Ulwalamano phakathi kwamalungelo abantu kunye nomthetho wolwaphulo-mthetho lungummandla entsonkothileyo nongaguquguqukiyo wophando olusemthethweni olunentsingiselo ebalulekileyo kwibutho labantu. Ukuqonda indlela ezinkalo zonxibelelwano ezibini ezibaluleke ngayo kubafundisi, abafundi, kunye naye nabani na onomdla ekuphunyezweni kokusesikweni nokulingana. Amalungelo abemi. //Iziqinisekiso zokukhusela okulinganayo phantsi komthetho, kwaye iziqinisekiso zokuphatha ngokulinganayo phantsi kokhuseleko loluntu. / "_Ngokusoloko kungqubana okanye kuvavanywa ukugcinwa kwemimiselo yezaphuli-mthetho. Oku kubandakanya zonke izinto ezisuka kwimimiselo yamapolisa ukuyeka ukugweba izigqibo, kunye neenkqubo zenkundla ukuya kuhlazisombululo lomthetho. Ngokuhlola iingcambulo zembali, imibango yembali, kunye neengxaki zamaxesha akhoyo, sinokuluqonda ngakumbi ulungelelwano oluhle phakathi kokhuseleko lukawonke kunye noluntu.

Imeko

Ukusetyenziswa kwamalungelo abantu kunye nomthetho wolwaphulo-mthetho kunegalelo elityebileyo kwaye libuhlungu kakhulu kwimbali eUnited States. Ukusuka ekuphelisweni kobukhoboka kwiNtlanga yamaLungelo yangaphakathi, utshintsho olusemthethweni luye lwabonisa ukuguquka kwesimo sengqondo soluntu ngokuphathelele uhlanga, ubufana, kunye nenkululeko yabantu ngabanye. Umthetho wangaphambili waseMerika wagunyazisa imigaqo yobuhlanga, kunye nenkqubo yobulungisa yabaphuli-mthetho yaba sisixhobo esiphambili sokunyanzelisa loo nkonzo. Emva kwemfazwe yamakhaya, iDevelopmentmentations ezama ukuphelisa ezo zakhiwo, kodwa isithembiso sakhawuleza sathotywa yimithetho emnyama, uJim Crow, kunye nenkqubo yezomthetho yolwaphulo-mthetho yolwaphulo-mthetho eyayijongenelo lwaseAfrika ngokugqithisileyo.

Iziganeko eziphambili eziphambili ziquka uHlaziyo lwe-13, olwaphelisa ubukhoboka nobukhoboka obungavumelekanga, kodwa oluquka ijelo lokuvumela ukusebenza ngenkani “njengesohlwayo solwaphulo-mthetho apho iqela liza kugwetywa khona ngokufanelekileyo”."Ilungiselelo elancedayo ekuvaleleni ukuvalelwa. UMthetho we-14 WesiHlaliso wanika ilungelo lokuba ngummi wesizwe nesokukhusela okulinganayo phantsi komthetho, yaye uMmiselo we-15 wokuHlaziyiskiselwa kocagoci lobuhlanga ekuvoteni. Noko ke, wathabatha malunga nenkulungwane yezenzo zobuGawula neso-mthetho ukuba ziqalise ukusetyenziswa kwalenzeka nayiphi nayiphi nayiphi na indlela enenjongo. Imo ye-Rhulumente yaMandla yaMandla eBan ka-1950 kunye neyo yazisa ingqalelo esizwe kwiindlela zomthetho zolwaphulo-mthetho, yaye ukrwelelo lwezomthetho lwamatyala, ekurhoxiweni kwabathanga abathanga kwizenzo zogonyamelo.

  • [[UMTL:0]] wesithathu uMphetho-mda (1865): Wakhupha ubukhoboka ngaphandle njengesohlwayo solwaphulo-mthetho.
  • 14th Amendment (1868): ubumi bobunyani kunye nokhuseleko olulinganayo; yandiswe inkqubo efunekayo kwizenzo zikarhulumente.
  • 15th Amendment (1870): ucalulo lokuvota olusekelwe kuhlanga.
  • UMthetho wamaLungelo ka1964: ucalucalulo olungekho mthethweni kwizindlu zikawonke-wonke kunye nomsebenzi.
  • [[UMTHETHO: 0] Umthetho wovotelo wamaLungelo ka 1965: oluthiye ucalulo lobuhlanga kuqheliselo lokuvota.

Uhlaziyo Oluyintloko Nonxibelelwano Lwalo Lomthetho Wezaphuli - mthetho

IBhili yamaLungelo kunye nokulungisa okulandelayo kudala inkqubo yomgaqo-siseko apho umthetho wolwaphulo-mthetho usebenza khona. UMthetho-siseko wesine ukhusela ekuphandweni okungekho ngqiqweni nokuxhuzula; uMphengululo wesihlanu uqinisekisa inkqubo efanelekileyo nokhuseleko ekuzidibaniseni; uHlaziyo lweSithandathu luqinisekisa ilungelo lokuvavanywa ngokukhawuleza, inkundla yabachopheli-tyala abangakhethi tyala, kunye nesiluleko somthetho; kwaye oluHlabathisi-Mmiselo-Mkhosi lukwalela ukuvalela ibheth-bhetri nesohlwayo esinenkohlakalo nesohlwayo esingaqhelekanga. Ezi zizi zizi zizikhuseli azivavanywanga qhotyo qho zonke iinkundla, iinkundla zentolongo, neentolongo.

Abaxhasi bamalungelo oluntu baphikisa ngelithi ezi migaqo zokhuseleko zidla ngokusetyenziswa ngokungalinganiyo, kunye noluntu oluncinane kunye namahlwempu athwale inkcubeko yokusetyenziswa ngokugqithisileyo nokugwetywa ngenkohlakalo. Uxinezeleko phakathi komthetho wonyanzelo kunye namalungelo omntu lusembindini weempikiswano ezininzi eziphezulu. Umzekelo, umthetho wokususwa kwecala (ukungamelani) ngubungqina bokuchasana noMmiselo wesi-Chosane, "ne Amendulement") lusicombululo esingqalileyo samalungelo abantu ngokwenkqubo yolwaphulo-mthetho. Ngokufanayo, [FLD]] [FLT] izilumkiso ezifunekayo yinjongo yesihlanu yokuziHlaziYO-Consurdertion kukhusela ukukrokrala ukukrokra uvavanyo.

  • [[UMTL:0] UHlaliso lweNkqutyana: Ukukhangela kunye nokhuseleko lokuxhuzula; lufuna imfuneko esekelwe kwisizathu esilindelekileyo.
  • [[UMTL:0] Uhlaziyo lwe Feth Amendment: ekunene ukuhlala buthule, umngcipheko ophindiweyo, inkqubo efunekayo, imbuyekezo nje yokuthatha.
  • IsiHlalisi-mda se-xx2th:[ unelungelo lokucebisa, ukuchotshelwa kwetyala ngokukhawuleza nakuwonke wonke, ukuchophela amangqina okungakhethi buso.
  • [[UMTL: 0] Ulungiso olubanzi: Ukhuseleko kwibheyile egqithisileyo, ifatyi, kunye nesohlwayo esikhohlakeleyo nesingaqhelekanga.
  • [[UMTL:0] Uhlaziyo lwe-Forenteth: lwasebenzisa uninzi lweBhili yokhuseleko lwamalungelo kumazwe ngokungeniswa.

Ityala Lophawu Elachaza Umahluko

Amatyala amaninzi abalulekileyo aye alolonga ulwalamano phakathi kwamalungelo abantu nomthetho wezaphuli-mthetho. Ngamnye umisela imizekelo eqhubeka iphembelela ukuchazwa komthetho nokunyanzeliswa kwamalungelo namhlanje. La matyala abonisa indlela iNkundla Ephakamileyo eye yaxhathisa ngayo ukulungelelanisa ukhuseleko lukawonke wonke, urhulumente kunye nenkululeko yabantu ngabanye.

  • Brown v. Board of Education (1954): ibhengeze ukwahlukana kobuhlanga kwizikolo zikawonke-wonke, ibeka isiseko solucelo olulucelomngeni lobuhlanga.
  • Gideon v. Wainwright (1963): wamisa ilungelo lokumisela icebiso elimiselwe abamangalelwa abangenwayo kwiimeko zobuqhetseba zikarhulumente, enyanzelisa uHlulo lweSithandathu.
  • [[NTLA:0] Miranda v. Arizona (1966): Kwakufuneka amapolisa azise abakrokrele bamalungelo abo okuthi cwaka nokucebisa phambi kokuncinwa kwegunya.
  • Terry v.O.1968): Amapolisa avunyelwe ukuba “ma kwaye afake ipeyinti” abantu abasekelwe ekucingeni okusengqiqweni, ukulinganisa amalungelo oMphetho-mda wesine ngokuchasene nokuthintelwa kolwaphulo-mthetho.
  • Roe v. Wade (1973): Waqinisekisa ilungelo lebhinqa lokuzimela ngasese kukhetho lwenzala, ebonisa indlela amalungelo oluntu kunye nomthetho wolwaphulo-mthetho odityaniswa ngayo kwinkululeko yomzimba.
  • Batson v. Kentucky (1986): abatshutshisi abagwetyelweyo ekuqheliseleni imingeni esekelwe kuhlanga kuphela.
  • I-Dialical of Columbia v. Heller (2008): Waqonda ilungelo lomntu ngamnye lokuphatha iingalo, uxandekisa umthetho wompu wolwaphulo-mthetho.

Ngamnye kula matyala ubonisa inkalo eyahlukileyo yamalungelo abantu-ne-i-criminal ujongano lomthetho. Umzekelo, Gideon wathetha ngqo indlela ukunqongophala komelo olusemthethweni kwimicimbi yolwaphulo-mthetho olunokuthi lwaphule ngayo amalungelo omgaqo-siseko ommangalelwa, ngokungalindelekanga ichaphazela umgangatho ophantsi okhoyo nabantu abambalwa. Terry v. Ohio wanika amapolisa ikhuthazo ezibanzi ukuqhuba i-Ikhyutha, amandla agxekwe ngokuvumela ukusetyenziswa kobuhlanga. Le mizekelo ihlala iphikisana ngokushushu njengokuba kuvela imingeni emitsha.

Ucelo Lwangoku

Kwibutho lanamhlanje, ukudibana kwamalungelo abantu kunye nomthetho wolwaphulo-mthetho kuseyimbambano enzima nedla ngokuphixana. Ngokwe-NAACP, ama-Afrika afakwe kwimiba ehlaziyiweyo engaphezulu kwemiba ehlanu yokulwela okusesikweni nokulingana. Inkqubo yezobulungisa yale mihla eUnited States ibangela ukuba abantu abaninzi bangabi namali-nye kunalo naliphi na elinye ilizwe, kunye nocalucalucalulo olunzulu lobuhlanga. Ngokutsho kwe-NAACP, ama-Afrika avalelwe i-infakte, izihlandlo ezingaphezulu ezintlanu zomlinganiselo wamaMelika amhlophe. Oku kukhuthaza utshintsho olukhoyo.

Ukusetyenziswa kwamapolisa emkhosini nokuphendula

Ukufa kwabantu abangoovimba abaphezulu ngexesha lokudibana namapolisa kuye kwabangela ukuba kubekwe uxanduva lwesizwe. Iimfundiso ezisemthethweni zemilinganiselo yokhuseleko olufanelekileyo kunye nemikhosi egqithisileyo zisoloko zikhusela amagosa kwityala lasekuhlaleni, zikwenza kube nzima kumaxhoba ukulwela amalungelo awo. UMthetho-wesine wokuLawula uthintela “ukuxhuzula okungenangqiqo”, kuquka umkhosi ogqithisileyo, kodwa iinkundla ziye zanika amapolisa inkululeko ebanzi kwiimeko ezinzima. Iingcebiso zotshintsho ziquka ukuphelisa ukhuseleko olufanelekileyo, ukufuna abatshutshisi abazimeleyo ukwenzela ukudubulana kwamagosa asebenza kwimikhosi ecuphithiwe, kunye nokusebenzisa iimodedolo ezinguqu zamapolisa.

Ukuthatyathwa Kwamatyala Okuninzi Nezigwebo

Imfazwe yeziyobisi, iMiqathango enyanzelekileyo, imithetho emithathu exhotyisiweyo, kunye nesigwebo sesizwe sokuchasa icocaine ngokuchasene necrack ukuya kwi-paperder, iye yabangela ulwando olukhulu kwintolongo, ngokuchaphazeleka ngokugqithisileyo kuluntu olumnyama nolwesiLatini. Umthetho wokuqala we-100 ukuya ku-150 ukuya ku-o-1 wahlula phakathi kwecrack ne-cocaine etshanjiweyo ekugqibeleni wancitshiswa yi-fair Sentencing Act ka-2010, kodwa abagxeki bobuhlanga bayaqhubeka. Abaxhasi bamazwe baphikisa ukuba le migaqo ibenza ubuhlwe nobukhoboka kunokuba ibaphathe njengemiba yempilo kawonke-2018. Umthetho wonyaka wamela umgudu wokwenza utshintsho lwemithetho yokugweba, kodwa abagxeki besithi ayizange iqhubeke ngokwaneleyo.

Ibhanile kunye nokungagqibeleli

Inkqubo yebheyile yemali kwiimeko ezininzi ibopha ubuhlwempu ngokuba bagcinwe bevalelwe phantsi ngenxa nje yokuba bengakwazi ukuhlawula ibheyile. Oku kubangela uxinzelelo lokumangalela ityala, qha, kwanaxa kungenatyala, kuthintelwa ukuvalelwa ixesha elide. Ukumangalelwa kwamalungelo abantu kuye kwacel ’ umngeni ibheyile yemali njengokwaphulwa kokhuseleko olulinganayo kunye nenkqubo efunekayo. Amanye amaziko aye aqhubela phambili kwizixhobo zokuzixhobisa ezisemngciphekweni kunye neenkqubo zokukhulula iinkqubo, nangona inkxalabo nge-algoricstyle yemithetho isele ikho.

Ukunyeliswa Nokuphathwa Ngobuhlanga

Ukumiswa kwezithuthi, ukuxilongwa kwabahamba ngezinyawo, nokunyanzeliswa kweziyobisi kudla ngokujoliswe kuluntu oluncinane. Uphando kunye nezigwebo zenkundla zingqine indlela yokukhutshwa kohlanga. UMthetho wesine wokuLawula ufuna ukuba nolwazelelelo, kodwa “uthelekelelo olusengqiqweni” umgangatho we- . umisiwe ngokomthetho oye wasetyenziswa. Amazwe amaninzi aye amisela imithetho efuna ukuqokelelwa kogcino-lwazi ngohlanga nangohlanga ngexesha lokumisa, kwaye iSebe logwebo liqhube uphando lwendlela lwamapolisa kwisebe lobucukubhede.

  • [[Umthetho:0] I-Protality Brutality: izibhengezo zokuphendula uxanduva nokwenza uhlaziyo kumthetho womsebenzi, kuquka iikhamera zomzimba kunye nokusetyenziswa kwemigaqo-nkqubo yomkhosi.
  • I-Mas Ingxubakaniso: ifuthe eligqithisiweyo kuluntu oluncinane nemfuneko yokutshintsha inkqubo ngokubhekiselele ekugwebeni nasekungeneni kwakhona.
  • [[FLT: 0] Isibhengezo esingokwemali: oluqhubekayo ucelomngeni lokucombulula ikhethe phakathi kwenkqubo yobulungisa, ukusuka ekumeni ukuya ekubambeni kwiinkolelo.
  • Ibharingi: ngaphezulu kwe 95% yolweyiseko lubangelwa zizicelo zetyala, ngokufuthi phantsi kweemeko ezidityanisiweyo, zinyusa inkxalabo yenkqubo efunekayo.
  • [[FLT: 0] Juvenile Justice Justice Justice:[ Inkundla ePhakamileyo iqaphele ukuba abantwana bahlukene, balinganisela ubomi ngaphandle kwesohlwayo solutsha ( Miller v. Alabama).

Indima yobuGcisa noMthetho

Imibutho yamalungelo amakhaya isebenzise ixesha elide ukukhuthaza, ukukhuthaza, kunye nemfundo kawonke-wonke ukuqhubela iinguqu kumthetho wolwaphulo-mthetho. INaACP Legal Defense and Education Union, i-American Civil Liberations Union, iProject ye-Innocence, kunye ne-Sevensting Project iphakathi kwamazwi aphambili akhuthaza inkqubo esesikweni. Imigudu yomthetho efuna uphando oluzimeleyo kumgangatho wesizwe nowrhulumente iyaqhubeka iguquka. I-George Floyd Justice in Policcial Act, nangona ingadluliswanga, icelela ukuving'ithwa kwemiqathango efanelekileyo, kunye nokwenza ulawulo olungafanelekanga lwamapolisa. Kumgangatho wezwe, imigaqo-mthetho emininzi iye yagqithisa imithetho efuna uphando oluzimeleyo lokufa, akukho kuvingxengxengo-o-o-obscking, kwaye isebenzisa ulawulo lokusetyenziswa komthetho lokuthintela ulawulo lwesizwe.

Enye indawo enzima yimiphumo eqingqiweyo yezaphuli-mthetho ``njengemiqathango yokuvota, imiqathango yemisebenzi, ukunqandwa kwezindlu, ukuphulukana neenzuzo zikawonke-wonke'. Le mithetho ikhuthaza ukungalingani kwembali. “imithetho yokuphelisa ukulingana kwembali” ekhulula amalungelo okuvota kubantu abaneenkolelo zolwaphulo-mthetho iye yacelw'elwa phantsi kwe-Voting Rights Act kunye noMbethiso-Mthethweni we-14, ngokunempumelelo engafaniyo. Umbutho we “ukunqanda ibhokisi” izimisele ukususa imibuzo yolwaphulo-mthetho kwiizicelo zemisebenzi ukuze kunikwe abantu abakhenke ithuba lokufumana umsebenzi.

Oovimba Bemfundo

Kubafundisi-mfundo nabafundi abakhangelela ukuqinisa ukuqonda kwabo ukusetyenziswa kwamalungelo asekuhlaleni nomthetho wolwaphulo-mthetho, kukho intlukwano yemithombo ekhoyo. Ezi zinto zinokuphuhlisa iingxubusho eziseklasini, zixhase uphando, zize zizise imigudu yokwabelana ngezaphuli-mthetho.

Incwadi

  • I-JIM i-Gray: Udityaniso kwiXesha lombala oluNtu olungaboniyo nguMichelle Alexander. Umsebenzi othatha inyathelo elijonge indlela inkqubo yezobulungisa ekhuthaza ngayo ubuhlanga.
  • Intembeko esesikweni: Ibali lobulungisa nentengiselwano [[FLT] nguBryan Stevenson]. Isicelo esivela kwigqwetha elithetha ngamalungelo abantu elibalaselisa ukungagqibeleli kwesohlwayo sentambo yentambo kunye nesigwebo sobutsha.
  • [FLT]] Ukukrwela Phezulu Owethu: Ulwaphulo-mthetho nesohlwayo kuMnyama Merika nguJames Forman Jr. Ihlola indima yeenkokeli zezobupolitika ezimnyama ekunyukeni kwentonga.
  • [FLT] Ngaphandle kolwaphulo-mthetho] Uthutho olungekho mthethweni: Indlela Esiziphethe ngayo izikeyi zenkqubo yethu ezizizizo ezizizo iInnocent kwaye yenza iMelika ingabinakulingana[[FLT] ngu Alexandra Natapoff].

Iingxelo Nemifanekiso Eshukumayo

  • [[UMTL:0]th ikhokelwe yi-Ava DuVernay. Yingxelo enamandla ekwisinqamlezi sogqatso, isigwebo, kunye nokuvalelwa komthwalo.
  • [FLT] Ipaki Ephakathi isihlanu [[FLT]] ikhokelwe nguKen Bursns. Ichaza ibali lolutsha oluhlanu oluvalelwe ngokuphosakeleyo ngesenzo esinenkohlakalo.
  • [[UMTL:0][UMGAQO] Xa Besibona [[FLT] [[amaqumrhu], kwanangama-Ava DuVernay). Idlala iCentral Park 5 imeko kunye neziphumo zayo.
  • IJaji yenyani: Bryan Stevenson's Umlo wobungalingani[[FLT]] ekhokelwe ngu Peter Kunhardt.

Izifundo Nemifanekiso Yangaphakathi

  • Coursera: “Umthetho waseMerika: Indlela Osebenza Ngayo” kunye ne“Inkululeko Yamalungelo kunye Nenkululeko Yamakhaya” iimodyuli zeYunivesithi yasePennsylvania.
  • EdX: “Ubulungisa” nguMichael Sandel, Harvard University;“Icala noMthetho” ukusuka kwiBoston University.
  • Icala elivula iiNdlela: "Imbutho yaMalungelo aBalalyo" kunye ne-“Umthetho ongowabantu" iintetho.
  • PBS Learningmedia: izicwangciso zesifundo kumalungelo oluntu kunye notshintsho lolwaphulo-mthetho.

Imibutho namaqela olawulo

  • [[UMTL:0] Utshintsho loMthetho wolwaphulo-mthetho
  • [[UMTHETHO: 0] [I-NAACP] Ukhuselo lomthetho neNgxowa-mali yezemfundo
  • [[UMTL: 0] Iprojekthi yeNqanawa
  • Iprojekthi yokulungisa
  • [[Umthetho:0] I- Justice equlunqweyo"

Isiphelo

Ukusetyenziswa kwamalungelo abemi kunye nomthetho wolwaphulo-mthetho kuyinxalenye ebalulekileyo yokuqonda okusesikweni kwibutho labantu. Ngokuhlola iinkalo zembali, amatyala angundoqo, kunye neemfuno zale mihla, abafundisi-bafundisi nabafundi banokuba nenxaxheba kwiingxubusho ezinentsingiselo ezikhuthaza ukuphaphamisa nokukhuselwa kwamalungelo abantu. Indlela engaphambili ifuna ukuqhubekeka kuphaphile, ukukulungela ukuhlangabezana neenyaniso ezingathandekiyo malunga nokungalungi komgaqo-siseko, kunye nokuzimisela ukuguqula isidima somthetho olinganayo. Njengokuba ummandla osemthethweni uqalisa, izifundo zomgaqo-siseko zisikhumbuza ukuba amalungelo akhuselwanga ukuzingcatshaza ngokwawo. Igalelo olusebenzayo lwabahlalisa abemi, abagwebi, nabagwebi bomthetho, abaqinisekisa ukuba isithembiso somthetho olinganayo phantsi komthetho uyazaliseka.