Table of Contents
Ukwazisa: Ukusetyenziswa Kweengcinga Ezibalulekileyo Kulawulo-melo Lwamanani
Kwixesha elichazwa ngokuzingisileyo ulwazi--ukusuka ekuphuleni izilumkiso zendaba kwimiba yezentlalo-ntle yamajelo eendaba, ukukwazi ukucinga ngokuqatha kusukile kubuchule obuluncedo kwimfuno esisiseko yokuba ngummi onegunya lobumi. Ummi wale mihla akangomntu nje ongenzi nto kodwa ungumthathi-nxaxheba okhutheleyo kwizinto ezintsonkothileyo apho ulwazi olungachananga, ulwazi olugqwethiweyo, kunye nolwazi lokwenyaniso lukho kunye nobeko lwenene kunye nolukhoyo. Iziphumo zokungaluvavanyisi ulwazi ngokunempumelelo zinzulu: ukuthemba okucuthe kratya kwimiba, ukukhula kweso sobundlo-aseltairentine, kunye nezigqibo ezisuka kwimicimbi ephuma kwimpilo kawonke ukuya kulawulo lolawulo lwasekuhlaleni.
Ukucinga okunentsingiselo, njengoko kuchazwa ngokubhekiselele kwiCritical Sing , yinkqubo eqeqeshayo yokusebenzisa ingqiqo ngokusebenza nangobuchule, ukusebenzisa, uhlalutyo, ukulungelelanisa, nokuvavanya ulwazi oluqokelelwe ngokuqwalasela, amava, okanye ukuqiqa. Ayikukuba buthathaka okanye ukuthandabuza into yonke; kunoko, imalunga nokuqiqa kakuhle nokukhalipha. Eli nqaku linika isikhokelo esibanzi ekuphuhliseni kobuchule, ukunikezela ngobuchule obusebenzisekayo kubafundisi, abafundi, nabo bonke abami abafuna ukujika ulawulo lwendawo yolwazi ngokukhanya nangentembelo.
Indima Yokucinga Okubalulekileyo Ekubandakanyekeni Kwezigwebo
Ukuthatha inxaxheba kwezentlalo-ntle `ukuvota, ukuya kwiiholo zedolophu, okanye ukuba nenxaxheba kwiingxoxo ze-intanethi-intanethi--------------------kubekwa kwisiseko somgwebo owenziwe ngezizathu ezifanelekileyo. Ingcinga enzima yenza abemi bakwazi ukudlula ngaphaya kwezicelo ezingokweemvakalelo kunye neengongoma zokuthetha ezinxulumene neemfuno ezincinci.
Ukwazi Ukwenza Isigqibo Ngaphaya Kwesandi
Xa bevavanya izicelo zomvo okanye umlinganiselo we-corestendum, iinkcuba - buchopho ezigxekayo azixhomekeki kumxholo omnye. Zihlola ugcino-lwazi olusemgangathweni, ziqwalasela ezinye iimbono, zize ziqwalasele iziphumo ezinokubakho zexesha elide. Umzekelo, umvoti othe ngokungqongqo ukujonga icebo lokuhlaziya irhafu uzakujonga uludwe loqingqo-mali oluzimeleyo kwimibutho efana noMzingo womgaqo-mthetho we-[[[FLT:]], ithelekise iingcebiso ezifanayo kwamanye amazwe, kwaye athandabuze indlela oluhambelana ngayo noxabiso nezinto zawo eziza kuqala. Le nkqubo izakutshintsha uvoteko lohlahlo kwisenzo sokuzimisela kwisenzo sokhetho.
Yakha incoko yababini ngaphaya kolwahlulo
Ukucinga okubalulekileyo kukwasekela ubuchule bokubandakanyeka kwintetho yamakhaya. Kwimekobume ehlukeneyo, injongo yencoko isoloko isuka ekuqondeni isuke ekuphumeleleni. Noko ke, umqwalaseli ogxekayo ubonakalisa ulwazelelelo olungokwasengqondweni oluchasanayo . Ukukwazi ukuphinda uluvo oluchasanayo kakuhle phambi kokuyijonga. Oku kunciphisa ukhuseleko kwaye kuvula ucango kwintlukwano yokwenene. Kukhuthaza abemi ukuba babuze imibuzo efuna ukwazi: "Buphi ubungqina obungaguqula ingqondo yakho?" okanye "Yintoni esisiseko esisisiseko sale ngxoxo? Imibuzo enjalo ingenza umahluko onjalo ungabikho kwingxaki echukuchaphayo.
Ukuphendula Ngamandla
Ummandla ocinga ukuba uyingozi ungummi oziphendulela kwiinkokeli zakhe. Xa amagosa ethetha ngenani lolwaphulo-mthetho, ulwando lwezoqoqosho, okanye iziphumo zemfundo, uluntu oluthe lwacelwa luza kubuza umthombo wogcino-lwazi, ukhange umongo (umz., i-aunigrations. amanani apheleleyo) kwaye akhangele uqinisekiso oluzimeleyo. Amandla okuzikhusela izinto ezizichazayo ngokusebenzisa izinto ezingathanga mithetho-siseko njengo umgangatho obalulekileyo. org[ u-Polictalct ukwenziwa okuzinzileyo kujolo olucacileyo kobomi. Ngaphandle kobuchule, abahlali bezo
Inxalenye Yeingcinga Ezirhabaxa Nendlela Yokuziqhelisela
Ukucinga ngendlela erhabaxa akusosiphiwo esinye kodwa kubandakanya ubuchule obunxulumeneyo. Ukuqonda inxalenye nganye kunceda ekuzihlakuleleni ngabom.
Uhlalutyo: Ukuyeka Ukuxambulisana
Uhlalutyo lubandakanya ukuchaza okona kuthethwayo, izizathu ezixhasayo, kunye neengcamango ezisisiseko nakweyiphi na inkcazelo. Umzekelo, xa ufunda uluhlu loluvo, umhlaziyi ogxekayo uza kwahlula isigqibo sombhali kubungqina ababunikelayo, aze ahlolisise ukuba ubungqina buxhasa ngokwenene isigqibo. Ukuqhelisela uhlalutyo, zama ubuchule "Bokuba neMaphu ebhaliweyo kwaye uyidwelise ngesigqibo esiphezulu, ingcebiso exhasayo engezantsi, kunye nayo nayiphi na indawo elahlekileyo ephawulwe kwiibhokisi.
Uvavanyo: Umthombo wokusikisa
Asizo zonke imithombo edalwe ngokulinganayo. Uvavanyo lubandakanya ukujonga uvavanyo oluthembekileyo, ubuchule, kunye nolunokuvela komthombo. Isixhobo esingundoqo soku si-CRAAP (Uvavanyo, u-Relevance, uGunyaziso, uLichanekileyo, injongo), ephuhliswa ngabameli bethala leencwadi kwiYunivesithi yaseCalifornia, i-Chico. Umzekelo, xa udibana nezibalo malunga nenani lokugoma, umhloli uya kukhangela: Ngaba umthombo uluvo oluqwalaselweyo okanye umatshini wezamayeza ozisebenzela wona ngokwawo? Ingaba umbhali unezizathu eziyimfuneko? Ingaba obu buchule budla ngoku kubudala obuqulathwe yi-AIAIA-gen, apho imithombo ekhohlwiweyo izakufumaneka lula.
Umahluko: Ukuzoba isiphumo
Umahluko yinkqubo yokuqiqa ukusuka kubungqina ukuya kwisiphelo. Noko ke, ifuna uphando lweziphelo ezinokuvela ngokuvakalayo. Umzekelo, ubukho bobuphengululi bukhokelela abantu ekuqiniseni ubuninzi beziganeko eziphawulekayo kuba zikhumbuleka lula. Ukuphucula ucalucalulo, qhelisa "ukuquluza okukhawulezileyo" imithambo-nkqubo yokucwangcisa ukuqukumbela: dwelisa zonke iziphelo ezinokwenzeka ezinokuzotywa ngokusengqiqweni, kwaye phawula neziphelo ezingenakuthetheleleka. Eli gadatha lokutsiba lichasene neziphelo.
Ingcaciso: Ukuqiqa Ngokucacileyo
Eyona ndlela ibalulekileyo yokucinga iyingozi iyaphoswa ukuba ayinakuthethwa. Ukuchaza kufuna ukucaca, ukuchanabeka, nokucace gca kwinkqubo yakho yokuqiqa. Kwiingxoxo zoluntu, oku kuthetha ukungathethi nje oko ukukholelwayo kodwa isizathu sokuba. "Ndixhasa le nkqubo kuba inciphisa iindleko zonyango lwexesha elide ngokwezifundo zeMali-Commonwealth Fund, kwaye ngenxa yokuba ibeka phambili inkathalo yokunqanda" iyanwenwa kwaye ivuleka ngakumbi ukuhlolisisa kunokulula "Into elungileyo ukuyenza" qhelisela ngokubhala kafutshane, chaza amaxwebhu asekelwe kwiziganeko zangoku ukuze ufumane ingcaciso.
Uzilungisela nokuzikhumbuza
Mhlawumbi eyona nto ilucelomngeni kukuzilawula, --ukuqhubeka ujongwa kwengcinga yakho. Oku kubandakanya ukuqaphela izinto eziphazamisa ingqiqo, ukuthandabuza iingcamango zakho, nokukulungela ukuhlaziya iinkolelo zakho xa kujongwa ubungqina obutsha. Umkhwa oqhelekileyo wemihla ngemihla kukubuza: "Yiyiphi inkcazelo endifumeneyo namhlanje ethanda ukuphikisa iimbono zam ezikhoyo? Ngaba ndayikhupha ngokukhawuleza? Lo mkhwa wokubonisa yinjini yokukhula kolwazi.
Izakhono Zokwakha Ubuchule Bokucinga Obubalulekileyo
Ukuze uhlakulele obu buchule kufuneka uqhelisele ngabom, kungekhona nje ukuphosa amaphambili.
Indlela Yolawulo Lobuzwilakhe: Ukubuza Yonke Into
Indlela ye Socratic, ebizwa emva komthandi wobulumko wamandulo ongumGrike, iquka ukubuza uthotho lwemibuzo ephandayo ukubhenca iinkolelo ezisisiseko kunye nokungavumelani okusengqiqweni. Kwigumbi lokufundela okanye phakathi kwabahlobo, zama ezi zinto zilandelayo: [
- " Yintoni kanye othe wayithethayo [ [[FLT]]? [FLT:] [FLT]]? [FLT]] [FLT]] [iiindlela ezithenji nayiphi na ingxububo ezithekileyo] [iiiiindlela] [flglg]] [iiiiiiiindlela] ithenjiwe ? [FLT:] [FLT]] [iiiiiinter.5]
Ukwenza Umthambo Ngokufunda Imiyalezo
Ukufunda eendaba kungundoqo wokucingela ubuchule bokuqwalasela iziganeko zamanani. Umthambo osebenzayo kukuhlalutya ibali elinye leendaba njengoko kuxelwe ziindawo ezintathu ezahlukeneyo zokukhupha `inqanawa'. Inkulu, enye i-leance, enye yasekunene, enye yekhohlo-, kwaye ukuba inokwenzeka, yimvelaphi yehlabathi lonke. Buza: Ziziphi iintloko ezahlukeneyo? Ziziphi izibakala eziqukiweyo okanye ezishiyiweyo? Ziziphi izimbo ezithwala ubunzima obungokweemvakalelo? Lo mkhwa utyhila indlela yokubona imbonakalo yoluvo. Omnye umthambo: chaza "ngo, yintoni, nini, kuphi, kuphi, kutheni, kutheni, kwaye" njani" isibhengezo sendaba yemibatho lwemibatho yemibathanga ngaphambi kokuba sabelane. Usebenzisa izikhangelo njengendaba iAdvinderadms unceda uvavanyo lobunyani.
Ingxoxo kunye neNgqikelelo-yengqikelelo
Iingxoxo eziqhelekileyo ziluncedo ekucingisiseni amathandabuzo kuba zinyanzela abathathi-nxaxheba ukuba benze uphando nokukhusela isikhundla abangenakusibamba ngokobuqu. Noko ke, ukuthatha imbono engacwangciswanga kusenokuba namandla alinganayo. Xa ufunda inqaku eliphikisayo, chitha imizuzu emihlanu ubhala isishwankathelo esifutshane kwimbono yombhali, uze ubhale into ecacileyo kwicala elichaseneyo. Injongo asikokuphumelela kodwa ukuqonda indlela echanekileyo yangaphakathi yesikhundla ngasinye. Oku kwenza ubuchule bokuqonda obubalulekileyo ekuqwalaseni imibandela entsonkothile.
Inyaniso
Phambi kokwabelana okanye ukwenza into emangalisayo, qinisekisa inyani. Sebenzisa amanxuwa akhethekileyo afana amarhe entsholongwane, okanye iprojekthi yeprojekthi yokususa iimpazamo zezobupolitika. Kwimifanekiso, sebenzisa izixhobo zokuphendla umfanekiso. Kwiziko lobalo, landela intelekelelo emva kwisifundo sayo sokuqala okanye kugcino-lwazi lukarhulumente. Lo msebenzi awuthinteli nje kuphela ukusasazwa kobuxoki kodwa ukwakhela umkhwa wengqondo wobunyani.
Ukukhulela Kwimfundo Eqhelekileyo Ukucinga Okubalulekileyo
Ngoxa uqheliselo ngalunye lubalulekile, uphando lwemfundo luqinisekisa ukuba obu buchule buye baveliswa ngokubanzi.
Imfundo esekelwe kwiprojekti ngoLens oMbanzi
Imfundo esekelwe kwiprojekthi (PBL) inokwenziwa ifune ukucingisisa ngokuphandle. Umzekelo, iyunithi yenguqu yemozulu inganika umsebenzi abafundi ngokuvavanya izicelo ezahlukeneyo (irhafu yekhabhoni, icap- kunye ne-trade, umgaqo othe ngqo) ngokuhlolisisa impembelelo yabo yezoqoqosho, impumelelo yemekobume, kunye nokungafezeki kwezobupolitika. Abafundi kufuneka baqokelele ugcino-lwazi kwimithombo emininzi, balinganise urhwebo, kwaye bakhusele ukunconyelwa kwabo kwitalente efanisiweyo. Umsebenzi womfundisi-wokubuza imibuzo yemetacogbaccury, njenge "Yiyiphi imilinganiselo oyisebenzisayo ukugqiba?" kwaye "Nguphi namazwi aphumiyo kwimithombo yakho?"
Uhlalutyo lwempikiswano yokufundisa ngeziganeko zanamhlanje
Intlanganiso yeveki ngeveki "Argument Autopsy" ingasebenza kakhulu. Iveki nganye, abafundi bazisa umbhalo omfutshane (umbhalo ofihlakeleyo, isikhamiso sezobupolitika, isiposika sezentlalo-mbini) kwaye basebenze ngohlalutyo olucwangcisiweyo: chaza intengiso, ubungqina, imvume, kunye nokungafezeki. Ngexesha, abafundi bakha amagama okusebenzisa amanani acacileyo (ufam, ingxaki ephosakeleyo, umquququ) ebenza bachane ukrwelo kunxibelelwano lokwenene lwehlabathi. Amacebo avela kunxibelelwano olukhoyo Ubuchule bakho bokungalawuleki lungasetyenziswa njenge webhsayithi ye-webh
Ukufunda Inkonzo Okufuna Ukucinga Okunzima
Imfundo yenkonzo idibanisa ukudibana kwengingqi kunye nokufundiswa kwemfundo yemfundo, kodwa kufuneka iquke ukuqwalasela okubalulekileyo ukuze kuphetshwe ukuqiniswa kwezinto eziqhelekileyo. Umzekelo, emva kokusebenza ngokuzithandela kwibhanki yokutya, abafundi abafanele bachaze nje kuphela amava abo kodwa bahlolisise izinto ezibangela ukunganqabiseki kokutya, baqwalasele ukuphumelela kongenelelo olwahlukileyo, kwaye bacinge ngeembono zabo ngobuhlwempu. UJournal ngokukhuthaza okukhuthazayo ukuqinisekisa ukuba inkonzo iba ngumqobo wokucinga okugxeka kunokuba nje umsebenzi olungileyo.
Ukoyisa Imiqobo Echasene Nenkqubela Yokucinga Emaxongo
Kwanaxa kukho eyona njongo ilungileyo, imiqobo emininzi inokuphazamisa ukukhula kokucingisisa ngengcinga. Ukuqonda le miqobo linyathelo lokuqala lokuyoyisa.
Ukuzalanisa ulwazi
Xa umntu oqhelekileyo esebenzisa umlinganiselo olingana no 74 gigabytes zolwazi yonke imihla, kulula ukuziva wonganyelwe. Isisombululo asikokutya okuncinane kodwa sidle ngesiqu esiphezulu. I-salathisi seseti yomgangatho ophezulu (umzekelo,] i-NPR's Zibini-[ kwiindaba ezilungeleleneyo, okanye i-ecomist[[] kuhlalutyo olunzulu. Sebenzisa izixhobo ezifana ne RS ukukhupha i-algorithms ezinika ukuveliswa okunomdlalo. Ceba bucala amaxesha athile okusetyenziswa kokuphazamisa kungenelwa kwemicimo yendaba kunokuba kuvumele ukuphazamisa uphazamise umhla. Oku kunciphisa umthwalo kunye nokwenza iinkculo lwengqondo yengqondo yendlela.
Isiqinisekiso
Ukuqinisekisa ucalucalulo-_utyekelo lokufuna ulwazi oluqinisekisa iinkolelo ezikhoyo", mhlawumbi lulutshaba olukhulu lokucingela. Olunye umlinganiselo kukuzichanaba ngabom kumgangatho ophezulu, imithombo ethembekileyo evela kwelinye icala. Zibophelele kumaphepha-ncwadi okanye iipesenti ezimele iimbono ezahlukeneyo (umz., [[FLT: 0]]] Ekhohlo, Icala le `Indawo yeKhabhile'
okanye Impikiswano ). Xa udibana nento exhasa imbono yakho, ngoko nangoko buza: "Ikho imvelaphi ethembekileyo ekhoyo le mpikiswano?" ukwenza "umxhasi wefayile ka- Fivilp" inokukunceda, xa ugcina inqaku elinamandla.Ukulawula Iimpendulo Ezingokweemvakalelo
Imixholo eneemvakalelo eziphezulu ``i-immig, amalungelo ompu, impilo yokuqhamisa, ngokuqhelekileyo ingcinga yokurhoxisa. I-amygdala, isisongelo sobuchopho, ingalisusa i-prepreter cortex amandla okucinga. Ukuhlisa oku, qhelisela umthetho wesibini "10-"phambi kokuphendula kumxholo ovuselelayo okanye amagqabaza, phefumla ngamandla kwaye ubale ukuya kwishumi. Sebenzisa ixesha ukubuza: "Nguwuphi uluvo endinalo? Yintoni intsingiselo ephambili? Ingaba inkxaso ekhoyo? Ngokuthethsim, oku kunquma ubuchopho ukuze usabele ngokuzijonga kunokuba uthathe inyathelo.
Ukuhlangabezana Nokungabikho Koqeqesho
Abantu abadala abaninzi abakhange bafundiswe ngokuphandle ukuba bacinge ngendlela egxekayo. Ngethamsanqa, akukafiki emva kwexesha kakhulu ukuba kuqalwe. Iizifundo ezininzi ze-intanethi ezikhululekileyo ziyafumaneka, ezifana neYunivesithi yase Queensland ye-""iCritical Thinking Skills for University Surfusion" ku-EDX, okanye kwiYunivesithi yase Michigan's "Mandla kwakhona" ungcelong. Kwanemizuzu engama-20 ngeveki kwisifundo esiqhelekileyo inganika uphuculo olubalulekileyo. Kubafundisi, ukudibanisa ezi zinto kwinkqubela yezobugcisa kuqinisekisa ukuba bafundisa ubuchule babo.
Isiphelo: Ukwakha Ummi Ocingayo
Ukuphuhliswa kobuchule bokucinga obugxekayo asiyonto ingenamsebenzi; lukhuselo olubalulekileyo ekukhukulisekeni kolwazi, ulawulo lwedemokhrasi. Kwixesha apho imigaqo-mithetho inokulwandisa ubuxoki ngokukhawuleza kunokuba izibakala zikwazi ukubulungisa, ukukwazi ukuvavanya inkcazelo ngokucokisekileyo yesona sixhobo sinamandla ummi anaso.
Eli nqaku lichanile iinxalenye ezingundoqo zokucingela, ukulungiselela iindlela eziluncedo zokuphuhlisa, nokuthetha ngemiqobo eqhelekileyo. Kodwa ukuphuhlisa ubuchule luhambo oluqhubekayo, hayi indawo asiya kuyo. Rhoqo ummi ubuza ngezibalo ezikrokrelekayo, afune umthombo wesibini, okanye abandakanyeke kwingxoxo ehloniphekileyo nomntu angavumelani naye, bomeleza izihlunu zengqondo zedemokhrasi. Abaqeqeshi, abazali, neenkokeli zoluntu banembopheleleko enzulu yokwakha imekobume apho obu buchule buxabiseke kwaye busetyenziswa khona. Ngokwenjenjalo, asizixhobisi nje kuphela kodwa sinokuqonda okufunekayo kwisizukulwana esizayo ukuze silungele ukuphindwa kwenkcazelo yobudala obuqhelekileyo, kwanento eqikeleleneyo, ibutho labantu abanolwayo.