Iyunivesithi isebenza njengesixhobo sokulungisa iingcamango, indawo apho abafundi badibana khona neembono ezibalungelayo iimvavanyo zabo kunye nalapho ingxubusho eyomeleleyo ilindelekile kwaye ikhuselwe khona. Kodwa kwanendlela evumela le nkululeko yamahala--(ukukhusela koMgqiqo wokuqala okhululekileyo) /oknaye ukudityaniswa nomnye umgaqo osisiseko: inkqubo efunekayo. Xa intetho yomfundi iba ngumbandela wesenzo soqeqesho, isakhiwo kufuneka siqhubele phambili ipaseji encinci phakathi kokuhlonipha inkululeko ecacileyo nokuqinisekisa ukukhanyisa, ukukhanyisa, nokuvala isandi. Oku kudibana kwengqungquthela akuyo akuyo nje into engoko ithelekelelwa ngokomthetho; kubumba amavandla omfundi, abaphathi, nabalawuli, kunye nohambo lwaso olucothayo kufuneka lugcine umsebenzi wemfundo.

Isiseko esisemthethweni sokuthetha ngokukhululekileyo kunye nenkqubo elindelekileyo

IsiHlaliso Sokuqala soMgaqo-siseko wase-U.S., sisetyenziswa kumaphondo ngoMgaqo-siseko weshumi elinesine, siyawuthintela urhulumente `kuquka iiyunivesithi zikawonke-wonke ) eziphazamisa inkululeko yokuthetha. Olu khuselo ludlulela kwisakhiwo, iphephandaba labafundi, kwanakwi-intanethi, logama nje intetho ingaweli kwimincili, ingenakuthintelwa ngokwembali, imigaqo efana nezisongelo zenyaniso, ukukhuthaza ukuhambela phambili kwesenzo solwaphulo-mthetho, okanye ukukhathazwa kwemithetho enzima, exhaphakileyo, kwaye ngokucacileyo iphazamisa ukufikelela komfundi kwimfundo elinganayo. Kwangaxesha linye, iMixokelelwa intelekelelo yemfundo ephambili, i-" ithetha ukuba akukho mntu ukhuseleko oluthenjiweyo, okanye iprojelo lobubulungisa.

Iikholeji zabucala azinyanzelwanga ngokuthe ngqo luHlaziyo loQonda, kodwa ezininzi ziye zamkela imigaqo enika imbeko kukuziphatha okukhululekileyo njengenxalenye yemilinganiselo yazo yamaqumrhu, kwaye zisephantsi kwembopheleleko yokusebenzisana okanye yomthetho oqhelekileyo wobulungisa. Ngaphezu koko, iSihloko seSiX sokuLandlwa kwezemfundo yowe-1993, simisela iimfuno ezithe ngqo ngendlela amaziko asabela ngayo kwizityholo zokungabi nasimilo ngokwesondo, nto leyo ebangela ukuba umhlaba ube nzima ngakumbi. Uxinezeleko lubangelwa kukuba amatyala okuthetha ngokukhululekile ngokufuthi ajonge kumongowangaphambi kolwazi (oko unokukuthethayo, xa utheth'uluthi, xa kusenziwa iinkqubo ezifanelekileyo zokuhlola iinkqubo zeposi (oko kwenzeka xa umntu ekhala ngoko akuthethileyo). Ukudibani nako.

Iingxaki Eziphambili Kwiinkqubo Zoqeqesho Ezisetyenziswa Kwiinkampu

Iikholeji neeyunivesithi zijamelene nobuninzi bobunzima obusebenzisekayo xa zizama ukuqeqesha ihambo enxulumene nokuthetha ngaphandle kokuwanyathelela phantsi amalungelo omGaqo-siseko okanye okusesikweni okusisiseko. Olu celomngeni luxhaswe luludwe olubanzi lwentetho ekhuselweyo enokuthi ijongwe njengebileyo okanye eyingozi, kunye nokwanda konxibelelwano lwabafundi.

Ukuchaza Ngokulula Intetho Ekhuselayo

Olunye ucelomngeni oluzingisileyo lumgca phakathi kwentetho ephazamisayo okanye ethanda ukuxambulisana, kwaye intetho enqamlezayo ikwisisongelo esisebenzayo okanye esiyinyaniso. Inkundla Ephakamileyo iye yakwenza kwacaca ukuba intetho ayinakupheliswa ngenxa yokuba ayithandeki okanye ivuselela. ] i-Taxs. Johnson[ [1998] [iiNkundla], iNkuko yeNkundla ibambelele ukuba iflegi yaseMelika ikhuselwe yihambo ecacileyo ekhuselwe yiSihlazisweni sokuqala. Kwindawo yokufundisa, intle yesifundo yento yembono yezobupolitika okanye imo yembono ethile ikhuselwe phantsi kwejize. [i-Fognote] [2] [igneempeempeempeeting .[4]

Ubulungisa kwiMidlalo yeNkxaso

Inkqubo elindelekileyo ifuna ukuba umfundi otyholwayo afumane ithuba elifanelekileyo lokuphendula. Oku kuquka ukwazi izityholo ezingqalileyo, ukufikelela kubungqina obumiselwe yile nkqubo efuna ukusetyenziswa, nokukwazi ukunikela amangqina nobungqina bokuzikhusela. Kwiminyaka yakutshanje, iSebe lemfundo leSihloko se-IX liyalela ukuba kuhlale kuvakala abantu ngokuhlola okunqamlezileyo, kodwa amaziko amaninzi ayaqhubeka ezama ukulwa neenkqubo zesigqibo ezingacwangciswanga ezinokuthi abafundi banyanzele ukuwahluza amalungelo abo. Ucelomngeni lukukwenza iinkqubo zezentelekelelo nezobulungisa, ingakumbi xa ihambo ephantsi ibandakanya i-projectedssss okanye intetho echuliweyo. Ukunyuka “ukuphendula kweempendulo” kukwatsala ukugxeka ngentetho epholileyo, njengoko abafundi bephepha ukuvakalisa iimbono zokuxokozwa ngoloyiko.

Intetho yeNkcubeko neyokuXhosa

Umda wolawulo lwezikolo zemfundo yemfundo uphazanyisiwe yi-intanethi. Ingaba i-yunivesithi ingamqeqesha umfundi nge-weet yohlanga okanye esongelayo ebekwe kwigumbi le-dorm? Inkundla ePhakamileyo yesigqibo sonyaka wama-2021 [2021]. [iiNkundla ePhakamileyo] iMahanoy Areat School s slatry v. B.L.[[FL] [FL:1] iqinisekisa ukuba izikolo zinokusilela ukuba i-K-12] zingakwazi ukulawula ukuphuma kwe-intetho, kodwa isigqibo esishiyekileyo kwiikholejini. Iinkundla ezisezantsi ngokuqhelekileyo ziye zafuna “ukungalawuleki kwe-'isikhalazo'i------compastmes. Kodwa kufuneka zigqibe ukuba zibone ukuba ndizandisasaze intetho ephumayo, okanye intetho esetyenziswa ngokuchaphazamisa ugonyamelo. Inkundla ezisetyenziswa rhoqo ukuchaza imbono ebandakanya kwimicimbi yezo zinto.

Uphawu Lwamacala Asemthethweni Agudileyo

Imizekelo emininzi yenzeka njengesiseko sokulawula ukuma ngokukhululekileyo nokuqhuba inkqubela kwimfundo ephakamileyo. Ukuqonda la matyala kunceda ekucaciseni imida asebenza kuyo amagosa esikolo.

[[UMTL: 0] Isithili se-Tinker v. Des Moines Independent School Community (11969)

Nangona iK-12 yemeko, ithenjiwe ukuba abafundi “abawachithi amalungelo abo omgaqo-siseko enkululeko yokuthetha okanye yokuthetha kwisango lesikolo.” Inkundla yaseka ukuba isikolo singakuthintela kuphela ukuthetha okunokuthi “ngokuphathekayo nokuphazamisa kakhulu umsebenzi nengqeqesho yesikolo." Lo mgangatho usetyenziswe kwiikholeji, oko kuthetha ukuba isiko alinako ukohlwaya intetho yomfundi esekelwe kukoyika ukuphazamisa okanye ukungawuthandi lomyalezo. “Ukuphazamiseka okungalawulekiyo” kusoloko kusisixhobo sokuvavanyanisa imigaqo-nkqubo yemfundo.

[[UMTL: 0] Healy v. James (1972)

INkundla Ephakamileyo yanikela iSihlaziyo Sokuqala sokuHlaziya kubafundi basekholeji, ababefuna ukunconywa liqela labafundi, yathi iikholeji zikawonke wonke azinakukhanyela ukugqalwa kweqela elisekelwe kwintanda - bulumko yalo okanye impikiswano ekhoyo.

Doe v. University of Michigan (19989)

Njengoko kuphawuliwe, eli tyala lenkundla yesithili selitshayelele inkqubo yokuchasana kwabantu ngokwesini kweyunivesithi, eyalelayo intetho ethi “bangcungcuthekisa okanye baxhatshaze” abantu ngokwesizwe, ubuhlanga, unqulo, isini, okanye ezinye iindidi. Inkundla yafumana inkqubo ingaphezulu kakhulu kwaye ingenantsingiselo, ihlazekile, ithetha ngendlela eninzi ekhuselekileyo. Isebenza njengesilumkiso nxamnye nemithetho echanekileyo yentetho kodwa engachananga.

[[UMTL: 0] Hoty v. Carter (2005)

Eli tyala lesixhenxe leNtlanganiso leSithili lavumela ikholeji ukuba imisele uhlolo lwangaphambili lwento equlethwe liphephandaba labafundi ukuba yenzeka “kubume bukawonke-wonke obungalinganiyo” kwaye yayinobundilele. Noko ke, iNkundla ePhakamileyo ayivumanga ukuliva eli tyala, ishiya ukungaqiniseki. Iinkundla ezininzi ezisezantsi ziye zathi qatha zisuka kwi- HSty kwizibalo zazo ezikhethekileyo, kwaye indlela ekhethelweyo kukuphatha abafundi njengesixhobo sokugcina ulwazi esinguwonke apho uthintelo lungafunwa kakhulu.

[[FLT: 0] Garcetti v. Iqokobhe (2006) kunye Lane v. Franks (2014]

La matyala athetha ukuba ngaba abasebenzi basekuhlaleni — kuquka abafundisi-mthetho — bagcine amalungelo okuthetha ngokukhululekileyo kwiingxelo ezenziwe zasemthethweni. [[FLT: 0] Imfundiso ayisebenzi ekufundiseni nasekuthetheni kwemfundo. Uxinezeleko phakathi kwegqwetha lesithili elinxulumene nomsebenzi nenkonzo ayikhuselekanga, kodwa kamva iNkundla yacacisa ukuba [[FLT:] Garcetti imfundiso ayisebenzi kukufundisa nokuthetha. Uxinzeleko oluphakathi kolawulo lweziko kunye nenkululeko yemfundo luhlala lungummandla okhutheleyo wokuzinzisa.

[[FLT: 0] Igophe leSithili seSikolo sengingqi v. B.L. (2021)

Kule meko, iNkundla ePhakamileyo yathi isikolo asinako ukohlwaya umfundi ngenxa yokuthetha okungcolileyo kwiSnapchat, iqonda ukuba izikolo zinomdla oncitshisiweyo wokulawula intetho ngaphandle kwesikolo kunye nezinto zesikolo. Ngoxa ityala lingu K-12, imbono yayo yokuba ukuthetha okungekho mgangathweni kunokwenzeka kakhulu ukuba kubangele izilangazelelo zokuthetha ngaphandle konxibelelwano olungqalileyo oluphazamisa iikholeji. Ezinye iinkundla ezisezantsi ziye zasebenzisa ingqiqo efanayo, zifuna i-nexus ecacileyo kwikholeji enkulu ngaphambi kokuba ziqeqeshelwe ukuphuma kwi-campus.

Iziqinisekiso Zokulungelelanisa Amalungelo Kwicampus

Ngenxa yokuba kukho imiqobo enzima, iindlela zokuthetha zinokubanceda amaziko ahlonele inkululeko yokuthetha ngoxa ehlala kwindawo elungeleleneyo, ekhuselekileyo.

Intetho Ecacileyo Nengacaciyo

Imigaqo yokuziphatha ekufuneka ithethe ijolise kwintetho yexhoba kwaye iphephe ukungaqondakali. Endaweni yokungavumeli “intetho echaphazelekayo”, imigaqo kufuneka yamkele ingcaciso esemthethweni esetyenziswa yiNkundla Ephakamileyo: ihambo enzima, ephangaleleyo, nengachaphazelekayo kangangokuba ikhanyela ngokunempumelelo ukufikelela kwinkqubo yemfundo okanye umsebenzi. Ezinye iintlobo zentetho echaphazelekayo, inkqubo kufuneka icacise ukuba ukuchasana akuyomixokeko yoqeqesho. [FLT] [FRE] ichaza imigaqo-modeli yemfundo okanye i-ekhomba-mscss ezithe rhoqo kwimithetho yabo yokuthetha; ukucebisana kwezibonelelo ezinjalo kunganceda ekuphepheni imiqobo esemthethweni.

Iinkqubo zeDiski eziLungisa neZibonisa Ngokucace

Inkqubela efunekayo ingakumbi kunesigxina serabha. Iziko kufuneka ziqinisekise ukuba nawuphi na umfundi ojongene netyala elinzulu ufumana isaziso esibhaliweyo, ukufikelela kubungqina, ithuba lokunikela ukhuseleko, kunye nomenzi wesigqibo ongakhethiyo. Kwimeko ezibandakanya ukuthetha, kubalulekile ukuba umthumeli aqeqeshelwe kwimigaqo yokuLungisa uLawulo lokuqala. Isebe lemfundo le-U.S. i-Sihloko se-Imfundo se-20X siqinisekiswe imigaqo emininzi efunekayo, equka ukuva okukhoyo ngokunqamleza, kodwa njengo-2024, ulawulo lweBiden luye lwahlaziya eminye imithetho. Izicelo kufuneka zihlale ziqeqeshwe ngemigaqo yomthetho yomthetho elawula umoya wokulungalungiseleli. Ukunika izibongozo ziyimfuneko.

Iinkqubo Zemfundo Zentetho Ekhululekileyo Nentlonelo

Kunokuba zicinezele intetho ephikisayo, iikholeji zingafak' iinkqubo ezifundisa abafundi indlela yokusebenzisa iingcamango ezicaphukisayo. “Izibonelelo ezidibeneyo ezingomahluko” iindawo zokusebenzela iingxoxo, uqeqesho, kunye nezithethi zeklaji ezisuka kwiimbono ezahlukeneyo zinokubanceda ukwakha impucuko apho intetho yomelele kodwa ingabi yentiyo. Iinkqubo ezinjalo zihambelana nothumo lwemfundo lokukhuthaza ukugxeka. ACLU] izibonelelo zokuthetha ngenkululeko [ zinika ukhokelo lokusebenzisa intetho elungeleleneyo kunye nokhuseleko lwaseko.

Ukuphepha Ukusebenzisa Umatshini Wokuthetha

I-Bias inika ingxelo iinkqubo zokunika ingxelo, ngexa zisetyenziswa kakuhle, zingathetha ngokubandayo ukuba zisetyenziselwa ukudubula iimbono kunokuhlaselwa. Iziko kufuneka zimisele ukusetyenziswa kwenkqubo enjalo kwiingxelo zokuba inkundla zemali ichaze ukungalungi kokuziphatha okubi okuchazwa ngumthetho okanye inkqubo, kwaye azifanele zikhuphele uwonke kwiingxelo ezingachazwanga “iziganeko” ezibandakanya iimbono eziphikisanayo. Ngokufanayo, ukukhulula“ amangingqi akhululekileyo okuthetha” agcina imisebenzi enzima kwimimandla emincinane, ekude. Ngo-201818, inkundla yorhulumente ayizange ibangele ukuba icandelo elinjalo kwiYunivesithi yaseFlorida, kunye nezinye izikolo ezininzi zishiywe okanye zandisiwe ngokuzithandela. Endaweni yoko, izikolo kufuneka zichaze iindawo ezinkulu, ezibonakalayo, njengendawo yoluntu oluqhelekileyo olukhoyo.

Ukwamkela Izithethe Eziphinda Ziqaliswe

Ngentetho ebangela umonakalo kodwa ekhuselwe, amanyathelo okunika isohlwayo asenokungafanelekile. Amanye amaziko aye azama ukubuyisela iziyilelo zobulungisa, azama ukuqhuba incoko phakathi kwesithethi nabo bamonileyo, kunye nemiyalelo yemfundo. Ezi ndlela ziphepha ukwaphula intetho ekhululekileyo ngoxa zithetha ngempembelelo kwaye zikhuthaza ukufunda. Noko ke, inxaxheba kufuneka ibe yeyokuzithandela, kwaye abafundi abalayo abanako ukusohlwaywa ngokubhekele phaya.

Indima Yemilinganiselo Yabafundi Nendlela Yokuthetha

Eyona ndlela iphumelelayo yokuzikhusela ekuchaseni izidubedube kunye nezikolo zemfundo yikhowudi yabafundi efakwe kakuhle eqinisekisa ngokucacileyo imbopheleleko yesiko yokuzichaza ngokukhululekileyo. Ezininzi iiyunivesithi ziquka “intetho yenkululeko” kwiinkqubo zazo, ezisoloko zikhokelwa kwiSigqeba se- iCicago [[[[FLT:]]] u-2014] “iSivumelwano seKomiti yenkululeko yolu hlobo” ukusuka kwiYunivesithi yaseChicago. Eli nqaku livakalisa ukuba“ iyunivesiti ingummiselo ongundoqo wentetho okanye intetho isenokungacinezelwa ngenxa yokuba iingcamango ezibekwe zicaciswe ngabathile okanye kwanamalungu amaninzi eYunivesithi agxekwa ngokuthuka, angenabulumko, okanye aziphatha kakubi. Ngokungapha kwamacala ama-90 athe nangaphezulu eengxelo asetyenziswa ngolwimi olufanayo.

Ngaphezu koko, ukhuseleko olufanelekileyo kufuneka ludityaniswe ngokucacileyo kwikhowudi. Abafundi kufuneka bazi ukuba ukuba batyholwa ngokwaphulwa kwentetho, baza kufumana isifungo esipheleleyo. Ikhowudi kufuneka ivakalise ukuba ulwahlulo luyalelwe: iyunivesithi isenokungabeki izigwebo ezingqongqo kwisithethi esithe ngqwalaselayo kunokuba kusetyenziswe isithethi esiphandleyo sohlobo olunye lwentetho. Uphicotho-zincwadi lwemithetho, ngokufanelekileyo ngegalelo elisuka kubaqeshi, kwicebiso lomthetho, kunye nabameli babafundi, inceda ukugcina inkqubo isebenza ngomthetho ojikelezayo.

IiNkcukacha Zangoku: IiNkcubeko, Intetho Yangaphakathi, Nentsebenziswano Yamaqumrhu

Ukudibana kwenkqubo efunekayo nenkululeko yokuthetha kuphakanyiswa ngokukhethekileyo kumongo wesibheno sakutshanje se-Israel-Palesitinean, inkxwaleko yobuhlanga, kunye ne-LGBTQ. Xa abafundi bephazamisa imigangatho okanye behlala kwizakhiwo, kuphakama imibuzo yokuba ngaba izenzo zabo zikhuselekile kusini na ngoMphetho wokuqala okanye ukuziphatha okuphazamisayo okungalawulwayo okungalawulwayo. Iinkundla zisoloko zibambe elo xesha, indawo, kunye nendlela yokuthintela ukuba banelisekile-ne ne-neutral nerevertialssss. Umzekelo, ukuva umlomo kwizakhiwo emva kweeyure ezithile zikhuphiwe yi-palral; ukuva okungasebenziyo kwepro-Palestinian akuyo. Ngenxa yoko, inkxaso yokudibanisa ii-mvosongelo zinikwayo.

Ukukhathazwa ngonxibelelwano kukwabangela iingxaki ezintsha. Umfundi usenokuthumela i-athom yocalucalulo lobuhlanga kwi-akhawunti yakhe yangasese, ekhokelela abanye abafundi ukuba bafake isikhalazo. Iyunivesithi ngoko kufuneka ihlole ukuba intetho ikhuselwe kusini na (ukuba isuka nje ikhuselwe kodwa ayisisosisongelo okanye ukuhlaselwa ngokwenene) kwaye nokuba ibangele ukuphazamiseka okukhulu kweklasi. Nokuba intetho ikhuselekile, isiko liyakwazi ukuxhasa abo bachaphazelekayo, ngokufana nengcebiso elifana nelo qhalo. Oku kuqinisekisa ukuba isithethi asikhuselwanga ngaphandle ngenxa yokungathandwa kweembono zabo. [[FLT:] IsiHlamlo solawulo sobusuku kwiYunivesithi yeColumbiant[FLT:] [FLT1] [12:] [iiiiicegosal] igcina iimeko ezininzi apho abafundi beyekwe ngaphandle kwe-mamplus, ngoko sikhuselwa kwakhona.

Enye indawo ejikelezayo kukusetyenziswa kwezilumkiso zenkcubeko kunye nezithuba ezikhuselekileyo. Ngelixesha ezi zizinto zokuzithandela, xa inkqubo yequmrhu ifuna izilumkiso okanye ithintela ezinye “izihloko” eklasini, umgca Wokuqala Wonikezelo unganqamlwa, ingakumbi kwiiyunivesithi zikawonke-wonke. Oonjingalwazi banelungelo lemfundo elikhusela ukhetho lwabo lwezifundo. Inkqubo ingena xa unjingalwazi ekwikhefu ekwikhefu efunyenwe ichasene nomthetho othile. Unyango olufanelekileyo asikokohlwaya kodwa ukudiswa kwengxoxo yesizathu esicacileyo semithetho kunye nengxubukiso ecacileyo yesandi ibalulekile.

Isiphelo

Ukusetyenziswa kwenkululeko yokuthetha kunye nenkqubo efunekayo kwiikoleji asiyonto idida ukuconjululwa kanye kwaye konke; kufuna ukuba imigaqo-nkqubo engaguqukiyo njengomthetho, ubugcisa, kunye nezithethe zentlalo izenzeke. Iiyunivesithi zikawonke-wonke zibotshwe yimfuno yomgaqo-siseko efuna inkxaso eqinileyo yokuthetha nokungaguquguquki. Amaziko obuqu, ngelixesha angenayo ngqo imigaqo yoLuhlu lokuqala, ukujongwa nomthetho ukuba iinkqubo zawo zikho ngokwemposiso okanye zigqwethekile. Inkoliso yempumelelo yezo ziziphatha ngenkululeko nenkqubo elungelelanayo, hayi ephikisayo: ukukhuthaza ukuthengiswa kweentengiso ngenkululeko, ngoxa inkqubo efanelekileyo iqinisekisa ukuba imithetho yezorhwebo isebenza kakuhle.

Ngokwamkela imigaqo ecacileyo, elungeleleneyo, ukunikela uqeqesho lwezigqubuthelo, ukukhuthaza isithethe sokuncokola ngentlonelo, nokuxhathisa umnqweno wokuphelisa iingcamango ezingathandwayo, iikholeji zingawufeza umsebenzi wazo ombini: ukukhusela amalungelo abafundi nokuwafundisa imikhwa yobumi bedemokhrasi. Eli xesha lifuna inkalipho yomibini ukukhusela ukuthetha, ukuqinisekisa ukuba umfundi ngamnye, nokuba ungummangaleli okanye umangalelwe, uya kufumana ukuva okufanelekileyo.