Ngaphandle Kweengqukumba Ezahlukeneyo: Indlela Amasebe Amathathu Orhulumente Ngokwenene Asebenza Ngayo

Izifundo ezininzi zoluntu ziqala ngomzobo olula: iibhokisi ezintathu ezicocekileyo ezibhalwe ngoLawulo oluPhezulu, uMthetho, kunye nolugwebo, nganye ineseti yayo ecocekileyo yoxanduva. Lindawo eluncedo ekuqaleni, kodwa ikwanokuba lulahlekiso. Isiko lorhulumente waseMerika alizange lenzelwe ukugcina la masebe ngokwahlukene. Abalawuli, bedwelisa kakhulu kwiingcamango zeMontesquieu kunye namava abo amathanga, benza ngabom isakhiwo apho amasebe ebeya kuba khona azimeleyo. Injongo yayingalawulwangazodwa kodwa yayilawulwa ngumatshini wokulwa amabhongo, njengoko uJames Madisonksi ephikisayo kwi-Fodmian.

Ukuqonda oku kudibana kubalulekile kuye nabani na ozama ukuyiqonda indlela edluliselwa ngayo imithetho, indlela imigaqo-nkqubo enyanzeliswa ngayo, nendlela amalungelo akhuselwa ngayo. Eli nqaku linikela uluvo oluneenkcukacha, olusebenzisekayo ngendlela ulawulo oluphezulu, uwiso-mthetho namasebe agweba asebenzisana ngayo, axhasane, kwaye anyanzelisane ngayo kwihlabathi lokwenene lolawulo.

Ilitye Lonxibelelwano: Ukwahlukana Kwamandla Nokukhangela Nokulungelelana

Ngaphambi kokuba uhlolisise ulwalamano olukhethekileyo, kubalulekile ukucacisa iimfundiso ezimbini ezisebenzisanayo ezichaza ii - interbranch systems.

Ukwahlukana Kwamagunya

Lo mgaqo unika isebe ngalinye imisebenzi eyahlukileyo. Isebe elinoLawulo oluPhezulu (iKhontrakthi) libhala imithetho. Isebe elilawulayo (uMongameli kunye namasebe karhulumente) liyawanyanzela ukuba asebenze. Eli cala likhusela naliphi na ilungiselelo ekusebenziseni igunya elipheleleyo. Noko ke, ukwahlukana akuphelelanga. Umzekelo, uMongameli uyakwazi ukumisela umthetho kunye neNkundla ePhakamileyo enokuthi yenze imithetho echaphazela indlela amatyala aphathwa ngayo.

Iipeksi Nolungelelwano

Iingqinipho kunye nolungelelwano zizenzo ezivumela isebe ngalinye ukuba lijonge lize libeke ezinye umda. Le nkqubo yenza uthungelwano lokuvelelana kunokuba lube yi-ququzelela. Imizekelo engundoqo iquka:

  • [[UMTL:0] Igunya phezu kolawulo: Congress ilawula uqingqo-mali, iqinisekisa ii-amne, kwaye iyakwazi ukutyumba uMongameli.
  • Isivumelwano esingaphezulu koMthetho: UMongameli angarhoxa amaphepha kwaye abize iKhomishini kwintlanganiso ekhethekileyo.
  • [[UMTL: 0] Inkundla eququzelelayo phezu koMthetho noLawulo oluPhezulu: Iinkundla zingabetha imithetho okanye izenzo zolawulo ezichasene nomGaqo-siseko.
  • [[UMTHETHO: 0] Igunya likarhulumente kwiJaji: imisela isakhiwo seenkundla zephondo kwaye isenokucebisa ukutshintshwa komgaqo-siseko ukuphelisa iinkcazelo zogwebo.
  • [[Umthetho:0] Izabelo ngezahlulelo: UMongameli ubeka abagwebi besizwe, kuquka abagwebi beNkundla ePhakamileyo.

La mandla angenayo asizozinambuzane kule nkqubo, zizinto ezenzelwe ukunyanzela ukuncokola, ukucinga nokulalanisa.

Isebe loMgaqo-siseko: iBhunga njenge-injini kunye nogada

IBhunga libizwa ngokuba lisebe lokuqala likarhulumente kuba kuphela elinyulwe ngqo ngabantu kwaye lelokuqala elidweliswe kumGaqo-siseko. Umsebenzi walo oyintloko kukuyila umthetho, kodwa ukudibana kwawo namanye amasebe kukhulu kakhulu.

Ukwenza Injini Yomthetho

Inkqubo yowiso-mthetho ukususela ekuqaleni ukuya ekugqibeleni luhlolisiso olusekelwe ekuxhomekekeni kwindlu okanye kwiBhunga, kodwa ayinakuba ngumthetho ngaphandle kosayino lukaMongameli (okanye iveto). Ngexesha lenkqubo, amasebe aphetheyo asoloko enikela ubuchule kunye nohlalutyo lobuqhetseba bemali. Xa egqitywe, umthetho uza kumiselwa ngummeli wesigqeba esilawulayo, kwaye ekugqibeleni umgaqo-siseko wawo ungavavanywa kwinkundla yorhulumente.

Qwalasela ukudlula koMthetho we-Affordble Care Act ngo-2010. Ingqungquthela yaphikisana yaza yadlulisela umthetho, kodwa iSebe lezeMpilo neSebe Loluntu kwafuneka libhale amakhulu amaphepha emimiselo ukuze liwuzalisekise. Ngoko umthetho wajongana nocelomngeni lweNkundla ePhakamileyo, kuquka iFOLDAL Federation of Independent Business v. Sebelius [20], eyaxhasa umyalelo ngamnye njengomyalelo wokuhlawula irhafuthelo ngoxa ibetha ulwando olungundoqo lweMedicaid. Eli candelo elinye lomthetho lachukumisa onke amasebe amathathu kumjikelo oqhubeka nocelomngeni olutsha namhlanje.

Ulawulo kunye noqinisekiso

Isebe lowiso-mthetho linempembelelo ephawulekayo kumphathi ophetheyo ngokuchotshelwa kwetyala, ngokuphandwa, nangokulawula kwesi sikhwakhwa semali. Iikomiti zeBhunga-ngqungquthela zisoloko zibiza amagosa aphezulu esebe ukuba angqine ukuphunyezwa kwemigaqo, ukusetyenziswa kwemali, kunye nokunganyaniseki okunokwenzeka. Lo msebenzi wobuveleli uye wabonakala ngokukodwa ebudeni bophando kwimicimbi esukela kwimisebenzi yobukrelekrele ukuya kwintsabelo kwizifo ezimandunduma.

IKhomishini ikwanendima engqalileyo ekusebenzeni amasebe aphetheyo nagwebayo. IBhunga liqinisekisa onobhala beKhabhinethi, iintloko zamasebe, iintloko zoorhulumente, iijaji zesizwe. Le nkqubo yokuqinisekisa iye yaya isiba yeyanda ngokuphikisanayo kumashumi eminyaka akutshanje, njengoko abacholacholi behlalutye iingcamango neembono zabo. Ubuchule bomongameli bokuzalisekisa ucwangciso lwabo buxhomekeke kakhulu ekubeni iqela labo lilawula iBhunga kwaye linokuqinisekisa ukuba abasebenzi basebenza kakuhle kusini na.

Amandla Okufuna

Mhlawumbi eyona ngqikelelo iphambili yeBhunga eliphethe intloko yeNkundla ePhakamileyo ngamandla okungagunyaziswanga. Indlu yabameli ingamtyumza uMongameli, uMongameli onguMongameli, okanye abanye amagosa karhulumente ngenxa yokungcatsha, ukunyoba, okanye ezinye izenzo zolwaphulo-mthetho eziphezulu kunye nezingengalungisi. IBhunga liqhuba ityala neNkundla ePhakamileyo ephethe iNkundla ePhakamileyo. Le nkqubo ibandakanya kanye onke amasebe amathathu: iNdlundlwano nokuvota kumanqaku okungagunyazi, iNxabisi, iNtenteko ekwayane, kunye noMphathi-mthetho oMongameli oPhakamlamlamlamganga woLungu uqinisekisa ukuba i-mthetho olungileyo.

Isebe Elinolawulo Oluphezulu: Ukuzalisekisa, Ukuqalisa, Nemida

Isebe eliphetheyo, elikhokelwa nguMongameli, linembopheleleko yokuphumeza ngokuthembeka imithetho edluliswa yiBhunga. Kodwa uMongameli akangomlawuli ongenzi nto. Umongameli wale mihla uye waguquka waba ngumsunguli wenkqubo onamandla, ngokufuthi eqhuba imimiselo yesizwe ngeendlela ezisesikweni nezingacwangciswanga.

Ibhanti njengesixhobo sokunyusa isandi

Inqaku I, Icandelo 7 loMgaqo-siseko linika uMongameli amandla okuguqula umthetho. Esi asisosixhobo esichuliweyo sokubulala amatyala uMongameli angathandiyo; sisixhobo esilungelelanisi esilawula oko iBhunga lisenokukugqala njengokudlula. Umongameli angaphawula ukuba baza kubeka isiko elithile, elinokubangela ukuba iinkokeli zengqungquthela zilungise umthetho wokunqanda ungquzulwano. Umongameli uFranklin D. Rooselt wasebenzisa ngokudumileyo isisongelo se-veto ukunyanzela utshintsho kwimithetho etsha. Xa iveto isenzeka, iBhunga linokuyirhoxisa ngemiqathango yesithathu ephezulu ephezulu yamagumbi omabini. . .

Imiyalelo yesebe kunye nomthetho we-arhente

Xa iBhunga lidlulisela imimiselo ebanzi, kudla ngokuthumela igunya kumaqumrhu aphetheyo ukuba azalise iinkcukacha ngemigaqo. Le nkqubo yokumisela inempembelelo eluncedo kakhulu, echaphazela yonke into ukusuka kwimigangatho yemekobume ukuya kukhuseleko lomsebenzi. UMongameli uyakwazi ukukhupha imiyalelo yegunya elilawulayo ekhomba ngqo indlela abameli abachaza ngayo baze bazalisekise umthetho. Ngoxa imiyalelo yegunya lisisixhobo esinamandla sokulungisa inkqubo ngaphandle komthetho omtsha, ayingomthetho ongenamda. Iinkundla zinokubetha umyalelo wesigqeba esigqitha umgaqo-siseko okanye igunya lomthetho, njengoko iNkundlalo Ephakamileyo yenze kwi-Stown per Mody & Tube. v. Sawn [[FLTLD:1] [195], xa i-Cermodysling shorenced shoreal shorey

Inkqubo Yamanye Amazwe Nezibonelelo

Kwimicimbi yamanye amazwe, uMongameli ungummeli oyintloko we-United States, kodwa usaxhomekeke kwiBhunga. Iingxelo zifuna imvume yeKhathene yesithathu ngaphambi kokuba ivunywe. Oku kwenza ingxinano apho oomongameli kufuneka bathethelane kungekuphela koorhulumente bamanye amazwe kodwa kwananabaphathi-mikhosi ukukhusela iivoti ezifunekayo. Xa izivumelwano ezisemthethweni zinzima kwezobupolitika, oomongameli bajika ngokuqhubekayo kwizivumelwano zegunya elikhulu, ezingafuni kuvunyelwa yiBhunga kodwa ezinokuhlala kancinci kuba umongameli wexesha elizayo angasuka nje arhoxe kubo.

Isebe Lejaji: Ukutolika, Impinda Nemiqathango

Isebe eligwebayo lidla ngokujongwa njengesebe elincinane kwezobupolitika, kodwa inkxalabo yalo neKhonkxale kunye noMongameli ingumphumo onzulu. Iinkundla aziqalisi mgaqo-nkqubo, kodwa zinegama lokugqibela ngentsingiselo yomGaqo-siseko kunye nomthetho worhulumente.

Ingxubusho Yogwebo Njengendlela Epheleleyo Yokuhlola

Amandla okuhlola ityala .[1] Amandla okuvakalisa imithetho kunye nezenzo zolawulo oluphezulu ezingekho mgaqweni-siseko/amiselwa kwi- Marbury v. Madison (1803). Ukususela ngoko, iNkundla ePhakamileyo ibethe amakhulu emithetho karhulumente nekarhulumente. Eli gunya libeka ijaji kwindima engqalileyo kwamanye amasebe. Umzekelo, kwi-United States v. Nixon[17]), iNkundla ePhakamileyo yayalela uMongameli Nixon Nixgate, ukuba ajikele iikhasethi zelungelo elipheleleyo lomphathi-ngabaphathi. Isigqibo se-Propopublic.

Ukucaciswa kwemithetho kunye nokusabela kweBhunga

Kwanaxa iinkundla zingafumani mthetho ongekho mthethweni, kufuneka zitolike oko kuthethwa ngumthetho. Ezi nkcazelo zingayiphendula ngokunempumelelo inkqubo yokuchasa. IBhunga lingaphendula ngokumisela umthetho omtsha ocacisa injongo yalo yantlandlolo, kodwa oku kufuna ukumelana nemiqobo efanayo nemithetho-mthetho njengayo nayiphi na enye imiyalelo. Ngamanye amaxesha, iBhunga alivumelani notoliko lwezomthetho kodwa alikwazi ukuvota ukumisa umthetho, ishiye ukutolika kwenkundla kumile iminyaka okanye amashumi eminyaka.

Idinga Lobomi Nelifa Lezobupolitika

UMongameli ubeka abagwebi bephondo, kuquka abagwebi beNkundla Ephakamileyo, abamisela abantu ukuba baziphathe kakuhle. Oku kuthetha ukuba igama elinye lomongameli linokubumba ijaji yezizukulwana. ISentenet ingqinisekiso zomanyumnyezi inguwo ophambili nowezona zinto zilandelayo zilandelayo. Ukutshintshwa kweNkundla ePhakamileyo kwiNkundla ePhakamileyo kwiNkundla yaseWarren kwinkomfa yoluntu ebambelele kwisithethe sangoku kubonisa indlela amandla okumiswa kwegunya elivumela ngayo umlawuli kunye namasebe owiso-mthetho ukuba aphembele intanda-bulumko yolawulo emva kokuba umongameli ephume kwisikhundla.

Iincopho zodityaniso: Apho Ukudibanisa kubangela Uxinezeleko

Indlela urhulumente alungelelaniswe ngayo ngabom ibangela ukukhuphisana, kodwa ezinye iidash ’ ezithe gqolo kunamanye.

Ilungelo elinoLawulo oluPhezulu lijikeleza

Oomongameli kudala besithi banelungelo lokugcina unxibelelwano oluthile lwesebe elilawulayo luyimfihlo. Eli lungelo aliphelelanga, yaye maxa wambi iinkundla ziye zanyanzeleka ukuba kutyhilwe xa iBhunga libonisa imfuneko enamandla. Ulungelelwaniso phakathi kokukhusela izigqibo zegunya elilawulayo nokunceda ukulawulwa kwemithetho kuhlale kungumthombo oziphindaphindayo wengxabano, ingakumbi xa kuphengululwa oko kuthiwa kukungalungisi kakuhle.

Ityala lezeejaji

Kangangamashumi eminyaka, iinkundla zanika umva othe ngqo kwisigqibo esingumthetho olawulayo sokwenza ulawulo olucacileyo kumaziko achaza imimiselo ecacileyo phantsi kwemfundiso . Oku kuthabatha ixesha kwaziwa ukuba amaqumrhu anobuchule obungenayo abagwebi. Noko ke, iNkundla ePhakamileyo iGqiba eliPhezulu i- Light Enterprections v. Raimdo[[FLT:] [200] [2024]) kwimithetho ebekwe phezu kwe-Chrovron[FLT:][FLT], ichaza igunya eliguqukayo emva kwiinkundla. Oku kuya kunyusa uphatho lwemimiselo yezomthetho kunye nolungelelaniso.

Ukuvalwa Korhulumente Namandla Okuthenga

Xa iKhonkxa-ntle kunye noMongameli bengenakuvumelana ngetyala lokudibaniselana, urhulumente angavala, amise imisebenzi emininzi yorhulumente. Oku kuvala kubonakaliswa okuphawulekayo kwendlela ukungquzulana phakathi kwe-interblanch okunokubachaphazela ngayo abemi. Isisongelo sokuvala kukusetyenziswa kweqhinga eliphezulu, kodwa kwakhona kubonisa iindleko eziluncedo zokuxabana komgaqo-siseko.

Izifundo zetyala lehlabathi lokwenene kuLawulo oludityanisiweyo

Ukuqwalasela indlela amasebe asebenza ngayo ngexesha leziganeko ezikhulu zesizwe kunika ingqiqo ecacileyo yenkqubo esebenzayo.

IQumrhu Lamalungelo Abemi

Ukuphuhliswa komthetho wamalungelo abantu kuma-1960 kubonisa impumelelo esebenzayo kwintsebenziswano. UMongameli Lyndon B. Johnson wasebenzisa ubuchule bakhe bezopolitiko kunye neqonga lokungcungcuthekisa iKhonte enyanzelisa iKhomishini ukuze kudluliswe uMthetho wamaLungelo ka-1964 kunye noMthetho wamalungelo abantu ka-1965. INkundla Ephakamileyo yayiseke isiseko sezigqibo ezifana ne- Brown v. IBroad of Education [1954], kwaye kamva yaphakamisa le mithetho yesiseko echasene neengxaki zomgaqo-siseko. Isebe ngalinye ladlala indima eyahlukileyo kodwa elungele ukuhambela phambili amalungelo alinganayo.

Ukusabela Kwingxaki Yemali Yowama - 2008

Ngexesha lengxaki yemali yowama-2008, amasebe enza ngesantya esingaqhelekanga kunye nomanyano olungaqhelekanga. Ingqungquthela yaphumelela kwiNkqubo yoNcedo oluSebeko-ncedo (TESP); iSebe lezemali, inxalenye yesebe elilawulayo, laqalisa inkqubo; kwaye iinkundla zasingatha ukuvavanywa okuninzi okucel ’ umngeni izenzo zikarhulumente. Ukuphendula okuququzelela urhulumente kwanga ngaphandle kwempikiswano, kodwa kwabonisa indlela inkqubo enokuthi ikhuthaze ngayo xa ijongene nesisongelo esingxamisekileyo sesizwe.

Isizathu Sokuba Ukudibana Kubaluleke Kubemi

Ukuqonda indlela amasebe adibana ngayo akuyonto nje efundiswayo, ithetha indlela abahlali ababandakanyeka ngayo kurhulumente.

Ubuchule Nempembelelo

Ukuba ufuna ukutshintsha inkqubo, ukwazi ukuba liliphi isebe elimele lijoliswe kulo. Umthetho ocetyiswayo ungaphenjelelwa kukugqabaza ngexesha lolawulo lombutho. Umthetho ungatshintshwa ngokuqhagamshelana nommeli okanye umphathi wakho. Isigqibo senkundla singacelw'ucelw' umfutshane okanye sixhase ucelomngeni olusemthethweni. Ukusebenza ngokunempumelelo kudla ngokufuna ukubandakanyeka namasebe amaninzi ngaxeshanye.

Ukuphendula nokukhusela amalungelo

Inkqubo yokuhlola nokulinganisela ithetha ukuba akukho sebe linye linokuphazamisa amalungelo akho ngaphandle kokujamelana nemiphumo evela kwelinye isebe. Ukuba iBhunga lidlulisela umthetho othintela ukuthetha ngokukhululekileyo, iinkundla zingalibetha. Ukuba isebe eliphetheyo lingaphaya kwegunya lalo, iBhunga linokuphanda okanye liyikelele inkxaso-mali. Eli tyala libotshelelweyo linika imijelo emininzi yokukhusela inkululeko yomntu ngamnye.

Isiphelo: Udangaliso oluphantsi loLawulo lweDemocratic

Amasebe amathathu karhulumente wase-U.S. akawasebenzisi amasebe ahlukeneyo kodwa angamaqabane kumngqungqo ocekeceke, odla ngokuphikisana. Abasebenzi baqonda ukuba amandla okunikela ingqalelo ayingozi, kodwa babesazi ukuba ukwahlukana ngokupheleleyo kungenza ulawulo lube nempumelelo. Isisombululo abasenzayo sakha(inkqubo yamandla angenawo apheleyo, anokuphathana, kunye neembopheleleko zomsebenzi.)

Kubafundi, abafundisi, kunye nabemi abatshayelelweyo, ukuxabisa oku kudibana kubalulekile. Ichaza isizathu sokuba iinguqu ezinkulu zenkqubo zithathe ixesha, isizathu sokuba kubekho intsebenziswano maxa wambi, nesizathu sokuba ixesha lengxaki liphumele inyathelo elikhawulezayo. Le nkqubo ayiphumeleli kwaye ayicocekanga, kodwa ayiyilwanga ukuba ibe yenzelwe ukukhusela inkululeko, kwaye ifuna ukuxoxisana okuqhubekayo phakathi kwamasebe. Ngokuqonda indlela ezisebenza ngayo ezi migaqo, siba ngaba ngabaxhobi benobuchule bokuthatha inxaxheba kwiprojekthi eqhubekayo yokuzilawula ngokwawo kwaye igcine onke amasebe eembopheleleko kubantu abawakhonzayo.