalundisa lusithi luthathe amatyala. umthetho waseMelika ugxininisa zombini iprocedual kunye nenkqubo efunekayo. Ityala leNkundla ePhakamileyo lichaza amatyala eNkundla ePhakamileyo ([] imanda v. Arizona (1966) ezifuna amapolisa ukuba azise ukukrokreqwa ngamalungelo awo, Gideon v. Wainrightight [[[[FLT:]]] [193]]) imisela ukucebisa ekunene kwiimeko zefelo, [FLT].[FLD] v.[5]

Noko ke, iingxaki zisaqhubeka: ukuvalelwa kwabantu abaninzi, ukwahlulwa kobuhlanga ekugwetyweni, iinkqubo zebheyile zemali ezibohlwaya ubuhlwempu, nokusetyenziswa kolawulo kwiinjongo zokufuduka konke kunyuse inkqubo enzulu efunekayo kunye nenkxalabo yamalungelo abantu. USA PATRIOTT Act ekwandisiweyo kokuhlola okuthe kratya, ikhokelela kwiingxoxo eziqhubekayo ngokhuseleko kunye nenkululeko.

I-Europe

Inkqubo yamalungelo abantu yaseYurophu inamandla kakhulu ehlabathini. Isivumelwano saseYurophu samalungelo abantu (1950) kunye neNkundla yaseYurophu yamalungelo abantu eStrasbourg zinika abantu ilungelo lokuzisa izityholo ezinxamnye noorhulumente babo ngenxa yokwaphulwa kwenkqubo efanelekileyo namanye amalungelo. ISiqendu 6 seConvention siqinisekisa ukuvavanywa okusesikweni, kuquka ukufikelela kwinkundla ezimeleyo, ukuchotshelwa kwasesidlangalaleni, kunye nemicimbi efike ngexesha elifanelekileyo. INkundla yaseYurophu ikhuphe imithetho engoko ilungelo lokuphelisa, ilungelo lokunika uncedo olusemthethweni, kunye nokwalela ukuvalelwa ngegunya.

Phakathi kweEuropean Union ngokwayo, iCharter of Fundament Rights iphinda iqinisekisa ezi ziqinisekiso. Iinkqubo zomthetho wesizwe kumazwe angamalungu e-EU ziquka imigaqo efunekayo ngezithethe zomGaqo-siseko nangemithetho yowiso-mthetho. Umahluko ongundoqo osuka kwi-U.S. ngowokuba iYurophu ibeka inkxalabo engakumbi kumalungelo abantu nokulinganisela isigwebo sokufa (egawulwe ngumthetho-siseko 13). Sekunjalo, kusasele iimpikiswano: ukusetyenziswa kwemilinganiselo echasene nobunqolobi obufana nemiyalelo yokulawula, ukuphathwa kwabafuni bekhusindisi phantsi kwe-Dublin Regamente, kunye nokusetyenziswa kwenkululeko yokugweba elawula ePoland naseHungary kuye kwavavanya yonke imida yenkqubo efanelekileyo yeYurophu.

Latin America

Amazwe ase-Latin America amkele ukhuseleko olunamandla lwenkqubo efanelekileyo, ephenjelelwa kakhulu ngumthetho wamaRoma kunye nenkqubo yamalungelo abantu yaseMerika. INdibano yaseMelika yamalungelo abantu (11969) ifuna imiqondiso yokunika isiqinisekiso esifanelekileyo, kunye neNkundla yamaMelika yamalungelo abantu ekwakuchotshelwe kuyo imiqathango enyanzelisayo. Amazwe anjenge-Argentina, Brazil, neMexico aye adibanisa le migaqo kwimithetho-siseko nemigaqo yezolwaphulo-mthetho.

Noko ke, ukuphunyezwa komsebenzi akulingani. Ugonyamelo lwamapolisa, urhwaphilizo, ukuvalelwa kwangaphambili okunde (ngamanye amaxesha amabinzana angaphezulu kakhulu), kunye nokuzimela phantsi kwabatshutshisi kuyenza ibe phantsi inkqubo efunekayo. Lo mmandla ubone intsingiselo entle: ukutshintsha kweKholombiya ukusuka kwinkqubo yokuncina amakholwa ukuya kwinkqubo yombutho; utshintsho lomgaqo-siseko waseMexico ngowama 2008 oludala ukusungula iimvavanyo zomlomo kunye nokubekwa kwetyala; kunye ne-Brazil "Operation Carhash" yabalaselisa imfuneko yokuzikhusela okunamandla ekuxhatshazweni ngabatshutshisi.

Asia

I-Asia inika ezona ndawo zahlukeneyo. INkundla ePhakamileyo yaseIndiya neyoMzantsi Korea ikhuseleke ngendlela efanelekileyo phantsi komgaqo-siseko wemfazwe yasemva kwemfazwe kunye nemithetho ezimeleyo. EMzantsi Korea, iNkundla yezomGaqo-siseko iye yawanyanzelisa ngokukhutheleyo amalungelo okhuseleko, kuquka nakumatyala okhuseleko lwesizwe. INkundla ePhakamileyo yaseIndiya iye yandisa inkqubo efunekayo ngokucaciswa ngokunzulu kweGatya 21 (ekugqibeleleni kobomi nenkululeko yobuqu), kuquka ilungelo lokuvavanywa ngokukhawuleza, uncedo olusemthethweni olukhululekileyo, kunye nelungelo lokufumana imvume yokuzimela.

Kodwa kwamanye amazwe amaninzi ase-Asia, inkqubo efunekayo ibuthathaka. Ulawulo lobucuphi eVietnam, eLaos, eTshayina, naseMyanmar luzimele phantsi kwemithetho elawula iqela. ETshayina, ingcamango "yokulawula umthetho" ichazwa njenge "kulawula umthetho," ithetha ukuba ngumthetho ukhonza urhulumente, hayi umntu ngamnye. Ukuqinisekiswa kwempi kaTibet kunye neXinjiang kuphumele kumawaka enkqubo enkqubo eenkqubo e-Tshayina phantsi kwemigaqo yokhuseleko, nokuvalelwa kukaRohing eMyanmar ngaphandle kokuvavanywa, kubonisa ukungaphumeleli okugqithisileyo. Kwanakumazwe azimeleyo njenge-demokhrasi njengePhilippines, uMongameli Rodrivey Duter, imfazwe yemfazwe yezomqobo yeziyobisi yabangela ukubulala ngokugqithisa ukubulala okuncinane kwenkqubo yokhuseleko esetyenziswa yinkqubo ye-Cincudia.

Imeko yenkcubeko ibalulekile: Ezinye izithethe zaseAsia zibeka kwindawo yokuqala amalungelo entlalo alungelelanisiweyo namanyala kunenkqubo efunekayo. Ukusetyenziswa kwezixhobo zoluntu, ukubuyiselwa kobulungisa, kunye nengxubusho engacwangciswanga kunganelisa iinkqubo ezisesikweni, kodwa maxa wambi ziyayiyeka imigaqo esemthethweni yokuzikhusela, ingakumbi kumabhinqa nakubantu abambalwa.

Iingxaki Neengxubakaxaka

Ukudibana kwenkqubo efunekayo namalungelo abantu kujamelana neengxaki ezininzi ezingapheliyo ezinqumla imida:

  • Access kubulungisa: umelo lwasemthethweni luhlala lungenakusetyenziswa kwabaninzi, ingakumbi kumazwe asakhasayo. Iinkqubo zokhuselo lukawonke-wonke zisoloko ziphantsi, zikhokelela ekucebiseni ukucenga okunyanzela abamsulwa ukuba bafune ukungxengxeza ngetyala. Kubamangalelwa abangamahlwempu, ilungelo lokumangalelwa lilungelo eliqhelekileyo abangenakulisebenzisa.
  • Ukhuseleko lohlanga kunye nokhuseleko lweTerrorism: Ukususela ku-9/11] Uninzi lwamazwe luye lwasungula ukuvalelwa, ubungqina obuyimfihlo, uothunywashe basemkhosini, kunye neenkqubo zokuhlola ezigqitha kwiinkundla eziqhelekileyo. IGuantanamo Bay yeyona imbini engaqhelekanga, kodwa izenzo ezifanayo zenzeka kwi-UK (imiyalelo yolawulo), iIndiya (AFSPA), kunye ne-Israel (uvalelo lolawulo lolawulo). Amaqela amalungelo abantu aphikisa le nkqubo ifanelekileyo, kodwa oorhulumente baphikisa okokuba ubugrogrisi bafuna iimpendulo ezikhethekileyo.
  • I-Interfanetic and Justice Identification: Kumazwe amaninzi, iinkokeli ziye zahlasela iijaji, iinkundla eziqengqelekileyo, okanye amagqwetha ahlukumezayo. Utshintsho lwetyala laseHungary, igumbi lokuqeqesha i Poland kubagwebi, ukukhutshwa kwabagwebi emva konikezelo 2016, nokususwa kwe-Philippines kwemiqathango yeNkundla ePhakamileyo konke kubonisa indlela enokuthi inkqubo efanelekileyo ikhutshwe ngayo ngaphakathi.
  • [[NTL: 0] Ukunyuka kogcino-lwazi oluninzi kunye neNdlela ePhakathi: Unyuko lwengqokelela yogcino-lwazi ngoorhulumente kunye namaqumrhu obuqu avavanya iingcamango ezingokwesithethe zesaziso, ukuva, kunye nemfihlo. Iinkundla zisangquzulana nendlela yokusebenzisa inkqubo efunekayo ekuxingeni kwamanani, ukuxhuzula kwempahla kwi-intanethi, nokusetyenziswa kobukrelekrele ekuxeleni isimilo solwaphulo-mthetho okanye ekwenzeni izigqibo zebheyile.
  • I-Relativic Relativism: Abanye oorhulumente e-Asia, Afrika, nase Mpuma Ephakathi baphikisa ngelithi inkqubo efunekayo yeNtshona iyasilela ukuhlonela amasiko asekuhlaleni, umthetho wonqulo, okanye amaxabiso oluntu. Baxhasa "Astanian" okanye "Inkqubo efunekayo" egxininisa uxolelwaniso kwiingxoxo eziqulu-adversari. Abahlalutyi baphikisa ukuba le ndlela yokubhala isoloko isebenza ukufihla ingcinezelo kwaye amalungelo abantu ehlabathi lonke ngenyanzelo.

Uvavanyo Lomzekelo

IGuantanamo Bay Demyation Camp

Emva kohlaselo lwe-9/11 loMlawuli woBush wavakalisa "imfazwe yehlabathi jikelele yoloyiko" kwaye wagcina amakhulu amadoda eGuantanamo Bay yase-U.S.. UDetaines wabizwa ngokuba "iimfazwe" kwaye wakhanyelwa ukuba ngumbanjwa wemfazwe phantsi kweGenevaGeneva iiNdibano. Babanjwa ngaphandle komyalelo, ngaphandle kokufikelela kumagqwetha, kwaye bafumana ubuchule bokulungisa ingxubusho eqwalaselwe kakhulu. Inkundla ePhakamileyo ilawula . u-Raspul] v. Bush[FLT] [204]] [204]) [FLT:] [BMEXE] kunye nophawu olubambeneyomhlaba.[FLT] [FLD] [FFT3] [200] [200] [200] [200]

Ingxaki YaseRohinga EMyanmar

Iqela lamaSilamsi elincinci eRohingwa kwilizwe lase-Rakhine eMyanmar liye lajamelana nocalucalulo, intshutshiso, kunye nokukhanyelwa kobumi. Ngo-2017, umkhosi waqalisa ungquzulwano logonyamelo olwathi iZizwe Ezimanyeneyo zabiza "incwadi yokucoca izizwe" umzekelo wokususa ubuhlanga." uRohingya wabanjwa, wangcungcuthekiswa, wadlwengulwa, wabulawa ngogqithiso olungaphaya komthetho, kwaye wabulawa ngaphandle kokuzicengagunyaziswa kwenkqubo esemthethweni. Inkundla yezizwe ngezizwe ngezizwe yayayayayayayalela amanyathelo okukhusela ukutshatyalaliswa kwesizwe, kodwa ngenxa yenkqubo eRovingya ihlala ingekho. Imeko yabo igxininisa indlela okungaphunyelelwa ngayo ekungathwa kwemilinganiselo ephambili kumgangatho wesizwe ekuxhatshazweni kwenkohlakalo.

Ubomi Obumnyama Bubalulekile Notshintsho Olumanyumnyezi

Ukubulawa kukaGeorge Floyd ngowama-202020 kwabangela ukuqhankqalaza kwehlabathi lonke nxamnye nogonyamelo lwamapolisa kunye nobuhlanga obulawulwa yinkqubo. Le nkqubo ibalaselisa indlela inkqubo efanelekileyo esoloko ikhatywa ngayo kuluntu olumnyama noluncinane: ukusebenzisa amapolisa amandla agqithisileyo, ukuphamba izigqibo, ukungaphumeleli kweenkqubo zokuphendula. Ityala likaBreonna Taylor, labulawa kwikhaya lakhe ngexesha lokungaphangi kobuhlanga, labonisa indlela okungakhutshwa ngayo isiqinisekiso sokuphengululwa ngaphandle kokuzikhathalela ngokufanelekileyo izikhuseli ezikhoyo. Izicelo zotshintsho `ikhamera zeqela, ukuzimele, ukuphelisa ukukhusela okufanelekileyo, ukuqinisa ukukhusela abantu bonke abantu ngokohlanga.

Ikamva: Ngaba Liyaxokozela Okanye Liyaqhubeka?

Imfundiso yenkqubo efanelekileyo namalungelo abantu ayilandelelananga. Kwamanye amazwe ehlabathi, inkqubela iyabonakala: ukwanda komthetho wolwaphulo-mthetho wezizwe ngezizwe, ukukhula kweenkundla zamalungelo abantu, nokukhutshwa kwemigaqo-siseko kuye kwanyusa amathemba azwenibanzi. Ubugcisa bunika izixhobo ezintsha zokubonisa ukukhanya, njengeengxelo zenkundla ze-intanethi kwaye zikho. Imibutho efuna ukuphendulana.

Kanti uphazamiso lwe-athority luyinto yokwenene. [[FLT: 0] Isibhengezo esidibeneyo samaLungelo abantu sajika 75 ngonyaka wama-2023, kodwa uninzi lwenkqubo yayo efunekayo iyakuqinisekiswa luphantsi kohlaselo. Inkundla ye-Unian Amalungelo abantu ijongene nokugxekwa okuvela kwamanye amalungu. [[FLT:] Inkundla yezizwe ezininzi zeJaji [[FLT:]] inamandla alinganiselweyo. Okwangoku, ubugcisa bobugcisa bobugcisa bobugcisa buphakamisa izisongelo ezintsha: okusesikweni kobuGaluko-algority [[[FLT]], kunye nolawulo lwesizwe] olubhekrudelelayo oluphumayo kwinkundla zesithethe. [FLT]

Imbono yomhlaba wonke ityhila ukuba inkqubo efanelekileyo namalungelo abantu asizizo izipho ezihlala kude zomthetho; kufuneka zikhuselwe, zilungiswe, zifunyanwe. Abameli kunye nabenzi bemigaqo-nkqubo kufuneka basebenze ukunqumla imida ukuqinisa umthetho, ukuqinisekisa ukuba abachopheli-mthetho abazimeleyo, nokuqinisekisa ukuba akukho mntu unyanzelwa ngokusemthethweni. Kuphela ngokudibanisa umgangatho osesikweni namalungelo abantu angaphantsi komhlaba, sinokulwakha ulungelelwano lokwenene lwehlabathi.

Isiphelo

Ukudibana kwenkqubo efunekayo kunye namalungelo abantu kungumgaqo osemthethweni kunye nemfuneko yokuziphatha. Ngoxa imigaqo ecacileyo icacile, imigaqo yokukhusela isidima semfuza,(iindlela zokusebenza).

ukwenzela ukufunda okubhekele phaya, bona Isaziso somhlaba wonke samalungelo abantu ; iConvention ye- ye-Yunian kuMalungelo oluntu[; kwaye iingxelo ze i-Amnety [ kwinkqubela neyona ndlela ifanelekileyo yokuvalelwa.