Ukubaluleka KobuGcisa Bokuzalisa Emhlabeni Wonke

Imibhiyozo yokumiswa komthetho imela okungaphezulu kakhulu kunokudluliswa okulula kwegunya elilawulayo. Ziziziqinisekiso zikawonke-wonke zokuqhubekeka komGaqo-siseko wesizwe, ukugunyaziswa kwedemokhrasi, kunye nokuma kobuhlanga. Ngoxa izithethe ezikhethekileyo zahluka ngokubanzi (kusukela ekufunyanisweni kweSiss Federal Council kuSholip Color, ukubekwa komlawuli wesizwe) ngokwentlawulo lwemihla emininzi. Le siseko sihlala sisisifungo somsebenzi wesikhundla.

Ukuqonda ezi zifungo kusibonisa indlela engaqhelekanga yezithethe zezobupolitika, ingxabano yembali nemilinganiselo engundoqo yesizwe. Amazwi akhethiweyo, amagosa aphetheyo, kunye nezinto zomfuziselo ezikhoyo zonke zinxibelelana noko ibutho labantu likugqala kungcwele. Eli nqaku lihlolisisa isifungo somongameli waseUnited States ngokunzulu, landula ke lisithelekise nezifungo ezitshayelelwayo kunye nemisitho yeminye imiba emikhulu yolawulo lolawulo melo nemikhosi yolawulo lobukhosi, ibalaselisa ukufana nomahluko onzulu ekuguquleleni ulawulo lweziko.

IOath enguMongameli waseUnited States: Imithetho engaguqukiyo

Isifungo somongameli waseUnited States sesinye sezifungo ezifutshane nezibalulekileyo ezilandelayo ezicacileyo ehlabathini. Sisifungo somsebenzi esimiselwe ngokupheleleyo ngumGaqo-siseko wase-U.S., esibonakala sikwisenzi esikwi Article II, Icandelo 1, Claus 8:

[FLT]]] Ndifunga (okanye ndiqinisekisa) ukuba ndiza kuyenza ngokuthembeka i-Ofisi kaMongameli wase-United States, kwaye ndiza kusebenzisa kangangoko kobukho bekhono bam, ndigcine, ndikhusele kwaye ndikhusele umGaqo-siseko wase-United States.”[FLT]]]

Le ndlela yamagama angama-35 ithethwa ngumongameli ngamnye ukususela oko uGeorge Washington, ngelinye igalelo elibalulekileyo: ibinzana elithi “ndincede kuThixo." Ngexa lingafunwa ngokomGaqo-siseko, iWashington kuthiwa iye yongeza ekunikezelweni kwayo kokuqala, kwaye phantse wonke umongameli ukususela oko wayiphinda-phindayo. Isifungo silawulwa yiNkokeli ePhakamileyo yeNkundla ePhakamileyo .[1]a isithethe esaqala kuJohn Adams/3 Candelo asichazi ukuba ngubani omele aqhubele.

Ukukhula Neengxoxo Zembali

Ukufihlwa kwesifungo sase-U.S. Abafumli balwamkela ngesiquphe uluhlu olude lwemisebenzi exhasa omnye, olugqithisileyo kuMgaqo-siseko ngokwawo. Oku kwabonisa ukoyika kwabo ukuphangwa kwegunya: ukunyaniseka komongameli okuphambili kwakungekho kwiqela, ingcamango, okanye kwanokhetho, kodwa kulwakhiwo lwesizwe olusemthethweni. Ukufakwa “okanye kugunyaziswa” kwakuyimvume kuquaker nabanye abaxhasi bonqulo abachasayo ukufunga, beqinisekisa umgaqo wolawulo lwehlabathi.

Ukutyhubela iinkulungwane, isifungo siye sabangela impikiswano ngamathuba athile. Ngo-2013, uMongameli Barack Obama ngokungaqondi washiya igama (“ngokuthembeka”) ngexesha lokufunga ngasese kwaye kwafuneka aphinde enze isifungo ngosuku olulandelayo ukuqinisekisa ubunyani bomGaqo-siseko. Abaphengululi abasemthethweni baphikisanayo ukuba isifungo esingachazwanga kakuhle sinaso na isiphumo esibophelelekileyo, kodwa esi siganeko sabonisa ukuba imfuneko ingqongqo. Isifungo sikwasebenza njengesiseko sokungavumelani: ukwaphula isifungo kuthathwa njengolwaphulo-mthetho oluphezulu okanye ukungafezeki.

Imeko yeCeremonial

Unikezelo lwe-U.S. sisiganeko esithe sasasazeka kakhulu sikawonke-wonke esiqhutyelwa kwiNtshona yoMkhosi waseMelika ophakathi kweminyaka emine ngoJanuwari 20. Lo msitho uquka isifungo sobusela (esichazwe ngomthetho, hayi umGaqo-siseko), idilesi yokuqalisa, imithandazo evela kubefundisi, kwaye rhoqo imidlalo yomculo. Izigidi zabantu ziphila, kwaye isiganeko siye sakhula ukuquka umboniso, iibhola ezisesikweni, kunye nokudluliselwa koxolo kwamandla ngokwawo okusiphawu lwedemokhrasi yaseMelika. [[FLT:] Umbhalo othe ngqo wesifungo ufumaneka ngogcino-mali lweSifungo sogcino-mthetho.

Iindawo Zonxibelelwano Ezisuka Ehlabathini Lonke

Ngoxa isifungo saseUnited States singenantsingiselo, amazwe amaninzi asebenzisa iindlela ezineenkcukacha ezibalisa ngokucacileyo imisebenzi, ezicela uThixo, okanye iinkxwaleko zembali. Ezi zingezantsi ziqulethe imizekelo emihlanu ebalulekileyo.

EFransi: La République Avant Tout

Isifungo sobumongameli beFransi, esiqukwa kwiGatya 5 loMgaqo-siseko weRiphabliki yesihlanu, silawulwa nguMongameli weBhunga lomGaqo-siseko phambi kwentlanganiso yePalamente edityanisiweyo kwiSigodlo se-Élysée. Isibhalo sesiNgesi sifundeka ngolu hlobo:

“ Ndifunga ukuhlonela umGaqo-siseko, ukugcina inkululeko yesizwe, ingqibelelo yentsimi, kunye nokuphumeza ngokuthembekileyo imisebenzi kaMongameli weRiphabliki.

Ngokuphawulekayo, isifungo samaFrentshi siquka umsebenzi ocacileyo “wokulondoloza inkululeko yesizwe kunye nokuthembeka kwengingqi” , ukubonakalisa imbali yeFransi yokuhlasela kunye neemfazwe zamathanga. Lo msitho usesikweni, umongameli efumana ikhusi leNkulumbuso yeKhoniti yaseHonour, umkhabhiso womkhosi, kunye nokhahlelo lwemipu engama-21. Ngokungafaniyo ne-U.S., isifungo silandelwa ngoko nangoko ngumyalelo kamongameli ozibophayo ngemikhosi exhobileyo. Lo mbhiyo ubekwe kwintelelo yelitho yempu, uphephe ngabomkhozo naziphi naziphi iimbekiselo zonqulo ukuze ugcine i-laïcité (ietheligi). [FLT:] [FLD]

EIndiya: Abasemagunyeni Nabangasondelelananga

IIndiya, eyona mpuku yedemokhrasi iphambili ehlabathini, ichaza isifungo somongameli kwiShedyuli yoMgaqo-siseko we-. UMongameli waseIndiya ufungwe nguMongameli oyintloko weNkundla ePhakamileyo kwiRashtraptati Bhavan. Isifungo siqulethe iindlela ezimbini eziphambili zokukhetha `egameni loThixo'' kunye nelo lingu-“ egameni likaThixo” kunye nelokuvuma okunzulu //ukuvuma inkolelo yobuqu. Imongo:

]“ I, [Igama], ndifunga egameni likaThixo / ndiqinisekisa ngokunzulu ukuba ndiza kuthwala ukholo lokwenyaniso nokunyaniseka kumGaqo-siseko wase-Indiya njengoko kumiselwe ngumthetho, kwaye ndiza kuphumeza imisebenzi yeofisi kaMongameli kangangoko ndinako.

Umsitho waseIndiya uquka izithethe ezityebileyo zenkcubeko: umthandazo (ngokufuthi uvela kwiinkolo ezininzi), umhobe wesizwe, umhobe wembeko, nedilesi egxininisa umanyano kwienlwimi ezahlukeneyo. Ukusetyenziswa kweelwimi ezininzi (isifungo sithatyathwa ngesiHindi okanye ngesiNgesi) kubonisa iimpawu zelizwe ezithetha iilwimi ezininzi. Umongameli usebenza ngeminyaka emihlanu, kwaye isifungo siqinisa uhlobo lwelizwe, lwesizwe.

EJamani: Isifungo Seli Nethuba Kulawulo - melo

ICancellor yaseJamani (intloko karhulumente), hayi umongameli wesithethe − usenza isifungo esimiselwe liGatya 56 loMthetho oBanzi. Silawulwa nguMongameli weBundestag (paretage). Amagama ahlukileyo:

]“ Ndifunga ukuba ndiza kunikezela imigudu yam kwintlalo-ntle yabantu baseJamani, ndiphucule iinzuzo zabo, khusela umonakalo kubo, phakamisa kwaye ukhusele uMthetho osisiseko kunye nemithetho yemanyano, yenza imisebenzi yam ngokunyanisekileyo, kwaye ndenze okusesikweni kubo bonke. Ngoko ndincede uThixo.

Ukufakwa “kokundincedayo uThixo” kuyinto ekhethekileyo; iCancellar ingayishiya ngaphandle kwesiphumo esisemthethweni. Okuchukumisa kakhulu kukuzinikela okusezantsi“ kokulungileyo kwabantu baseJamani” kunye “nokuchanabeka kwingozi”", kwaye i-Alleman Chancellor iyinkokeli yepalamente, ngoko isifungo siphakamisa ukunyaniseka kwimithetho yentlalo-ntle yoluntu. Isifungo sikukuphendula kwidemokhrasi yaseJamani, ukuvala ityala lolawulo lobudemokhrasi kunye nesidima somntu kwisivumelwano senkokeli. Ngokungafaniyo nomongameli wase-U.S.

UMzantsi Afrika: Ukuzibophelela Kwinkululeko

Isifungo somongameli woMzantsi Afrika sibonakala kwiShedyuli 2 yomGaqo-siseko. UMongameli ufungwe nguMgwebi oyintloko kwiZiko le-Union ePitoli, phambi kwePalamente naphambi kwabantu bonke. Isifungo siqala:

] "Xa kukho wonke umntu ohlanganisene apha, kwaye ndisenyanisekile ngobizo oluphezulu endiluthatha njengoMongameli weRiphabliki yoMzantsi Afrika, [Igama], ndifunga / ndiqinisekisa ukuba ndiya kuthembeka kwiRiphabliki yoMzantsi Afrika, kwaye ndiya kuthobela, gcina, xhasa kwaye ugcine umGaqo-siseko nawo wonke omnye umthetho weRiphabliki.”

I-palling “ebukhoni babo bonke abahlanganisene apha” igxininisa ukubonakala ngokucacileyo nokuphendula kukawonke-wonke ngokungqalileyo kwexesha localulo, xa ulawulo lobuhlanga lwalugqugqisile. Isifungo siquka isithembiso soku“chaza amalungelo asisiseko abo bonke abantu” kunye“ nokunyusa imisebenzi yam ngawo onke amandla am neetalente.” Umsitho kukubonakaliswa okuchukumiseka kokwahlukeneyo koMzantsi Afrika, ukuveza imisebenzi, iingoma, kunye nokuthatha inxaxheba kweenkokeli zesithethe. iphepha lorhulumente waseMzantsi Afrika linikeza umbhalo opheleleyo.

EJapan: Ukuziva UngumGqwebeze

IJapan ngumlawuli womGaqo-siseko, kwaye intloko yesizwe nguMlawuli. Ngelixesha uMlawuli enga “funanga isifungo” ngengqiqo yaseNtshona, wenza isibhengezo esisesikweni kumsitho wokungena owaziwa ngokuba ngu “ Seirei Seiden no Gi". Kwisithethe esidibanisa izithethe zeShinto kunye nenkqubo yomgaqo-siseko, uMlawuli uthi:

“ Ndifunga ukuba ndiza kwenza ngokwemGaqo-siseko waseJapan nokuba ndiza kufeza imisebenzi yoMlawuli njengophawu lukaRhulumente nolomanyano lwabantu.”[FLT]]

Esi sifungo sithatyathwa phambi kwe-Imperial Regalia (ikrele, isipili, kunye nengxowana enqabileyo) kwaye siquka umsitho we- “Daijosai” (Ukubulela Okukhulu) osekelwe kuqheliselo lonqulo lwamandulo. UMphathi-mikhosi oyintloko kunye namanye amagosa ayazithabatha izifungo ezisemthethweni ukuxhasa umgaqo-siseko. Imithendeleko yokungena eJapan idityaniswe nemithetho yomthetho-siseko yakudala, iyenza ingabikho ncam phakathi kolawulo-demokhrasi lwanamhlanje.

Uhlalutyo lokuthelekisa lweziqalelo zeQhosha

Isakhiwo nobude

Isifungo sase-U.S. sesona sifutshane kunazo naziphi na iidemokhrasi ezingundoqo. Ngokwahlukileyo koko:

  • IsiJamani kunye ne-Afrika yaseMzantsi zinezifungo ezinde ezidwelisa imisebenzi ethile (inzuzo yabantu, amalungelo asisiseko).
  • [[UMTL: 0] Fransa kunye Indiya iwela phakathi, ibhekisa kukunyaniseka komGaqo-siseko kunye nenkonzo.
  • [ yeyokujongwa kwezwe] iquka isalathisi sendima yoMlawuli ‘ njengomqondiso,' ochazwa ngokwesiseko somthetho.

Izifungo ezithabatha ixesha elide zidla ngokubonisa iziganeko ezingokwembali okanye izinto eziza kuqala kwibutho labantu: iimbopheleleko zentlalo zaseJamani, ukubonakala kwamazwe aseMzantsi Afrika okuchasene nemeko - bume kweFransi.

Imilinganiselo Yonqulo Neyonqulo

Iintshukumisa zonqulo zingafani ngokuphawulekayo:

  • Izifungo ezithe ngqo: I-U.S. inika “ukhetho oluqinileyo” kwaye ayifuni“ ncede uThixo.” IFransi iyakulela ngokucacileyo ukubhekisa kunqulo ekulondolozeni i laïcité. IIndiya inikeza ukhetho kodwa ayiluyaleli.
  • Ulwandiso lonqulo olusemthethweni: lwaseJamani “lundinceda uThixo” ngokuzithandela. UMzantsi Afrika uvumela ukuba“impahla” okanye“imfihlelo.”
  • umsitho wonqulo olungenayo: iJapan iquka izithethe zobuShinto ezingamaqhina kumsitho wesizwe, phezu kwako nje ukwahlukana komGaqo-siseko wonqulo norhulumente.

Ibinzana elithi isithethe sesithethe lisasetyenziswa njengelithetha isithethe kunokuba libhalwe ngokusemthethweni, nangona eli gama lidla ngokuquka imithandazo neBhayibhile.

Abathathi - nxaxheba Nophawu

  • Igosa elilungiselelayo: E-U.S., nguMgwebi oyiNtloko; eFransi, uMongameli weBhunga lomGaqo-siseko; eIndiya, iJalathi; eJamani, uMongameli weBundestag; eMzantsi Afrika, iJaphani, iJaphani, iClaress kunye nabefundisi.
  • Indawo: Capitol (U.S.), Elysée Palace (France), Rashtrapati Bhavan (Indiya), Bundestag (IJamani), Umanyano lwezakhiwo (eMzantsi Afrika), I-Imperial Palace (eJapan).
  • Izinto ze-: U.S. isoloko isebenzisa iBhayibhile; iFransi isebenzisa iLegion of Honour; iJapan isebenzisa i-Imperial Regalia; uMzantsi Afrika ubonakalisa iflegi yesizwe nesigqubuthelo sezixhobo.
  • Inxaxheba kwi-: U-U.S. inomboniso omkhulu kawonke-wonke; iIndiya iquka iidilesi zikawonke-wonke; izithethe ezingundoqo zaseJapan ziyimfihlo kwintsapho yomlawuli nangona kukho umboniso kawonke-wonke kamva.

Indawo Esigxina Kuyo Isithukuthezi

  • IChonsitution-centrial: U.S., Indiya, South Africa, iJapan (umsebenzi woMlawuli kukusebenza ngokwemithetho).
  • I-France igxininisa uzimeleyo lwesizwe kunye nokuthembeka kwengingqi.
  • Abantu-phakathi: iJamani noMzantsi Afrika ziquka izibophelelo ezicacileyo kwintlalo-ntle namalungelo abantu.

Imisonto Eqhelekileyo Nentsingiselo Ehlala Ikho

Nangona zingafani, zonke ezi zifungo zisebenza kwimisebenzi emininzi:

  • Ukwenziwa kwegunya libe linegunya: Isifungo sidlulisela amandla ngokusesikweni ukusuka kulawulo olungaphambili okanye umnombo wolawulo oluqhelekileyo ukuya kwinkokeli entsha.
  • Ubuchule bobutyala: Isifungo sidala uphawu lwendlela yokuziphatha neyomthetho apho izenzo zenkokeli zinokulinganiswa khona. Ukonakalisa kudla ngokubangela ukungatyiki, ukususwa, okanye ukukhutshwa.
  • Umsitho womanyano lohlanga: Umsitho uhlanganisa abemi, amagosa, nomkhosi ngexesha elahlulweyo lokuvunywa komGaqo-siseko.
  • Ukuzinza nozinzo: Utshintsho olungokwesithethe luqinisekisa abajongi basekhaya namazwe ngamazwe ukuba urhulumente usasebenza.

Ukukhethwa kolwimi ekufungeni akuze kwenzeke ngengozi. Ukugxininiswa “kukhuseleko, ukukhusela nokukhusela umGaqo-siseko” kubonisa inkqubo eyenzelwe ukukhusela ubuzwilakhe. Ukunganyaniseki kweFransi kunye nokuthembeka kwelizwe” kuvakalisa iinkulungwane zokukhusela imida. Ukusetyenziswa “koMzantsi Afrika phambi kwawo womntu ngamnye ohlangeneyo kukukungakhathalelwa ngqo kokufihla imfihlo kunye nolawulo lobuzwilakhe. Le ngxabano incinane ithetha imiqulu ethetha ngendlela yembali kunye nomphefumlo womgaqo-siseko wohlanga ngalunye.

Isiphelo

Izifungo ezicacileyo nezifungo ezisezintliziyweni zabo ngamaxwebhu aphilayo eDNA yezobupolitika yelizwe. Isifungo esishwankathelweyo, somgaqo-siseko seUnited States singumzekelo wokuzibamba nokucacisa, kodwa asikuphela kwendlela esebenzayo yokusebenza. Ezinye idemokhrasi ziye zakhetha iindlela ezineenkcukacha, ezicacileyo okanye ezonqulo, okanye ezigxininise ngakumbi kwizithethe. Ezizimanyanisayo zisisithembiso esinzulu sokukhonza umgaqo-siseko, abantu, okanye isizwe (a) esithembisa ukuba, xa sihlonelwa, simisela isiseko sokulawula nokutshintsha igunya elizinzileyo. Njengokuba abemi bebona le mibhiyo, bakhunjuzwa ukuba ukhokelo alukho ngemigaqo yomntu ngamnye kodwa lusahlala kunye.

Ukufundwa okubhekele phaya komthetho womgaqo-siseko wothelekiso kunye nezithethe zokumiselwa, bona iProjekthi Constitute okanye iLibary yesikhokelo seKhomplatho e-U.S. izinikezelo.]