Ulwalamano phakathi kolwando lwezoqoqosho kunye nolawulo lolawulo luyenye yezona mpikiswano zingapheliyo nezinempikiswano kulawulo lwale mihla. Oorhulumente ehlabathini lonke bajamelana nocelomngeni lokukhuthaza imekobume apho amashishini anokuphumelela khona, atshintshe, ayile, ayilese imisebenzi, ngoxa ngexesha elinye ekhusela impilo kawonke-wonke, imekobume kunye nokuthembeka kwentengiso. Umthetho omninzi ungaphazamisa ishishini; okuncinane kakhulu okunokukhokelela ekuxhaphazeni, ukungaguquguquki, nengozi yexesha elide. Eli nqaku lihlola ukuthengiselwana okunentsingiselo phakathi kwale mikhosi emibini, ukushwa-mententela kwingcamango yezoqoqosho, imeko yehlabathi, kunye namaqhinga enyani okufuna ukukhula kunye nolawulo olunenkathalo.

Ukuqonda Ukwanda Kwezoqoqosho

Ukwanda kwezoqoqosho, okudla ngokulinganiselwa njengokwanda kwemveliso yasekhaya elizweni (GDP), kumela ukwanda kobuchule bezoqoqosho bokuvelisa iimpahla neenkonzo. Kuqhutywa ziimeko eziliqela ezidityanisiweyo:

  • [[NTLA:0] Ukuqokelelwa koqoqosho – utyalo-mali lwezibonelelo zokwenyama ezifana neendlela, amazibuko, nemizi - mveliso, kwakunye nekomkhulu loluntu ngoqeqesho kunye noqeqesho.
  • Uhlaziyo lwezobugcisa – iinkqubo ezintsha, imveliso, kunye nezixhobo zamanani ezinyusa imveliso kunye nokuvula iimarike ezintsha.
  • unyuko lwamandla anamandla – ukwanda kwenani labasebenzi, okusoloko kukhuthazwa kukwanda kwabemi okanye ukunyuka kwenani lokusebenza.
  • [[UMTHETHO: 0] impumelelo ekhoyo [ - iinkqubo ezicace gca zomthetho, amalungelo empahla, kunye nolawulo oluzinzileyo olukhuthaza urhwebo notyalo-mali.

Kanti ukukhula kwe-GDP akuyonto ilungileyo. Kungagquma ukunyuka kokungalingani, ukuwohloka kwemekobume, kunye nokungahlali kwabantu. Umzekelo, uphuhliso olukhawulezileyo kumazwe amaninzi asakhasayo luye lwasusa izigidi zabantu kubuhlwempu kodwa luye lwakhokelela kungcoliso lomoya ogqithisileyo namanzi. Imbono ecacileyo yokukhula ayiqwalaseli nje isantya sayo kodwa umgangatho wayo kunye nokusasazeka kwayo. Ingcamango yolwando olupheleleyo [[FLT: 0] ifumene ulwando, igxininisa ukuba ulwando lwezoqoqosho lufanele luncede onke amacandelo ebutho labantu kwaye luxhaswe ngokusileyo.

Indima Yolawulo

Ulawulo lubhekiselele kwiseti yemithetho, imithetho, kunye nobuchule bokunyanzelisa obulawula umsebenzi wezoqoqosho. Iinjongo zayo ezingundoqo ziquka ukulungisa ukungaphumeleli kwemarike, ukukhusela amaqela abuthathaka, nokuqinisekisa ukuba agcinwa ixesha elide. Ulawulo olungundoqo lomgaqo luquka:

  • Umgaqo we-Environnal - imida ekhutshwayo, elahlwayo, kunye nokukhutshwa kovimba wendalo ukuthintela umonakalo ongalungisekiyo.
  • Ukhuseleko lwekonssumer – imilinganiselo yokhuseleko lwemveliso, ireyithingi echanileyo, kunye nemithetho elungileyo.
  • [[Umthetho wezezimali:0] umgaqo wezorhwebo – iimfuno zemali, imithetho yokubona ngaphaya, kunye namanyathelo achaseneyo nozinzo lwemarike.
  • [[Umthetho:0] umgaqo we-Labreyitha – umvuzo ophantsi, intlawulo engaphaya komsebenzi, ukhuseleko emsebenzini, nemithetho engeyoyoyantlukwano.
  • [[Umthetho wokhuthuzo] – imithetho echasene nokuthembana ukuthintela ulawulo olunye nokukhuthaza ukhuphiswano.

Ulungiso lungavuselela ulwando ngokudala iimeko ezithelekelelwayo zotyalo-mali. Umzekelo, amalungelo acacileyo empahla kunye nokugcinwa komsebenzi womthetho kunciphisa ukungaqiniseki, kukhuthaza oosomashishini ukuba bazibeke engozini. Ngokufanayo, imilinganiselo yemekobume ingakhuthaza ulwakhiwo kwiteknoloji ecocekileyo, inike uncedo lwangoko kwimarike yomhlaba wonke. ECD yomsebenzi womgaqo-siseko sokulungisa izinto [ ifumana rhoqo ukuba imimiselo emiselwe kakuhle ingenza ngcono iziphumo zezoqoqosho ngaphandle kokuzikhusela.

Ukuchazwa Kweshishini

Ukurhweba phakathi kokhula nomthetho asingomdlalo we-zero-sum. Idlala ngapha nangapha kwemilinganiso emininzi abaenzi benkqubo abamele bahambe kakuhle.

Imali yombutho

Yonke imithetho ibeka iindleko zokuthotyelwa kwemiqathango kumashishini. Le nto iquka iindleko ezithe ngqo njengemirhumo, imvume, kunye nezixhobo zokuhlaziywa, kunye neendleko ezingangqalanga ngenxa yokungaqiniseki komsebenzi, iprojekthi, kunye nerhafu esemthethweni. Amashishini amancinane kunye namancinane (amaqumrhu) asengozini ngokukodwa ngenxa yokuba aswele isikali sokufumana iindleko ezizinzileyo zolawulo. Uhlalutyo lweChuzuzo lweChubelo [ lufumanise ukuba iindleko zolawulo lomqeshwa ngamnye zinokuba ngamaxesha amathathu kwifemente eentweni encinane kunemibutho emikhulu. Oku kungayisusa ingeniso esebenzayo, ukuqeshala, ukuqesha nophuhliso uphando, ukucotha kophando, ukucotha kwe-GDP.

Umiselo-nkqubo lokulungisa

Ulungiso lungacinezela utshintsho maxa wambi ngokwenza imilinganiselo eqinileyo etshixayo kubugcisa obukhoyo okanye ngokumisela amaxesha amade emveliso entsha. Ushishino lwamayeza, umzekelo, kufuneka lusebenzise iimfuno zovavanyo lwezamayeza phambi kokuba afike emarikeni. Ngoxa le mithetho ikhusela abaguli kumayeza angakhuselekanga, zikwalibazisa ukufikelela kunyango olunokubakho lobomi kunye nophuhliso lwexabiso. Ngokuchasene noko, ummiselo ungakwakho [[FLT: 0] iprojekthi ephambili. Imilinganiselo yokukhupha i-auto i-active istyracticssss iskerted transportss, inguququququze iziphumo zabo ezinqwenelwayo.

Iinjongo zexesha elide

Imeko-ntle yezoqoqosho isoloko ijongene nengcinezelo yokubeka iziphumo zequmrhu kunye neziphumo zezoqoqosho ezikhawulezileyo. Inkcitho yemali eninzi, ukunyuka kwe-GDP, ukunyuka kwemisebenzi yemali yemali ethengisa amashishini , iinjongo zokulawula ixesha elide. Ukususwa komthetho kungenza unyuso olufutshane ngokunciphisa iindleko kunye nokuphumeza iprojekthi, kodwa ingenza umngcipheko owenziweyo owenziwe kwiminyaka embalwa kamva. Inkcitho yemali yehlabathi ngumzekelo ocacileyo: ukuyekelela ummiselo wemali ebolekayo nemveliso ebambekayo ebambekayo enokuthi ibangele ukuwohloka kwezindlu ezinokudodobala kwehlabathi lonke. Ngokufanayo, imithetho ebuthathaka yemekobume isenokutsala amaziko ehambayo ngemibandebe emfutshane, kuphela kwiminyanzelo yexesha elizayo ngexabiso lokucoca kunye neengxaki zempilo. Ingcamango yemali engundoqo] esinelisayo [FLD:1] isikhumbuza sendlela esisetyenziswayo sokuzinziswa ngokwayo.

Iimbono Zembali Nohlolisiso Lwetyala

Ukujonga indlela eyahlukeneyo izoqoqosho eziye zasebenzisa ngayo urhwebo lokukhupha isantya esiphezulu kunika izifundo ezibalulekileyo.

EUnited States: IPendulum Yowiso - mthetho

I-U.S. ibone umjikelo wokwenza ujikelezo kunye nokwenza ujikelezo. Ixesha likaReagan (ngonyaka wama-1980) labona ukuguquka okubalulekileyo kokusingqongileyo, imali, kunye nemimiselo yezithuthi, okuhambisana nexesha lolwando lwe-GDP oluqinileyo. Noko ke, ukukhutshwa kwemali kwiminyaka yoo1990 kunye nasekuqaleni konyaka wama 2000 kwafak' kwaba negalelo ekuqhubeni kakhulu kwingozi, ukuqukunjelwa kwemeko yemeko ka 2008. Ukususela ngoko, i-U.S. iphinde yafaka imithetho eqinileyo efana nomthetho we-Dodd-Frank Act. Kwicandelo lobugcisa, ukuchaphaza kombane okulula okunxulumene nolawulo kukhuthaza ukuphuhliswa kweNtlambo yeSilicon, kodwa kwaphakamisa nenkxakelelwano-mthetho wobuxoki. Umzekelo wokubonisa umgangatho olungele ukulingana komgaqo wolawulo lwezorhwebo notshintsho lobutshisho olukhoyo, nokutshintsha kwemijikelezo lwexesha.

Umanyano LwaseYurophu: Ukulungelelaniswa kwakhona njengengenelo ekhuphisanayo

I-European Union iye yasebenzisa indlela yokuzikhusela ebanzi. Imithetho yayo engqongqo yogcino-lwazi nemigangatho yemekobume (umz., i-European Green Deal) maxa wambi igxekwa ngokumisela intlawulo ephezulu kunye nokucotha kwemiqathango yamanani. Kodwa le mithetho ikwayila iplani yemigangatho yomhlaba wonke kwaye inike iinkampani zaseYurophu igama elihle lokhuseleko nokulondolozwa kokhuseleko. Ukugxininisa kwe-EU ekukhuseleni intlalo kunye nemekobume yemekobume kubonakalisa imbono yayo yokuba ukukhula kwexesha elide kuxhomekeke ekulondolozeni ukuthemba nokungabikho kovimba. Ezinye izifundo zicebisa ukuba izakhiwo ezilawulayo zinokukhuthaza ukhuphiswano ngokhuthuzo lorhwebo olusemgangathweni kunye nokuphuhliso.

ETshayina: Ulwando olukhawulezileyo Ngokunyanzelwa

Unyuko lwezoqoqosho lweTshayina kumashumi amane eminyaka adluleyo luye lwakhuthazwa lulawulo oluphezulu lwetyala: ulawulo olunzima lwelizwe kumacandelo alungelelanisiweyo kunye nokunyanzeliswa kombane kwabanye ukutsala utyalo-mali lwamanye amazwe. Eli cebo liveziswe ukukhula okungaqhelekanga kwe-GDP kodwa ngexabiso elikhulu: ukungcoliswa komoya okunzima, ukunqongophala kwamanzi, ukusetyenziswa kakubi kwamalungelo abantu, kunye nomgangatho ophezulu wamatyala. Kwiminyaka yakutshanje, iBeijing iqalise ukuqinisa imigaqo yemekobume ebume kunye nokuhlahlela iingozi zemali, kwanasendleko yokukhula okuthe kratya. Umzekelo waseTshayina ubonisa ukuba ukukhula okungaphazamisekiyo kusenokuphelisa ukukhula kwentlalo nemekobume ehlala kuyo, inyanze ukulungiswa ngokuqatha, inyanze ukulungiswa kokuzinziwa komthetho okubuhlungu kunangaphambili kunokuba kungene ungene ungene ungenelo.

ISingapore: Ukusetyenziswa Okuncinane Kwezoqoqosho

I-Singapore inikela umzekelo onyanzelisayo wolawulo olulungeleleneyo. Isixeko sihlala siphakathi kweendawo ezilula ukwenza ishishini ngelinye ixesha sigcina imithetho engqongqo kuzo zonke izinto ukusuka kwi-prigrafig ukuya kwi-gam. Inkqubo yaso yokulawula ixhomekeke, icace, ihambe ihambele phambili, inciphise umthwalo kwiifemu ngoxa iqinisekisa ukhuseleko lukawonke-wonke kunye nomgangatho wemekobume. Impumelelo yeSingapore icebisa ukuba ukufaneleka komgaqo-(ukucaca, ukungaguquguquki, kunye nokusebenza kakuhle (*) kuphembelela ngaphezu komlinganiselo wayo. Umgaqo okrelekrele uyakwazi ukuxhasa ukukhula kwezoqoqosho ngokunciphisa ukungaqiniseki kunye nezigqibo ezilula.

Ubuchule Bokulungelelanisa Ulwando Nokulungelelanisa

Abenzi benkqubo baye bavelisa izixhobo eziliqela zokulungelelanisa iimfuno ezikhuphisanayo zokukhula nokongamela.

Impembelelo echaphazelayo (RIA)

I-RIA yinkqubo ecwangcisiweyo yokuvavanya iindleko, iinzuzo, kunye neziphumo zokusasazwa kwemigaqo ecetyisiweyo phambi kokuba imiselwe. Ngokufuna ukuba abameli baqwalasele ezinye iindlela kunye neziphumo ezibalwayo, i-RIA inceda ekuthinteleni imithetho eyiliweyo engeyiyo enokuthi yonakalise ulwando ngaphandle kokufikelela usukelo lwabo. IBHANGE lehlabathi likhuthaze ukuthathelwa ulwamkelo lwe-RIA emhlabeni wonke[, ngokubonakaliswa kophuhlisomgangatho wobunjani.

Iibhokisi zentlabathi ezilawulayo

Ngokukodwa kubugcisa bemali (icandelo lobunzululwazi bezentengiselwano, iibhokisi zolawulo lwesanti zivumela iifemu ukuba zivavanye iimveliso zobugcisa obutsha kwindawo elawulwayo phantsi kwemithetho ekhululekileyo ngexesha elifutshane. Le ndlela inceda abalawuli ukuba baqonde ubugcisa obuvelayo ngaphandle kokubeka umthwalo opheleleyo wokuthobela. I-UK’Scinteal Palence Accouncil yaqalisa ukuvelisa imodeli yesandbox, kwaye amazwe amaninzi ade amkela.

Claus Clauss kunye nohlolo lwamaxa athile

Ukukhusela imimiselo ekubeni iphelelwe lixesha okanye ibe ngumthwalo ongafanelekanga, imikhosi emininzi ifuna ukuba imithetho iphelelwe ngokuzenzekelayo emva kwenani elimiselwe iminyaka ngaphandle kokuba ivunyelwe. Le mikhosi iphinda ihlole ukuba ngaba umthetho usayimfuneko kusini na, uyasebenza, kwaye uyalungelelanisa. iKhanada ne-Australia iye yasebenzisa iinkqubo ezicwangcisiweyo “ezincitshisiweyo zeteyipu” eziquka amalungiselelo okutshona kwelanga kunye nemijikelo yokuhlola okunyanzelisa.

Ubungqina bokwenza ulawulo kunye nomthetho

Ukutshintsha amashishini, amaqela abathengi, kunye nezifundiswa kwinkqubo yokubekwa komthetho kungakhokelela kwimimiselo eluncedo neyamkelekileyo. Ukusebenzisa uqhagamshelwano lwemithetho egqithisileyo, apho iziqu zoshishino zivelisa imilinganiselo enyanzeliswa ngurhulumente, inganciphisa iindleko zonyanzeliso-mali kunye nokwandisa amaqondo okuthobela. Umzekelo, iNgxowa-mali yehlabathi Lonke yeCoral Reefs isebenzisa ubuchule bokuphatha imali obudityanisiweyo kunye nokusebenza kwezentlalo-luvo lwabucala ukuze kufikelele iinjongo zemekobume zemeko-meko-bume ngaphandle kokuphazamisa umsebenzi wezoqoqosho.

Umgaqo-nkqubo osekelwe kubungqina

Asiyomimiselo yonke eluncedo ngokulinganayo. Eminye mininzi imiqathango eluncedo egqithileyo okanye ebanjiwe ziinqobo ukukhusela indawo yayo yentengiso. Umgudu ojoliswe kuyo wokususa okanye ukukhupha imithetho ephelelwe lixesha. Ngokufuthi ibizwa ngokuba “iinkqubo zokulawula” iinkqubo, ziyakwazi ukukhulula izinto zokukhula ngaphandle kokulalanisa ukhuseleko olungundoqo. Utshintsho lwemekobume yeRwanda, oluye lwaphelisa amakhulu ee-redounddant mvume kunye nobhaliso lwerhafu, lwafak'uphumeza kwinkqubela yayo ephawulekayo yezoqoqosho.

Ikamva Lokulungelelaniswa Koqoqosho Lwehlabathi

Njengoko uqoqosho lusiya ludibana namanani, ukurhweba phakathi kokukhula nomthetho kuba nemilinganiselo emitsha.

Ukulungelelaniswa kwakhona kwamanani kunye nePlatform Economical

Umthetho we-EU weMagital Services kunye nemigudu eqhubekayo yokulwa nokuthembeka e-U.S. Imigudu eqhubekayo yolawulo lwentengiso yamanani ngaphandle kokushwabana. Ucelomngeni olubalulekileyo kukuqinisekisa ukuba imithetho yezogcino-lwazi, ukucaca kwe-algorithm, kunye nokulinganisela kolwaneliseko akungeni ndawo enkulu ekhutshwayo okanye ibangele umgangatho ophantsi onyukayo oza kunyuka iindleko zokuqalisa. Ukulungelelanisa izizwe ngezizwe ngezizwe, njengoko kuboniswa kwiiBasel Countations, ekugqibeleni kusenokuvela umgaqo olungelelanisa imiqathango yemivo.

Ukutshintsha Kwemozulu Nokutshintsha Kohlaza

Ukulungisa imozulu kuza kufuna utshintsho olukhulu, ukusuka kwikharbon ehambayo ukuya ekuvalweni kwe-injini ezitshayo. Le mithetho iza kubeka amaxabiso amafutshane kushishino nakubathengi, kodwa ikwadala amathuba amakhulu okuhlaziya amandla anokubuyiselwa, ukuhamba kombane, kunye nokubanjwa kwekharbon. Intengiso apha ayikho phakathi kokukhula nomthetho, kodwa phakathi kokukhula okufutshane okusekelwe kwizinto ze-oksijini zezinto zemvelo kunye nempumelelo ende eqhubekayo. Abenzi bobuchule mabayilethe inguqulelo yokutshintsha indlela yokukhusela iziphumo kubasebenzi nakuluntu abachaphazelekayo ngexa benyusa utyando kwimidiliya eluhlaza.

Intsebenziswano yomgaqo - siseko wamazwe ngamazwe

Kwihlabathi elinamatyathanga anikayo azwenibanzi, imimiselo engangeni makhulu ingadala ukhuphiswano kwaye ikhuthaze ukusetyenziswa komthetho olawulayo (ukutshintshela kulawulo ngemithetho ebuthathaka). Izivumelwano ezininzi kwimigangatho efanayo ngezantsi/Ngokomzekelo, isivumelwano seParis kwimo yezulu okanye i-OECD yeGlobal Leatchors encinci .An

Isiphelo

Ukurhweba phakathi kokwanda kwezoqoqosho kunye nolawulo lolawulo asiyonto yokuzinzisa ukugqitywa kanye nanini, kodwa kulungelelwano olunamandla olumele lusoloko lunikezelwa ekuphenduleni ekutshintsheni ubugcisa, iingozi, kunye namaxabiso asekuhlaleni. Ezona zoqoqosho ziphumelelayo zezithi zijonge imithetho kungekhona njengomqobo wokukhula kodwa njengomngeniselo kumgangatho wayo nobokomelela. Ngokusebenzisa izixhobo ezisekelwe kubungqina, abaxhasi beemasti, kunye nokuvumelana nomthetho, abaquququzelela imigaqo ekhusela umdla kawonke wonke ngaphandle kokuphazamisa ukuphuhliswa norhwebo. Uqoqosho olulawulayo aluphikisangaphikisanga; lusisiseko esihlala sihleli ekukhuleni.