Ukwazisa: Uhambo Olungenaziphene LwaseMerika Lokuzikhusela

Ilungelo lokuvota limi njengesona siseko sisisiseko solawulo lwedemokhrasi. EUnited States, i-francise ayizange ibe lilungelo elithe ngqo kodwa ingummandla okhuphiswano oluqatha, owenziwe yimiqathango, umthetho wesibonelelo, izigqibo zeNkundla ePhakamileyo, kunye nokungaguquguquki kwemithetho yezentlalo-ntle yabantu. Ukuqonda le mbali kubalulekile ekulawuleni iinkitha zempikiswano entsonkothileyo ezingqongileyo nokufikelela komvoti namhlanje. Eli nqaku linikela ushwankathelo oluneenkcukacha oluneenkcukacha zamalungelo evotisty kunye notshintsho, lichaza inkqubela phambili yamalungelo eenkqubo eencwadini elawulayo epheleleyo yedemokhrasi ngexesha eliqhubekayo lobundye laqhubeka likho. Ibali lokuvota eMelika lihlanganye ngokuqhubekayo nokuchasana okulungeleyo, ukuchasana okuye kwalo nyakathothothotho lwalo lwalo lwalo lwalo lwalo lwasebugrotla.

Isiseko Somlinganiselo Olinganiselweyo

UmGaqo-siseko kunye neSigwebo sikaRhulumente esiGunyathiweyo

Xa umGaqo-siseko wase-U.S. wagunyaziswa ngo-1788, wadala isakhiwo sonyulo lwamadoda angathanga mvume yokuvota naliphi na iqela elithile labemi. Imbopheleleko yokumisela iimfaneleko zovoti yanikwa amaphondo ngokupheleleyo, ulalaniso olwavunyelwa ngokupheleleyo ukuba lucaciswe. KwiRiphabliki yamandulo, unyulo lwamiselwa ngokungqongqo ukuba lube ngabamhlophe, abemi bempahla yamadoda. Imigaqo-mthetho neyasekuhlaleni yawathintela amabhinqa, aseAfrika (ngakhululekileyo nangamakhoboka), amaMerika amantsundu, nakumaphondo amaninzi, amadoda amhlophe awayengahlangani nempahla okanye iimfuno zokuhlawula irhafu.

UMthetho woBuntu wewaka linamakhulu asixhenxe anamashumi asixhenxe anamashumi asibhozo anamashumi asixhenxe aqhubele phambili ukuhlahlela okuqhelekileyo ngokulinganisela "kukhululeka kwabantu abamhlophe," imilinganiselo yobuhlanga ukuba ichazwe kanye njengendawo yobumi. Ngoxa amanye amazwe asemntla ewavumeleyo amadoda antsundu ukuba avote, eli lungelo lalungiswa ekuqaleni kwenkulungwane ye1990. Utshintsho lwaseNew Jersey lwahlula ngokucacileyo amabhinqa kunye namaMelika aseAfrika, ngexesha iPennsylvania yasusa amalungelo okuvota amaBlamla ngo1838. Ngokuqalisa kwemfazwe yemibani, phantse onke amazwe athintela ama-Afrika aseAfrika e-Afrika ebhokisi yebhola, ebonisa ukuba umbono weRiphabliki yokuzimela ngokwayo wawukho, ngokwendlela, ilungelo elimhlophe, ngexesha lokusebenza.

IXesha LikaJackson: Ukwanda Kobumhlophe Obuyindawo Entle

Unyulo luka-Andrew Jackson ngo-1828 lwafuzisela ukutshintsha okunzulu kwempucuko yezobupolitika yaseMerika. Ixesha likaJackson labona ukususwa okusasazekileyo kwempahla yamadoda amhlophe, iqhutywa yingcamango "yomntu oqhelekileyo" nokwanda kwamaqela ezobupolitika. Phakathi ko1810 no1850, phantse lonke urhulumente osusiweyo okanye ohlawula irhafu yokunyuswa kwempahla yamadoda amhlophe, ngokuphawulekayo yandisa unyuso lwezinyuso. Noko ke, lo mbutho, wawunobuhlanga obucacileyo. Njengoko amazwe andisa i-suffiselcendssssss amaqela amhlophe, adibanisa i-Black Confective, rhoqo arholactivesssssssss "mhlophe" njengesivumelwano sokuvota. Ulwa kweqela ledemokhrasitiki elinye lakhiwe ngqo kwimbali yomnye, umlinganiselo owenziwayongeza imbali kuyo yonke imbali.

Ukwakhiwa Kwayo: Isithembiso Esigqibeleleyo Nesiphendu Esinogonyamelo

ISichithi se-15: Isiseko sokwala iMidlalo

Imfazwe yamakhaya kunye nexesha lokuvuselelwa kwakhona kwalandela imfazwe yasekuhlaleni kwamela olona tshintsho lukhulu lweMelika. Ukubuyiselwa kwakhona kwemisebenzi ye-1867, kwafuna ukuba amalungelo okuvota abantu abamnyama anikwe amalungelo okubhalisa kwi-Union. Olu tshintsho lwenguquko lwayanyaniswa kuMgaqo-siseko ngokusetyenziswa kokwahlulwa koMphetho-nyaka we-15 wesi-70, olwathi lwavakalisa ukuba ilungelo labemi lokuvota alizange likhatyelwe okanye lingene kwi-drejiji ye-"ityala lohlanga, umbala, okanye imeko yangaphambili yobukhoboka." Isiphumo somqatha. Ngexesha lokuvota, amakhulu amawaka amadoda aseAfrika abhaliswe ekuvoteleni, unyulo, unyulo lwamagosa esizwe kwilizwe, ne-ofisi zorhulumente, kunye ne-ofisi zolawulo lwe-omatilo-omatilo-siseko esitsha ezamisela iinkonzo zikawonke-wonke-wonke-wonke-wonke.

[[UMTL:0] Umbhalo opheleleyo weSigqibo se-15 sokuLamliselwa ukhona kuVimba weSizwe.

UJim Crow noLondolozo lweNkqubo loLawulo lwe-15

Isithembiso sedemokhrasi ye-odokisi ye-odokisi asibangakho ixesha elifutshane. Ukuyekelela konyaka ka-1877 ngokunempumelelo kwaphelisa ukwakhiwa kwakhona korhulumente worhulumente, ukukhupha amajoni kuMzantsi kwaye kushiya amaMelika ukuya kulawulo loorhulumente abamhlophe "Yomvulo". Kwiminyaka embalwa elandelayo, amazwe aseMazantsi abandakanyeke kwiphulo elicwangcisiweyo lokuphelisa uMphetho-Mbetho we-15. Ukusebenzisa udityaniso lwemilinganiselo engomthetho kunye nowongezelelweyo, bakha izixhobo ezintsonkothileyo zokwahlukana kwemithetho.

Iinkalo ezingundoqo zenkqubo yokuvota kaJim Crow ziquka:

  • Irhafu yepetroli yeProt: Imali yonyaka efunekayo ukubhalisa ukuvota, ekwakungalawuleki ngokungenakuthelekiswa nanto kweminye imiphakathi emnyama namhlophe.
  • Iimvavanyo zobubhaqa: Iimfuno zokufunda nokutolika ezidityaniswe ngocalulo olugqithisileyo ngabamhlophe ababhalisayo, ngokunempumelelo zithintela phantse bonke abaBlackings.
  • [ Utatomkhulu Owomkhulu u-Claus: Amalungiselelo akhulula abantu ekufundeni okanye kwimfuno yempahla ukuba ookhokho babo babevote phambi konyaka ka1867, ngaloo ndlela bekhulula abamhlophe abangafundanga ngoxa bengabafaki-mthetho abamnyama ababekhotyokiswe.
  • I-White Primerives: Iqela leDemocratic, umkhosi olawulayo wezobupolitika kuMzantsi, wazichaza eyiqela labucala kwaye ngokusesikweni wakhupha abavoti abamnyama kunyulo oluphambili, eqinisekisa ukuba ngabamhlophe kuphela abanyuselwa phambili kunyulo ngokubanzi.
  • Ugonyamelo kunye nokuzinzisa: IKu Klux Klan kunye neminye imibutho yabanqolobi yasebenzisa i-lynching, ukubetha, kunye nokunyanzelisa kwezoqoqosho ukoyikisa abantu abantsundu nokucinezela inxaxheba kwezobupolitika.

INkundla ePhakamileyo yayisoloko isenza kube lula ukukhulula oku kwemiqathango karhulumente. United States v. Cruikshank (1866), iNkundla yakhupha ngokuphumelelayo iEmplation Acts, ilawula ukuba urhulumente wengingqi akanako ukubohlwaya abantu ngabanye ngenxa yeqhinga lokukhaba amalungelo abantu. [[FLT:] Pluttenv. Ferguson [1866]) wanika isigqumo esisemthethweni se "`Sibe silingana," kwaye [[FLT] [4] u-Giles.[FLT] v [FLT] [5:] [0] waxhasa imithetho yokuvola i-Rocelk, ekhuthaza inkqubo yokurhoxa iNkurhobo ekhubaza inkqubo yeNxongo ye-Atlanti.

Ukulwa Imfazwe Ende Yokungaxhamli Kwamabhinqa

Ukusuka KwiSeneca Ukuwa Ukusa Kwiqela Lesizwe

Umlo wokulwela amabhinqa waqalisa ngokunyanisekileyo kwiNgqungquthela yamaFasi eSeneca ngo1848, apho abaxhasi bemfazwe baquka uElizabeth Cady Stanton noLucretia Mott bakhupha i "Ukwenziwa kweMithetho ye-Seventia" efuna amalungelo alinganayo kumabhinqa, kuquka ilungelo lokuvota. Lo mbutho wakhula ngokukhula kwaye watshintshatshintshatshintsha kumashumi eminyaka alandelayo, ubandakanya amava entlangano empi yokuphembelela ukupheliswa kwemfazwe. Emva kwemfazwe ye-Civilitiki, i-mfantsty wavela phakathi kombutho wokuxhasa i-Phinda kwe-15th Amend Remend, owenziweyo (iiiiiiikungawa i-A) ekhokelwe ngamaqela aseMelika (i-Süce).

Isiqhagamshelanisi sembali sinika ushwankathelo olubanzi lwentshukumo yamabhinqa.

UMthetho We - 19 Wokuhlaziywa Nokungafani Kwenkqubo

Iqela le-suffgela lasebenzisa ubuchule obubini: ukusukela umgangatho karhulumente ngeli xesha beqhubela phambili ulungiso lomgaqo-siseko. Amazwe aseNtshona, apho amabhinqa aye enze indima ebalulekileyo kwimimandla yemida, akhokela indlela. Ukunika amalungelo okuvota ngokupheleleyo ngo1869, kwalandelwa yiUtah, Colorado, kunye neIdaho kuma1990. Ngonyaka ka1918, amabhinqa aye aphumele amalungelo okuvota ngokupheleleyo kumaphondo ali-15. Umbutho wafumana amandla amatsha ekuqaleni kwenkulungwane yama-20 phantsi kwenkokeli e-Alice Paul weSizwaname, owamkela amaqhinga aphenjelelwa yiBritish suffgette, kuquka neWhites House, imibhiyongwanekiso, kunye nokuhlasela. Unyaka we-19191919199, unikezelo oluphezulu lwe-Congrangey, kunye no-octivesty, ulwe-octives mazwe amabhinqa angoodmist ango ka-19 angondondondondondondondondondondo.

Kubalulekile ukuqaphela ukuba uHlomelo lwe-19 lwamaNadabi aseMerika aluzange luwakhusele amavoti onke. Amabhinqa amaMelika ayengavumelekanga kakhulu ekuvotelweni de kube nguMthetho wokuvota waseIndiyaian Citizenshishiship ngo1924, kwaye amazwe amaninzi aqhubeka ewashiya de kube ngowe-1950. Amabhinqa ase-Asia ayesoloko engawafuni ukuba ngabemi phantsi kwemithetho yendalo eyahlala de kube ngu1959 uMthendeleko we-Carran-Walter. KuMzantsi, amabhinqa amnyama ajamelana nerhafuthelo efanayo, iimvavanyo zobufundisi, kunye noloyikiso lobundlo lwamadoda amnyama. Umzabalazo wamabhinqa ehlabathi lonke wawudityaniswa kakhulu nohlanga kunye neklasi, inyaniso eyabumba umbutho osuka kwiNqaqonga.

Iqela lamaLungelo aBami kunye nokwakhiwa kwakhona kwesibini

Ukubekwa Kwesindululo: UMthetho wama-24 Wokwenziwa Kwamalungelo

Umbutho wamalungelo abantu wombindi wenkulungwane yama-20 wamela "Uhlaziyo lobuGcisa," kwakhona wavavanya ulawulo olusemthethweni nolungokwentlalo lobukhulu bamhlophe. Iimpumelelo zomthetho eziphunyezwe yiNAACP, kuquka Smith v. Alwright[ [19444], eyaphelisa ukuhlasela okutsha okuphambili, kunye Brown v. ibhodi yemfundo yemfundo [[FLT]] [1954], eyavakalisa ukurhoxaba kwesikolo, eyathiyakurhoxaba ngokusemthethweni, yanikela isiseko sokuhlasela ngokutsha ucalucalulo lovo. Isigrafu, ngo19464, yaphelisa unyuso lwerhafu, isusa isithintelo esinelo kurhoxiwa kwezoqoqosho oluphezulu lokuvolo oluphezulu. Umthetho wokwayo womthetho womlomo womlomo obalulekileyo, kunye nokuvalwa kolungiso olusemthethweni, olufunekayo olusemthethweni, oluthelelweyo.

UMthetho ka - 1965 Wotshintsho Wolawulo Lwamalungelo Abantu

ISelma ukuya kuhambo lweMontgomery ngoMatshi 1965, kunye nohlaselo olunenkohlakalo "lweCawa engqukuva" kumatshangatshati kwi-Edmund Pettus Bridge, ivuselelwa uluvo lwesizwe kwaye yanyanzela uMongameli Lyndon B. Johnson ukunyanzela inyathelo lombutho wombutho. Isiphumo yaba nguMthetho weVoting Rights ka-1965 (VRA), owona mmiselo wamalungelo abantu. Iinkqubo ezingundoqo zomthetho wokunyanzelisa zawaphuka ngokusekelwe emgceni:

  • Ukukhetha 2:[ Ukwalelwa kwelizwe lonke nakwesiphi na isimilo sokuvota esasicalucalula ngokwesizinzi sohlanga okanye umbala.
  • Ulwahlulo 4: A "umgaqo wendawe" ochonga amagunya (ngokuqhelekileyo kuMzantsi onzulu) nembali yocalulo lokuvota.
  • [[NTLAWULO: 0] Ulwahlulo 5: A "ukucaciswa" okufunekayo okugquma amagunya kufumana imvume yorhulumente evela kwiSebe lobulungisa okanye kwiNkundla yeSithili yeColumbia phambi kokuzalisekisa naluphi na utshintsho kwimithetho okanye kwiinkqubo zokuvota.

Olu lawulo lwamagunya angoorhulumente lwatshintsha. Kwiminyaka emibini yokuhamba koMthetho, ubhaliso olumnyama eMississippi lwenyuka ukusuka ngaphantsi kwe 7% ukuya ngaphezu kwama-60%. Inani lamagosa anyuliweyo aMnyama eMzantsi lanyuka ngokuphawulekayo, ngokusisiseko litshintsha ummandla wezopolitiko. IVRA yaphinda yavunyelwa ngokusemthethweni ngenkxaso eyongamileyo ye-bipartisan, kutshanje ngo-200.

[[UMTHETHO: 0] ISebe leMigaqo yoLuntu lichaza iinkcukacha zolu Mthetho woManyano lwaMalungelo ka-1965.

Ukusetyenziswa Kwamalungelo: Iingxaki Kumsebenzi WeVRA

Shelby County v. Hoker (203) kunye nokuncitshiswa koBukhosi

Ukwakhiwa koMthetho wamaLungelo weVoting kwahlala kuqinile phantse iminyaka engama-50, kusebenza njengesithintelo esinamandla nxamnye notshintsho lomthetho wokuvota. Noko ke, kwisiphawuli 5-4 sesigqibo se- Shelby County v.Hander (202013), iNkundla ePhakamileyo yawuthintela ngokunempumelelo ummiselo wesiseko somthetho. Inkundla yagawula icandelo lesi-4, iphikisa ukuba amashumi eminyaka eminyaka akudala ugcino-lwazi luphelelwe lixesha kwaye ichasene nolongamo lwamazwe. Ngaphandle komgaqo osemthethweni, iCandelo lwesihlanu ngaphambi kokuba luqululwe. Imithetho yeKroam yamenywa ukuba ikwazi ukwenza inkqubo entsha esekelwe kwiimeko zangoku, kodwa i-grognogconf.

Iziphumo ze Selby County zazisele zithe tye. Kwiiyure zesigqibo, amaphondo kunye neendawo ebeziphantsi kwesigqibo ngaphambili zaqalisa ukubeka imbonakalo yemithetho kunye noqheliselo ngaphambili ezazivalwe okanye zidinyazwe ngumphathi worhulumente. Ezi ziquka imithetho engqongqo yokuvota, enqumla kwasekuqaleni, ukuvalwa kwendawo yokuvota kwimimandla ebanzi, kunye nokukhutshwa kweerolla zevota. Uphando lwe Brennan Center yeJaji kunye neminye imibutho yaphawula ukuba le migaqo yabambalwa abacuphi abathwali abatsha ngokungenakuthelekiswa nanto, nto leyo ikhokelela ekulinde amaxesha amade, amaqondo aphezulu okurhoxa okurhola, kunye nokuthatha inxaxheba.

Iziko leBrennan loMgwebo linika uhlalutyo oluqhubekayo lwempembelelo yesigqibo seShelby County.

Imithetho Yokwahlula Nempikiswano Ngokungekho Nto Nokuthembeka

Ipost Ixesha lokuvota liphawulwe ngolwahlulo olubukhali kwiinkqubo zokuvota. Abaxhasi bemithetho yokwahlula engqongqo baphikisa ukuba kuyimfuneko ukuthintela ukuvota nokugcina intembelo yoluntu kwingqibelelo yonyulo. Abachasi baphikisa ngelithi ukuvota kunyamalala ngokunqabileyo kwaye le mithetho isebenza ngokuyintloko ekucimeni ukujika phakathi kwengeniso esezantsi, iqaqo, kunye nevoti abakhulileyo abangenwanga kakhulu ukuba babe neentlobo zokukhetha ezifunekayo.

INkundla ePhakamileyo yase-Indiana yaxhasa umthetho we-ID engqongqo ku- Crawford v. Marion Counst Board yokhetho (), imisela ukuba imithetho enjalo isekelwe kumgaqo-siseko ukuba ayisetyenziswa ngendlela egqithisileyo. Ekuvuselweni konyulo lwama-2020, iindlu zolawulo zeRiphabliki zorhulumente zinyusa imigudu yokumisa imiqathango emitsha yokuvota, ukukhupha imithetho efakelwe imfuno zokwahlula iposi, ebekelwe umda, ibeka iibhokisi, inyusa ukuphinda-phindeka koluhlu lwevoti. Abagxeki bachaza le miqathango ilungele ukucinezela uvavanyo olulandelayo kwi-mo yonyulo-mthetho.

Idabi eliqhubekayo leMigangatho yoManyano: UMthetho kaJohn Lewis

Ukuphendula kwimiqathango yomgangatho karhulumente, uDemocrates kwiKhomishini ngokuphindaphindiweyo wasungula uMthetho weSigqeba samalungelo abantu, ogama linguJohn Lewis Voting Agreement Act, ogama libhekiswe kumfanekiso womqondiso wamalungelo abantu kunye nelungu lowiso-mthetho elahamba linqumla iBhulorho e-Edmund Pettus. Lo mthetho ujolise ekulungiseni iVRA entsha, ngokumisela inkqubo yokugquma ijenga, ehlaziyweyo, ngokuyibeka ingxubuliso yomthetho yokubhalisa isakhiwo esitsha, ngokuyiphucula kunye nokuqinisa ukhuseleko nxamnye nomthetho wokhetho onzulu ojikeleze i-Rhovercation kunye nomgudu oqhubekayo wokuchaza indlela esisiseko yolawulo-demokhrasi.

[[UMTL:0] I-ACLU inika isishwankathelo kunye nohlalutyo loMthetho wamaLungelo kaJohn Lewis.

Isiphelo: Ukubaluleka Okuhlala Kukho Kwe - Franchishe

Imbali yamalungelo okuvota eUnited States ayiyongxelo elula yenkqubela elandelelanayo. Libali lenkqubela enzulu yedemokhrasi ehlanganiswe nenkqubela enzulu ye-odoli eshicilelweyo eshicilelweyo elungiselelwe ukumisela amandla ezobupolitika. Ukusuka kwimpahla ekwahluleni kwexesha lokuseka isigaba sokuphakamisa ugqatso ukuya kumgangatho wexesha lokulwa nokwandisa ingxube-gqaba-gqaba-gqaba ye-gqaba-gqaba-gqaba-gqaba-gqaba, kwaye kumadabi akwizintlukwano zokuzichola kwiNkuqela leNkundla ephakamileyo yezolawulo zedemo-demo-deli ediyo edityaniswe nokuzinziswa kwe-yo. Ukuqonda le mbali ayikulungiselela ukusetyenziswa kwe-amfezeko ye-mo ye-moveyikhole, i-mfortyisi ye-yoli ye-ovelk, ummeli we-oveyivotive, ummeli we-odoli karhulumente, umbameli wemali, umeljinga kwingi yomnye womntu