Ukufikelela kukawonke-wonke kwinkcazelo karhulumente kuyinto engundoqo yolawulo-demokhrasi, ukunika abemi amandla okuhlolisisa izenzo zeenkokeli zabo, bathathe inxaxheba ngokunentsingiselo kwiingxoxo zenkqubo, bagcine namaziko kawonke-wonke ebeke ityala. Noko ke, ilungelo lokwazi aligqibekanga. Likho kumlinganiselo ongqinelanayo neemfuno ezifanelekileyo zokukhusela imfihlo, njengokukhusela ukhuseleko lwesizwe, ukhuseleko lobuqu, kunye nemisebenzi yokugcinwa komthetho. Kubafundisi-mfundo, abafundi, kunye nabemi abathembisiweyo, ukuqonda isiseko esisemthethweni esiqinisekisa ukufikelela nokusikelwelo ekufikeleleni okuvumelekileyo ekubekeni kwemeko enzima yendalo karhulumente. Eli nqaku linikela ukujonga okubanzi kwimithetho engundoqo, ukunqanda ukungabikho kolwaphulo-mthetho, amanyathelo aluncedo okucela ulwazi, kunye neengxaki eziqhubekayo zokubonakala okubonakala namhlanje.

Isiseko Embalini Sikarhulumente Ovulekileyo

Inkxalabo yale mihla yokufumana ukukhanya okucacileyo kukarhulumente yafunyanwa phakathi kwenkulungwane yama-20, iqhutywa yinkxalabo enxulumene namandla olawulo olungathintelwayo nemfuno yokuvelela kukawonke-wonke. EUnited States, umqondiso wesithintelo wenkululeko yolwazi (FIA)] yasayinwa kumthetho ngo19666, ukuseka irekhodi esemthethweni yokuba iingxelo zequmrhu lorhulumente kufuneka zifikeleleke kuwonke wonke ngaphandle kokuba zikhutshwe. Olu yayilutshintsho oluthe ngqo ukusuka kwi-"lulwazi oludlulileyo" lwempucuko, endaweni yayo nge "right-torifire-re". Noko ke, iFOA ayizange ivele kwi-a ekhusini elingenanto; yayiyintsha yeminyaka yokuva nokuchonga kwe-tempyutha-yo-ontathe .

Ilandela iFOIA, IGosa loMgaqo weSunshine [1997] yandisa ukubonakala ngaphaya kwinkqubo yokwenza isigqibo, ifuna ukuba iintlanganiso zamaqumrhu karhulumente amaninzi zivuleke kuwonke-wonke. Kumgangatho wezwe, mbuso ngamnye ekugqibeleni udlulise iirekhodi zawo ezivulekileyo kunye nemithetho evulwayo yentlanganiso (ngokufuthi ibhekiswe njenge "imithetho eshicilelweyo"", iveza inkqubo egqunywe ngomaleko yamalungelo kawonke ngaphaya kwelizwe. Le mithetho iyonke imele ummiselo kumgaqo omele urhulumente usebenze ekuvulweni, kodwa iquka ngobuchule obungaphakalanga ukukhusela izilangazelelo zikawonke-wonke.

Imithetho ePhakamileyo eLawulayo

Ukuqonda izixhobo eziphambili ezisemthethweni eziqinisekisa ukufikelela kwinkonzo yelinyathelo lokuqala ekuqheliseni ngempumelelo elo lungelo. Ngeli xesha isakhiwo sorhulumente sisesona saziwayo, urhulumente kunye nemithetho yasekuhlaleni isoloko ilawula ezona ngxelo zinxulumene nobomi babemi bemihla ngemihla.

UMthetho weNkcubeko (FOIA)

I-FOIA isebenza kuwo onke amasebe aphetheyo karhulumente wase-U.S. Inika nawuphi na umntu `ingcaciso okanye hayi' ilungelo lokucela iikopi zeerekhodi zoorhulumente, phantsi kwezokungabikho zithoba kunye nee-oxifithi ezintathu. Ii-APPURD kufuneka ziphendule kwizicelo zeshishini ezikwientsuku ezingama-20 (nolwandiso olunokwenzeka), kwaye kufuneka zityhile iindidi ezithile zolwazi, ezifana neengcamango zokokuqala kunye neengxelo zenkqubo, abasebenzi bolawulo, kunye neerekhodi ezicelwa rhoqo phantsi kweFOIA. i-FOIA.[FOGOVALT].[FFLT:1] ibonelele izibonelelo ezithile zokwenziwa, ukufumana i-FOA, nokuphendula koomatila.

Urhulumente Kwisenzo SeSunshine

Lo mthetho uqinisekisa ukuba uluntu lungalugcina ucwangciso lwamaqumrhu ahlangeneyo karhulumente, njengeKhomishini yoKhuseleko kunye neNkxaso yoNxwaleko okanye iKhomishini yoNxulumaniso loManyano. Iintlanganiso kufuneka zivakaliswe ubuncinane iveki enye ngaphambi kwexesha, kwaye abameli kufuneka banikele ucwangciso lukawonke-wonke. Kukho ukukhulula okufana noko kuseFOIA, ukuvumela iintlanganiso ezivaliweyo zemicimbi efana nokhuseleko lwesizwe okanye iimfihlo zorhwebo, kodwa abameli kufuneka bathethelele ekuhleni isizathu sokuba intlanganiso ivaliwe. UMthetho we-Sunshine uqinisekisa imfuneko yokuba izigqibo zenkqubo zifanele zenziwe phambi kwabantu bonke.

Imeko Evulekileyo Nemithetho Evulekileyo

Umbuso ngamnye unokwahluka kwawo kweFOIA kunye noMthetho weSunshine, ngokufuthi ngamagama awahlukeneyo (umz., uMthetho woLuntu waseCalifornia, Texas Public Information Act). Le mithetho ilawula ukufikelela kwiingxelo neentlanganiso zequmrhu zikarhulumente kunye neentlanganiso zasekuhlaleni, kuquka amasebe amapolisa, iibhodi zesikolo, kunye namabhunga kamasipala. Umlinganiselo namandla ale mithetho ayahluka ngokubanzi; amanye amazwe anezikhuseli eziqinileyo ngokukhulula okumxinanisa, lo gama amanye aneembeko ezibanzi okanye ezibambekayo ezibuthathaka. IKomiti yenkululeko ye-DPresss

Imilinganiselo ekufumaneni: Ukukhulula kunye nokukhupha

Akukho mthetho ucacileyo upheleleyo. Uxanduva phakathi kokuvula izithuba nokufihla imfihlo lubonakala kakhulu kwii-partio ezivumela abameli ukuba bathintele ulwazi. Ukuqonda ezi zithintelo kubalulekile ukuze abafaki-zicelo bakwazi ukulawula izicelo zobugcisa kunye nezicelo eziceliweyo.

Ukhuseleko lwesizwe nomgaqo-nkqubo wangaphandle

Iingxelo ezithe zaluxanduva kakhulu zokukhulula ezihlawulwe kakuhle ezihlelwa ngokufanelekileyo kumsebenzi wokhuseleko lwesizwe okanye inkqubo yamanye amazwe. Oku kukhululwa (Ukukhululwa 1 phantsi kweFOIA) kuvumela abameli ukuba bakhusele ulwazi, ukuba lutyhilwe, ngokusengqiqweni lungalindelwa ukuba lubangele umonakalo kukhuseleko lwesizwe. Le nkqubo yokuhlela ngokwayo ibingumbandela wengxoxo eqhubekayo, nabagxeki bephikisa ukuba ukukhuselwa kwamahlelo kusoloko kukhusela ukuhlazeka okanye ukungaphumeleli kwemithetho njengokungagqibeleli okunyanisekileyo.

Ubucala

Ukutshatyalaliswa 6 (kubasebenzi neefayile zezamayeza) kunye nokukhutshwa kwe-7(C) (ukunyanzeliswa komthetho oya kubangela ukuhlaselwa okungekho mthethweni kwabantu ngabanye) kukhusela ukuzifihla kwabantu ngabanye. Izikhululo kufuneka zilungelelanise umdla woluntu ekutyhilweni nxamnye nomdla womntu wobuqu obandakanyekileyo. Oku kudla ngokuba ngumbuzo wenyaniso, kwaye abafaki-sicelo banokomeleza imeko yabo ngokufaka umdla ocacileyo kawonke-wonke-wonke.

Uphando Olunyanzelwayo Lomthetho

Ukunganyanzeliswa komthetho (Intelekelelo 7) ibanzi: bavumela abameli ukuba bathintele iingxelo ezinokuthi ziphazamisane nokunyanzeliswa komthetho, bahluthe umntu ilungelo lokuvavanywa ngokufanelekileyo, batyhile imithombo eyimfihlo, batyhile ubuchule bophando, okanye babeke engozini ukhuseleko lwabasebenzi bomthetho. Oku kukhulula kudla ngokucelw'ungezwa ukukhanyela ukufikelela kwimiqathango yamapolisa, ukuphengulula ngemicimbi yangaphakathi, kunye neefayile zetyala lolwaphulo-mthetho eziqhubekayo. Kodwa, xa uphando luvaliwe, ezinye zezi zisenokuncitshiswa.

Iimfihlelo zorhwebo Nenkcazelo yezorhwebo

Ilahleko 4 ikhusela ulwazi lweshishini eliyimfihlo inkampani elilinike urhulumente. Oku kudla ngokusetyenziselwa ukukhusela ugcino-lwazi oluyimichiza, njengemichiza okanye imizekelo yemali, kubakhuphi. Noko ke, ukukhulula kuye kwasetyenziswa ngokuphikisanayo ekuthinteleni ukutyhilwa kolwazi olungelo lizimfihlo ngokwenene okanye olungancedi uluntu olunomdla onzulu, njengolwazi oluchaza ingcaciso yeziyobisi okanye ugcino-lwazi olukhusela imekobume.

Inkqubo eGqithisayo ye-Arhente

Isalathisi 5 sikhusela amaxwebhu angaphakathi ombutho abonisa uphando lwangaphambi kokuba unqabe, njengemisebenzi yedrafti, incomelo, kunye neembono. Injongo kukukhuthaza ingxubusho ecacileyo kunye nokutshintshisana ngesisa kweengcamango phakathi kwamagosa ngaphandle koloyiko lokuhlola uluntu ngaphambi kwexesha.

Ezinye izihlangulo

Imimiselo eyongezelelekileyo yokungakhutshelwa kwetyala ifihla intelekelelo ekhethekileyo, inkcazelo yenzululwazi ngemithombo, nezinye iingxelo zamaziko emali. Ukuqonda ezi ngxaki kunceda abo bacela ukukhululwa baphephe iinjongo ezingekho mthethweni baze baphucule uphando lwabo ukuze banikele ingqalelo kwiingxelo ezinokukhutshwa.

Ukwenza isicelo se FOIA: Isikhokelo Ngenyathelo Elilandelanayo

Nangona inkqubo isenokubonakala idimaza, ukucela ulwazi phantsi kweFOIA okanye umthetho wemo wokubonisa imbonakalo ucacile xa usazi amanyathelo. Isitshixo kukucacisa nokuzingisa.

  1. [[FLT: 0] Ichaza isinikezelo esilungileyo. Iingxelo zoMasipala zisasazeke ngamakhulu abameli kunye neengxakeko ezincinci. Sebenzisa FIA.gov ukufumana uqhakamshelwano olusekunene. Kwingxelo zelizwe, khangela igqwetha jikelele le ofisi okanye iwebhsayithi yesebe elifanelekileyo.
  2. Bhala isicelo esicacileyo nesishwankathekileyo. Chaza iirekhodi ofuna ngokweenkcukacha ezaneleyo ezinokufunyanwa ngumqeshwa wesebe. Kunoko, phepha ulwimi olungacacanga olufana “zonke iirekhodi ezimalunga no X." Endaweni yoko, chaza imida yomhla, iindidi zoxwebhu, kunye namagama anxulumeneyo okanye iziganeko. Ukuba akuqinisekanga, qala ngesicelo esibanzi uze usicoce.
  3. [[UMTL: 0] Isicelo esibhalwe phantsi. Abameli abaninzi bamkela i email okanye unikezelo lwe-intanethi, kodwa abanye basafuna ileta ephathekayo. Bandakanye ulwazi lwakho loqhakamshelwano kwaye phawula ukuba wenza isicelo seFOIA.
  4. [[FLT: 0] Track impendulo. Iingxamiseko kufuneka zivume igaliti zize zinikezele inani lokulandelela. Umthetho ufuna ukuzimisela ngeentsuku ezingama-20 zoshishino, kodwa izicelo ezintsonkothileyo zingathatha ixesha elide. Ukuba isibonelelo asiphumeleli ukuphendula ngexesha, unezizathu zokubhenela okanye ukufaka ifayile yolwaphulo-mthetho.
  5. [[NTLA: 0] Lungela iindleko. Izicelo zeFOIA zingangenisa iindleko zexesha lokukhangela nezokukhuphela, kodwa iimali zidla ngokuhlawulwa kubafaki-sicelo ababonisa ukuba ulwazi lunika umdla kawonke-wonke. Ungacela umhlawuleli ekuqaleni.
  6. Ukukhanyela okungagqibekanga. Ukuba umbutho ugobca iirekhodi okanye utyala intlawulo egqithisileyo, ungafakela isibheno solawulo. Ukuba oko kungaphumeleli, ungafuna uhlolo lwezomthetho kwinkundla yequmrhu. Iintlangano ezifana ne Komiti kunye ne Ukhuseleko lwelizwe Ugcino-MALIK] lunika ukhokelo kwaye maxa wambi uncedo olusemthethweni.

Iingxaki Nezikhuthazo Kusesemfihlekweni Karhulumente

Nakubeni kumiselwe umthetho, ukufumana ukubonakala ngaphaya kusoloko kulidabi elinyuke phezulu.

Izixhobo Zokubuya Umva Nexesha Lokulinda

Amasebe azimeleyo afumana amakhulu amawaka ezicelo zeFOIA ngonyaka, ezikhokelela kwizicelo ezibalulekileyo zogcino-lwazi. Ezinye izicelo zithatha iminyaka ukuqhubekeka. I-COVID-19 yaziphelisa ezi zifo zobhubhani njengoko abameli betshintshelwa kumsebenzi okude. Imigudu yokuguqula iFOIA, efana neFOIA Development Act ka 2016, iye yafuna ukucebisa iiprojekthi ngokukhuthaza ipropupy kunye nemfuneko yamaqumrhu ukusungula ukuvala, kodwa inkqubela ihlala ingalungelelani.

Ubulumko bokuzicingela ngokugqithiseleyo

Imikhosi yezoshishino inobuchule obuthe ngqo kwindlela ekubatolikeni ngayo ukukhulula, kwaye abanye baye batyholwa ngokucela ukukhulula ukufihla ukuziphatha okubi okanye ukuphepha ukuphoxeka. Umzekelo, ilungelo lenkqubo elisisigxina (Ukukhulula 5) liye lasetyenziselwa ukunqanda ii-imeyili eziqulathe iinkcazelo ezibunyani. Iinkundla ziye zarhoxa emva kwezinye iimeko, kodwa ukukhutshelwa kwetyala kubiza imali eninzi kwaye kunika ixesha elininzi.

Ukungabikho kolwazi

Abemi abaninzi abazi ukuba banelungelo lokucela iingxelo zikarhulumente. Uhlolisiso lwama-2019 lwe-Associated Press lwafumanisa ukuba phantse isiqingatha samaMerika sakha sava ngeFOIA. Oku kungazi nto kuthetha ukuba izigidi zeengxelo ezibalulekileyo azikhange zifumaneke, kwaye ziyaphikiswa. Abafundisi-mashishini neentatheli banendima ebalulekileyo ekukhuliseni ulwazi ngala malungelo.

Ulwazelelelo Lwezobupolitika Nelungelo Elilawulayo

Izicelo ezibandakanya izigqibo zomgangatho ophezulu okanye izenzo eziphikiswayo zisoloko zijongene nokuchasana okukhulu. "ukukwazi komphathi-mikhosi" ukuvala ulwazi kwiKhonkxa kunye neenkundla"ukuyila udonga olujikeleze iNdlu emhlophe. Nangona kungeyo mithetho ethintelayo phantsi kweFOIA, kunokuzizisa okanye kuthintele ukufikelela kwiingxelo ezibaluleke kakhulu ekunyamekeleni. Ukuxinezeleka phakathi kwesebe eliphetheyo nabaxhasi abakhanyisayo kudla ngokudlala kwiimfazwe zenkundla kwiipona kunye neemfuno zombutho.

Indima YeJournalism Nobuchule

Iintatheli kunye nemibutho egadileyo ye-FOIA yeyona ihlala ikhona ngabasebenzisi beFOIA kunye nemithetho yokubonisana. Abaceli nje kuphela amaxwebhu kodwa bakwafuna ukunyanzelisa ilungelo loluntu lokwazi. Ukhuseleko lombuso welizwe Logcino-lwazi , umzekelo, isebenzisa iFOIA ukukhulula izigidi zamaphepha karhulumente, ukuguqula ukuqonda uluntu ngembali yemfazwe ye-Diorty kunye nenkqubo yamanye amazwe. Ngokufanayo, iKomiti ye-[FLT] egcina ulwazi lwenkululeko ye Press[FLT inika oovimba abasemthethweni kwaye yenza inkqubo ye-FOAIIIIIGUIGURP ukukhusela amalungelo e-ndaba.

Amaqela angenangeniso anjenge avula uRhulumente uthethelela imithetho eyomeleleyo yokubona nokuthobela kwemibutho yokuhlola. Imigudu yawo ikhokelele kwinkqubela-phambili, njengokudalwa kwe-Ofisi yeeNkonzo zolwazi zikaRhulumente (OGIS), enikela iinkonzo zoncedo ukunceda izicelo ze-FOIA kunye namaqumrhu asombulula iimpikiswano ngaphandle kokuzidityanisa. Le mibutho ixhomekeke ekubizelwani kwabemi abaqhelekileyo . /ukusayina, ukusayina izibongozo, kunye nokufaka izicelo zabo zeFAIA kuxinzelelo.

Ingqikelelo yomhlaba wonke yokufumaneka kukawonke-wonke

I-United States ayiyodwa ekuxhathiseni ulungelelwano phakathi kokuvula lula nasese. Amazwe angaphezu kwe-120 aye amkela uhlobo oluthile lwenkululeko yomthetho wolwazi, ephefumlelwe yimodeli yaseSweden (eye yamisela umthetho wokuqala wehlabathi ngo1766 kunye ne-United States. Noko ke, ukuzalisekisa kuyahluka ngokuphawulekayo. Kumazwe amaninzi, ukunyanzeleka okubuthathaka, ukugqeba kwezobupolitika, kunye nobuqhetseba bunika imithetho engaphumeleliyo. IZizwe Ezimanyeneyo ziye zamkela ukufikelela kulwazi njengelungelo lomntu elingundoqo, kunye nemibutho enjenge [[FLT:] 19 ] ne[FLT:] no-[FLT] umahluko wezizwe ngezizwe zonke.[FLT:]]

Izivumelwano zezizwe ngezizwe, njenge Komiti yeNkcubeko echasene noHlozolo, ifuna imiqondiso ukuqinisekisa ukufikelela koluntu kulwazi. Izivumelwano zengingqi, njenge iModeli yeMelika kuMthetho wonikezelo kulwazi lwamaPhondo, inika isikhokelo kumazwe akuMzantsi Melika. Ukufunda ezi siseko zezizwe ngezizwe ngezizwe kunika izifundo eziluncedo ekuphuculeni ulwando lokukhanya eUnited States, ingakumbi malunga nokufumana iproctive kunye nokuvelela okuzimele.

Ukufundisa Ukubonisa Imbonakalo

Ootitshala banethuba elinamandla lokufundisa isizukulwana esilandelayo indlela yokusebenzisa amalungelo abo nokujonga imfihlo karhulumente ngokucokisekileyo. Ngokudibanisa izifundo kwiFOIA, ukuchaza imithetho evulekileyo yeerekhodi, nemilinganiselo yokuzihlela kwizifundo zelizwe, izikolo zinokuvelisa abaphumeleleyo abakulungeleyo ukuphendula ngegunya.

  • Sebenzisa uphando lokoqobo lwelizwe. Hlola izicelo ezidumileyo zeFOIA ezibonisa ukuba iCIA ibandakanyeke ekubhukuqeni kwamanye amazwe, ukuphendula kukarhulumente kwingxaki yamanzi eFlint, okanye ukusetyenziswa kwekhamera yomzimba esetyenziswa ngamapolisa. Thelekisa ngempumelelo kunye nezithintelo.
  • [[NTL:0] qinisekisa inkqubo yesicelo. Abafundi bafune ukuba ileta yeFOIA ibhalwe kwisebe lokwenene( umzekelo), becela iirekhodi malunga nemigangatho yesidlo sasemini okanye amanani olwaphulo-mthetho asekuhlaleni(*) kwaye balandele impendulo. Le misebenzi-mava alula inkqubo kwaye bakhe ubuchule obusebenzisekayo.
  • Ichaza ulungelelwano lwamaxabiso. Lungisa iingxoxo malunga naxa imfihlo ifanelekile: ukhuseleko lwesizwe vs. ulawulo, ulawulo lwemfihlo nganye. uxanduva lukawonke-wonke, uhlolo lwangaphakathi lokwenza isigqibo. Ukukhuthaza abafundi ukuba bacacise iindawo ezichanekileyo.
  • [[NTLL:0] Indima yobugcisa be-Explore. Isizukulwana samanani siye sadala imingeni emitsha yokubonakala ngaphaya kwemingeni efihlakeleyo esetyenziswa ngamagosa ukuphepha imithetho yeerekhodi/kodwa izixhobo ezintsha, kuquka iizibuko zogcino-lwazi nothutho lwe-FOIA amaqonga afana

Isiphelo

Ukufikelela koluntu kulwazi asisiso isipho esinikwe ngurhulumente; lilungelo lokuba abemi bafanele bafune ukuqinisekisa kwaye bakhusele. Imithetho eqinisekisa lo mthetho, uMthetho we-Flinshine, kunye noogxa babo baseburhulumenteni . Ukubonelela ngezixhobo, kodwa kuphela okusebenzayo xa zisetyenziswa. Imida ekufikeleleni, ngelinye ixesha eyimfuneko, kufuneka isetyenziswe ngokufutshane kwaye iqhubeke ihlolwa. Njengabafundisi--lwazi, singaxhobisa abafundi kungekuphela nje ngolwazi lwale mithetho kodwa nangenkalipho yokubuza iirekhodi, nokufuna ukuvela kwemali. Idemokhrasi exabisa ukuvuleka okuhlala kuphilileyo nokusabela. Ngokuqonda zombini amathuba okunokwenzeka kunye nemigibe yokufikelela kuwonke wonke, sinokusebenza kurhulumente osebenza njengencwadi evulekileyo ngokwenene.