Iqumrhu lemfundo lisisigqibo seNtlanganiso yamaLungelo e-1954, yayiyenye yezona ziganeko zitshintshayo neziphumo zokuziphatha kwimbali yaseMelika. Liyi-oksingjing ukusuka kumqondiso wejiko [[FLT: 0] Brown v. Ibhodi yemfundo kwisigqibo sango195] ukuya ekupheleni koo1951, yayingumzabalazo othe qobayo, umzabalazo owenziwe ngotyani ukuphelisa umthetho kunye nobunzima bentlalo kaJim Liehlolo olukhoyo namhlanje olunika amalungelo apheleleyo emfazwe e-Afrika. Ngoxa lo mbutho wafumana iimpumelelo embali embalini, kwakhona wajamelana nenkcawano entle, kunye nokuzinziwa kwezoqoqosho ezingapheliyo ezingapheliyo. Ukuqonda zombini iziphumelelo kunye nocelomngeni lwemeko olubalulekileyo lwanamhlanje olungundoqo lwemfazwe ye-calu lwabiwo lobuhlanga nolungele ukulingana.

Imeko yembali: Ukusuka ekuvuselweni kwakhona ukuya kwiNyaka yenkulungwane ye-20

IKhunga lamaLungelo langaphakathi alizange livele lingena ndawo. Iingcambu zalo zinwenwela nzulu kwixesha lasemva kwe-Civil War Reconstruction, xa i-13, 14th, kunye ne-15 yoHlaziyo yavunywa, inika inkululeko, ubumi, kunye nokuvota amalungelo abantu ababengamakhoboka ngaphambili. Noko ke, idinga lokulungisa labhukuqwa ngokukrala ngokunamandla ngokuphandle ngokunyuka kwemithetho yeCurvil, eliya liqululwe libuhlanga kunye nokuhlulwa kwemithetho ye-astrial eMazantsi. Inkundla Ephakamileyo i-1896 ilawula Py. isithembiso sokuvuselelwa kwemithetho epheleleyo, kodwa sifana nemfundiso engokomthetho-ogracralican, inkqubo elawulayo yobuhlanga eyaqhubekela iqhubeka kamashumi eminyaka.

Ekuqaleni kwenkulungwane yama-20 kwabonwa iGreat Hugration, apho izigidi zama-Afrika asuka emaphandleni aseMzantsi ukuya kwizixeko zoshishino eMntla, eMbindi, naseNtshona. Olu tshintsho lwamaninzi lwadala imimandla emitsha yasedolophini enamandla akhulayo ezobupolitika nezoqoqosho, kwaye lwachaphazele abaninzi ekungabini nalulawulo lukhulu olucacileyo kunye nohlanga lwamazwe angaphandle. Ukusekwa kwemibutho enjenge Intlangano yesizwe yeNkqubano yokuqhubela phambili abantu abanombala (NAACP) ngo-1909] kunye neNgqungquthela yamaKristu yobuzwe (SLCCC) [FL3] ngo1950]

IMfazwe Yehlabathi II nayo yadlala indima ebalulekileyo. Amajoni aseAfrika alwa nxamnye nobufasi bamazwe ngamazwe ngexesha lokubuyela kwibutho labantu abanocalucalulo ekhaya, ipetroli efuna ukuba abemi abapheleleyo. Iphulo leV eliphindwe kabini ./Imfazwe ephambili ngenxa yefascism nelololoyiso kwilizwe lasekhaya ."Iye yabangela ukuba ukukhutshwa kwemfazwe yomlomo kwamazwe ngamazwe ngamazwe kube yinkxwaleko, inyanzelisa ingcinezelo yesizwe ukuthetha ngamalungelo abantu.

Iziphumo ezingundoqo zeNtlanganiso yaMalungelo aBami

Ezi zinto zaphunyelelwa yile nkqubo zazinkulu, ngokusisiseko ziguqula indlela esemthethweni nezobupolitika zaseUnited States. apha ngezantsi kukho ezona zinto zibalulekileyo, nganye yazo imela iminyaka yokulungiselela, yokunikela nokuzincama.

UMthetho wamaLungelo ka-1964

This landmark legislation, signed into law by President Lyndon B. Johnson, prohibited discrimination based on race, color, religion, sex, or national origin. It ended segregation in public accommodations—including hotels, restaurants, theaters, and public transportation—and outlawed discriminatory employment practices. Title VII of the act established the Equal Employment Opportunity Commission (EEOC) to enforce these provisions. The act’s passage followed the historic March on Washington in 1963 and was fueled by public outrage over violent suppression of protests in Birmingham and elsewhere. Read the full text of the Civil Rights Act at the National Archives.

ISivumelwano saMalungelo sowe-1965

Ngeli xesha uHlaziyo lwe-15 luthe lwaqinisekisa amalungelo okuvota okuBlack, amazwana aseMazantsi asebenzisa iirhafu zovota, iimvavanyo zobuvoti, iireji, kunye noloyiso lobundlobongela lokuphelisa ngokunempumelelo amaMelika aseAfrika. UMthetho wamaLungelo wonyaka wama-65 wawamisela ngqo le miqobo, ukunqanda ulwaphulo-mthetho lokuvota nokugunyazisa ulawulo lwezinyulo kulawulo olugunyazisa amagunya kunye nembali yokucinezela imbali yomvoti. Umthetho wandisa ukuvota kwabamnyama nokuthatha inxaxheba kwezobupolitika kwicala elinguMazantsima [[FT:]] [FTLT] [0] kuMgaqo woMgaqo-mthetho othetho-mthetho othe kratya [[Fom] malunga ne-UTrective .[3]

Uhlanga lwezikolo

Isigqibo seNkundla ePhakamileyo yowe-1954 Brown v. Ibhodi yemfundo yaseTopeka yarhoxa kwiPlesty v. Ferguson, ivakalisa ukuba ucalucalulo olukwizikolo zikawonke wonke lwalungahlangani kuba iziko lemfundo ezahlukileyo zazingalingani ngokwemvelo. Lo mthetho wanika isiseko esisemthethweni samaphulo e-decul-langa ngaphaya kwelizwe, nangona uzalisekiso lwadityaniswa nokuchasana okukhulu, kuquka iRock ephakathiniswe nonyaka ka- 1957, apho amajoni karhulumente ayefuneka aqhube umanyano lwesikolo. Ukungalawuleki kwezigwebo zenkundla kunye noMthetho ka-Onke ka-196464.

Ukwandiswa Komelo Lwezobupolitika

IVoing Rights Act yanceda ukunyuka kwamagosa aseAfrika anyuliweyo. Ngaphambi konyaka ka-1965, liqaqobana kuphela labezobupolitika abaNsundu ababekwisikhundla eMzantsi. Ekupheleni kweminyaka yee-1970, amakhulu ayesebenza kwizindlu zowiso-mthetho, kumabhunga esixeko, nakwiibhodi zesikolo. Le ntlangano yavelisa kwakhona inkundla yokuqala yeNkundla ePhakamileyo yase-U.U.S. uThurfault Marshall, owasebenzisa umsebenzi wakhe njengomalathisi womthetho waseNaACP wasetyenziswa ekupheliseni i-paration nge-partgation.

Imifanekiso Ebalaseleyo Neminikelo Yayo

IMbutho Yamalungelo Abantu Yaqhutywa ziinkokeli ezahlukahlukeneyo, nganye izisa iintandabulumko, iindlela ezingafaniyo, kunye neendlela zokulungelelanisa. Imigudu yabo edibeneyo yabangela amandla amakhulu okuguqula.

Martin Luther King Jr.

UGqr. King wavela njengoyena mmeli obonakalayo weqela, ekhuthaza ukungathobeli kwabemi okungenabundlobongela okuphenjelelwe nguMahatma Gandhi. Ukhokelo lwakhe lweMontgomery Busbott (1955856), umfanekiso wakhe obalulekileyo “Ndinephupha” ngentetho yonyaka ka1969 eWashington, kunye nendima yakhe kuSelma ukuya kuMontgomery kumngcelele weMontgomey waqinisa ilifa lakhe. Intanda-bulumko kaKumkani yokungaphazamisi mkhosi yayingeyonto elula; yayilicebo langabomkubhenca ubundlobongela benkohlakalo yolwaphulo mthetho kwaye izuze imfesane yesimilo kuhlanga nehlabathi. Wanikwa iSabel Price ngo196449. [FLD:][FG] UKingzi woondelo wobomi bakhe nomsebenzi wakhe. [FLD:]

Rosa Parks

Ngokufuthi ubizwa ngokuba “ngumama wombutho wamalungelo abantu,” ukungavumi kukaPaki ukunikezela kwisihlalo sakhe kuduladula wesixeko saseMontgomery ngoDisemba 1, 1955, kwabangela ukuba iMontgomery Bus Boycott, uqhankqalazo lweentsuku ezingama-381 olwaphelayo ngooduladula abahlali. IMizi yayingengomntu wokuqala ukuxhathisa uduladula. / abafana noClaudette Colvin benjenjalo ngaphambi kokuba kunyulwe ityala lakhe nguNaACP ngenxa yegama lakhe elinyukileyo kunye namandla okuvavanywa ngumthetho.

Malcolm X

UMalcolm X wanikela umbono womahluko, ekuqaleni ekhuthaza ubuzwe obumnyama, ukuzimela ngokwawo, kunye nokwahlukana nabantu abamhlophe njengomlungiseleli wesizwe samaSilamsi. Ukudubula kwakhe nokungathethi ngenkohlakalo kwahlokoma kwabaninzi ababevakalelwa kukuba isantya sotshintsho sasicotha kakhulu. Emva kokuya kwakhe eMecca ngo1964, uMalcolm X wabhenela kwimo ebanzi engaphaya kwecala, nangona wabulawa ngo1965. Indaleko yakhe nenkcaso kwikratshi negunya lezoqoqosho laphembelela kwimibutho yamva.

Ezinye Iimpawu Ezingundoqo

  • [[FLT: 0] John Lewis: Inkokeli yeKomiti yaBafundi eCooding Cooding (SNCC), Lewis yayinguMkhweli wenkululeko, isithethi kwiSithethi eWashington, kwaye umququzeleli ongundoqo wohambo lweSelma. Kamva wasebenza njengeKhonkxa-ntle yase-U.S. kangangamashumi amathathu eminyaka eGeorgia.
  • [[FLT: 0] Fannie Lou Hamer: Umxhasi wengca nonobangela weMississippi Free Democratic Party, Hamer wanikela ubungqina ngodumo kwiNgqungquthela yesizwe yeDemocratic yowe-1964 ethetha ngogonyamelo nengcinezelo awayejamelene nayo ukuze abhalise ukuvota. Amazwi akhe athi, “Ndigula kwaye ndidinwe kukugula nokudinwa,” angqinelana.
  • [[FLT: 0] I-Thur elungileyo Marshall: Phambi kokuba ibe yiNkundla yeNkundla ePhakamileyo yaseAfrika, Marshall njengegqwetha laphikisa laza laphumelela kwiBrown . ibhodi yezemfundo, kunye nezinye iimpumelelo ezininzi zamalungelo abantu.
  • [[FLT: 0] I-Medgar Evers: Unobhala we-NAACP eMississippi wabulawa ngaphandle kwekhaya lakhe ngo 1963. Ukubulawa kwakhe kwavuselela ingqalelo yesizwe kwiingozi ezijamelene nabaxhasi.

Iphulo Elikhulu Neziganeko Ezinkulu

Impumelelo yentshukumo yayifuneka kakhulu kungcelele lwemirhumo elungeleleneyo, ephezulu ekwakutsalwa ingqalelo yesizwe neyomhlaba wonke.

Montgomery Bus Boycott (1955856)

Eshukunyiswa kukubanjwa kukaRosa Park, i-falcott yathabatha iintsuku ezingama-381, ihamba, ihamba ngamaMerika aseAfrika, ihamba ngeenqwelo-mafutha, okanye ihamba ngeteksi kunokuba isebenzise iibhasi ezisusiweyo. Lo mgudu, ukhokelwa yiNtlanganiso yeMontgomery kunye nentsha enguMartin Luther King Jr., waphumela ekubeni kuwiswe umthetho weNkundla Ephakamileyo evakalisa ukuba ibhasi ingabi nazintlawulo-mthetho. Yamisa uKumkani njengenkokeli yesizwe kwaye yabonakalisa amandla okusetyenziswa kwemikhosi engaphazamisi.

ntathu- Umbindi ne Freedos (1960-1961)

EGreensboro, eMntla Carolina, abafundi abane basekholeji babehleli phantsi kwindawo yokubala ukudla kwasemini, bedubula iliza lokuqhayisa ngapha nangapha koMzantsi. Ezi zenzo zazisoloko zilungelelaniswe yi-SNCCC. I-Freedom Rides, elungiselelwe yiCongress of Perference Examial (CORE), ivavanye iNkundla Ephakamileyo ukuba uduladula-dula wesi wesishiqithi. Abakhweli bahlaselwa ngolunya e-Atlama; ungenelelo lorhulumente lwafuneka ukuze bakhusele, ibalase indima karhulumente ekuxhaseni amalungelo abantu.

ICandelo laseBirmingham (1963)

Phantsi kokhokelo lukaKingdo ne-SCLC, iBirmingham yaba libala lokuqhuba inyathelo elingqalileyo. Abaqhankqalazi, kuquka nabantwana besikolo, bajamelana nogonyamelo lokucinezelwa kwamapolisa − iipayipi zomlilo, izinja, kunye nokubanjwa .

kweyoKwindla (eMatshi) eWashington (1963)

Ithatyathwe ngoAgasti 28, 1963, uMatshi eWashington weJobs kunye nenkululeko yaba yeyona ngxelo inkulu kwimbali yase-United States ngelo xesha, enamalungu angaphezu kwama-250,000. Yafikelela kwisiphelo kwintetho kaKumkani ethi “Ndinephupha” kwaye yabeka ingcinezelo enkulu yokuziphatha kwiBhunga ukudlulisa uMgaqo-siseko wamalungelo abantu.

Selma Ukuya EMontgomery Matshis (1965)

Abadlali baseSelma, e-Alabama, basebenza ukubhalisa abavoti kodwa bajongene nesithintelo esicwangcisiweyo. Uhambo olusuka kuSelma ukuya kuMontgomery, ikomkhulu lephondo, lwadityaniswa nogonyamelo ngoMatshi 7/8/Boody Sunday (xa amajoni karhulumente ahlasela abahambi abanoxolo. Inkxaso yenyawo exhotyisiweyo kuMthetho we-Voting Rights. Emva kokhuseleko lomthetho, uhambo oluphumelelayo lwafikelela eMontgomemery ngoMatshi 25.

Iingxaki Ezijamelene Neqela Lamalungelo Abemi

Phezu kwayo nje imbali yayo, le nkampani yajamelana nemiqobo enzima — ngaphandle nangaphakathi — eyayisikel ’ umda ifuthe layo langoko yaye yadala amanxeba ahlala ehleli.

Ukubethana Ngogonyamelo Nokucinezelwa Ngurhulumente

Kulo lonke elaseMzantsi, abaxhasi bajamelana nogonyamelo olunenkohlakalo lwamapolisa, iKu Klux Klan kunye noorhente abamhlophe. Ukubulawa kwamanani afana noMedgar Evers, ukuqhushumbiswa kwebhombu kwecawa yaseBirmingham eyabulala amantombazana amane, kunye nokubulawa kwabasebenzi bamalungelo abantu uJames Chaney, uAndrew Goodman, noMichael Schwerner eMissississippi ebudeni 1964 iSixele yaba yimizekelo ecacileyo. Amagosa omthetho, kuquka ukhokelo luka-FBIR, u-Edgar Hoover, obethwele ingxube, kunye nokuqhaqhatha amaqela alwela amalungelo abantu ngocwangciso lwe-COINTLLC, SNCCCCC, kunye neBlack Party.

Ukwahlulwa-hlulwa kwangaphakathi ngaphezu kweqhinga kunye nengqiqo

Njengoko le ntshukumo iqhubekeka, kwavela ungquzulwano phakathi kwemibutho ekhuthaza ukungathobeli kwabemi kunye nabo baxhasa ukulwa okungakumbi. Ukunyuka kweBlack Power, okuqulunqwa nguStokely Carmichael (kamva uKwame Ture) kunye nabanye, kwathi amaqela angoneli ukulwa noxinzelelo lwesixokelelwano kwaye ayebizwa ukuba azenze angazithobi kwaye abe nekratshi. ISNCCC noCRE bajongise kuMnyama omnyama, ngelixa iSCLC yahlala izinikele kwimodeli engavumiyo. La maqela maxa athintelanisa ukumanyana kunye namahlakani amhlophe.

Ukuchasa Umthetho Nemida Yomthetho

Amalungu asemazantsi eBhunga alwa nenkcaso enxulumene nomthetho wamalungelo abantu, esebenzisa ii-filibuster kunye namaqhinga epalamente okulibazisa ukuvota. Kwanasemva kokumiswa kwemithetho, ukuzalisekiswa kwasoloko kucotha okanye kuthintelwa. Iinkqubo zokunyanzelisa amalungelo zibuthathaka ekuqaleni, kwaye iVoting Rights Act yajongene nocelomngeni, kuquka ulawulo lweNkundla ePhakamileyo yowama-2013 Shelby County v. Raker[ eyakhupha ilungiselelo elingundoqo le-preflated project, ikhokelela ekuvuselweni kwemithetho ye-omati, kunye neminye imiqathango.

Ukungalingani Okuqhubekayo Kwezoqoqosho

Uloyiso lwasemthethweni alukhange luzenzekele luguqulele kwimithetho yezoqoqosho. Abantu baseAfrika baqhubeka bejongene nokungaqeshwa, ubuhlwempu, ucalucalulo lwezindlu, nokungavunyelwa ukuba bafumane indawo yokuhlala kwikomkhulu. Inkxalabo yalo kumalungelo abantu, ukurhoxa, ukuhlalisana kwemibutho kawonke-wonke, ukusetyenziswa kwemali, kwaye ukubulala kwayo akuzange kulwenze lukhulu uqoqosho. UMartin Luther King Jr. Wawuqonda lo msantsa kwiminyaka yakhe yamva, esungula iProrisity Peoples Campaging ngo1968, ukuze afune amalungelo ezoqoqosho, kodwa ukubulala kwakhe kwathi shwada kwathi shwada loo shwa.

Ilifa Leqela Lamalungelo Abemi

IBandla Lamalungelo Abantu Loluntu lashiya ilifa elineembono ezininzi eliqhubeka libumba ibutho labantu baseMerika nemilo esemhlabeni wonke yamalungelo abantu.

  • Imithetho nezigqibo zenkundla zexesha zisezisekelweni. UMthetho waMalungelo oWonke-wonke, Umthetho Wamalungelo Oluntu, noMthetho weFair Houses Act ka-1968 unika izixhobo zokwahlukana, nangona ufuna inkxaso eqhubekayo.
  • Imposiso yeNtlanganiso Elandelayo: Icebo lokuqhuba inkqubo engqalileyo, ulungelelwaniso loluntu, ukulingwa, nokuqhankqalaza okuninzi-ukuye kwalungiselelwa ngamalungu omkhosi, iLGBTQ, imo engqongileyo, kunye nentsebenziswano yamalungelo abaphambukeli. IBlack Live Matter, esungulwe ngo-2013, iskethaths kwisithethe samalungelo abantu ngexesha ithetha ngogonyamelo kunye nohlanga lwamapolisa kumo.
  • Imfazwe eqhubekekayo: Idabi lokulwa nobuhlanga liyaqhubeka. Impikiswano efana nokubanjwa kwabantu abaninzi, ukucinezelwa kovoti, ukungabikho kwezithuba zezindlu, kunye nezithuba zobutyebi zibalaselisa umsebenzi ongagqitywanga. Elifa lembutho lisikhumbuza ukuba inkqubela ayikho mgca okanye ayiqinisekiswanga.
  • Imfundo kunye neZiko lokwaziswa: IMbutho yaMalungelo eSibhaka-bhaka ngoku iyinxenye esezantsi yembali yelishwa laseMerika, nangona iingxoxo ziqhubeka ngendlela efundiswa ngayo.

Isiphelo

IPolivil Rights Movement of the 1950 ne 1960 yapheliswa kwidemokhrasi yaseMerika, iphumele utshintsho olubalulekileyo lomthetho olwachitha ukwakhiwa kwe-Jim Crow libarbant kwaye lwandisa ingqwalaselo yezigidi. Kodwa le ntshukumo yayingeyobali nje elilula loloyiso; yayingumlo olunzima, obuhlungu, owemadl'enzima nxamnye namandla aqinileyo, inkcaso enogonyamelo, kunye nokungavumelani kwangaphakathi. Impumelelo yayo yayinzima kakhulu ngenxa yedini nokulungelelaniswa kwabantu abaninzi, abaninzi babo abahlala bengakhange besahluzekanga. Imingeni yokuhambana, ukungalingani kwezoqoqosho, ukuchasana kwemithetho ekhoyo namhlanje. Ukufunda ngamaLungelo angaphakathi kubunzulu bayo akuyokufuneki ukuhlonela imbali yayo kuphela kodwa ukuxhobisa ulwazi olutsha ngolwazi nokubaluleka kolwando lwentlalo lwebutho labantu.