Ukuqonda Umahluko Wendlela Okhethwa Ngayo

Unyulo lungumsebenzi ongundoqo wonyulo olubalulekileyo lwedemokhrasi yabameli, lunika abemi inkqubo ecwangcisiweyo yokukhetha iinkokeli zabo kunye nendlela yobume boluntu. Kukude ukuba sisiganeko esinye, isiganeko sokhetho, inkqubo yonyulo equka iindidi ezahlukeneyo zonyulo, nganye iphumeza injongo eyahlukileyo. Ukusuka kunyulo oluphezulu olulawula ulawulo oluphambili lwesizwe kwibhodi yesikolo ephezulu, ukuqonda ezi ntlobo zigunyazisa abavoti ukuba bathathe inxaxheba ngokunentsingiselo engakumbi. Olu khokelo lwandisiweyo luquka ngaphaya kohlobo lonyulo ngalunye, iinkqubo zonyulo, ezilawulayo ezilawulayo, kunye nezicellu namhlanje eziphembelela ukuba sivote njani.

Ukuthabatha inxaxheba ngolwazi kufuna okungaphezulu nje kokwazi ixesha lokuvela kophando. Kufuna ukwazi isizathu sokuba kubizwa unyulo oluthile, indlela abatshati abakhethwa ngayo, noko kunokwenziwa ngabemi abanamandla ngokuthe ngqo ngokwenza izigqibo. Eli nqaku linikela eso siseko, ukuxhobisa abafundi ngolwazi ukuba baqhube naluphi na unyulo abadibana nalo.

Ukhetho Oluqhelekileyo – Ukukhetha Abameli Bokugqibela

Unyulo ngokubanzi lolona hlobo lonyulo luqhelekileyo nolusasazwa ngokubanzi. Lubakho ngexesha elisisigxina, eliqhelekileyo, eliphakathi kweminyaka emibini, emibini, emihlanu, okanye emithandathu.

Ngexesha lonyulo oluqhelekileyo, abavoti ngokuqhelekileyo bakhetha phakathi kwabathathi-nxaxheba abasele bebophelele ukutyunjwa kweqela labo ngeenkqubo eziphambili okanye zecaucus (okanye abatshatelwa ngokwabo abafanelekela isicelo). Ii-ofisi zelothi zingaquka:

  • UMongameli okanye uMphathiswa oPhakamileyo (oxhomekeke kwinkqubo yezobupolitika)
  • Amalungu endlu yowiso-mthetho yesizwe (iKhomishoni, iPalamente, uDio, njl.njl.)
  • Abalawuli bephondo nabaphathi-mithetho
  • AmaMayar, amalungu ebhunga lesixeko, namanye amagosa asekuhlaleni
  • Amagosa aseburhulumenteni apho abagwebi banyulwa khona

Unyulo ngokubanzi lusoloko luphawulwa ngomvoti ophezulu xa luthelekiswa nezinye iintlobo zonyulo, nangona ukujika kutshintsha ngokuphawulekayo ngokwelizwe. Umzekelo, I-IDEA yeInternational ID(] ibonisa ukuba amazwe anokuvota okunyanzelelwayo, njenge-Australia ne Belgium, asoloko ebona ukujika ngaphezulu kwama-80%, ngelixa amazwe asebenza ngokuzithandela njenge United States, ejikela kwi-International colutions thia macala angama-60% kwaye ehla ukuya ku-40% okanye ezantsi kwemiphakathi.

Isiphumo sonyulo ngokubanzi simisela indlela yenkqubo karhulumente yegama elizayo, silenza libe sesona sigqibo sibalulekileyo esinokwenziwa ngumvoti. Kwinkqubo zepalamente, unyulo jikelele lungabangela ukutshintsha kukarhulumente ngqo, njengeqela okanye umbutho ofumana izihlalo ezininzi ngokwenyani ubumba isebe eliphetheyo.

Unyulo Oluqhelekileyo Kwiinkqubo Ezahlukeneyo Zezobupolitika

Kubalulekile ukuphawula ukuba asizizo zonke iidemokhrasi eziba nonyulo oluthe ngqo kwintloko-rhulumente. Kwipalamente (umz., i-United Kingdom, i-India), abemi bavotela amalungu epalamente, kunye nentloko karhulumente (umlungiseleli) zikhethwa liqela okanye umbutho olawulayo. Kwinkqubo yomongameli (umz., i-United States, i-Brazil), ivota ngqo indlu yowiso-mthetho kunye nomongameli kwii-colots. Ukuqonda oku kungangundoqo ekuchazeni iziphumo zonyulo ehlabathini lonke.

Ukhetho Oluphambili – Ukukhetha Abalwayo

Phambi konyulo oluqhelekileyo luxinene kwiqela ngalinye, unyulo oluphambili lugqiba ukuba ngubani oza kumela iqela lezobupolitika kukhuphiswano lokugqibela. Izaphuli-mthetho zinguphawu oluyintloko lwe-United States, nangona kukho umahluko kwamanye amazwe (ngokomzekelo, iFransi isebenzisa amaqumrhu avulekileyo kwimibutho yomongameli). Inkqubo yokuqala yandisa inxaxheba yedemokhrasi ngokuvumela amalungu eqela elinobungangamsha kunye nefayili kwaye, kwezinye iimeko, abavoti abazimeleyo ukuba babe nelizwi ekukhetheni okulandelayo.

Zininzi iintlobo eziphambili, kwaye imithetho yabo ichaphazela ngokuphawulekayo abaphumeleleyo ekufumaneni inyuselo:

  • [[FLT: 0] Open Primes: nawuphi na umvoti obhalisiweyo, kungakhathaliseki ukuba ulungu elinjani, angavota na nakweliphi na iqela eliphambili. Oku kukhuthaza ubungcathu kodwa kubeka ubomi obusesichengeni “ukuvota ngokungekho mthethweni” apho amalungu eqela elichaseneyo ezama ukusonga isikali kumntu obuthathaka ngakumbi.
  • [[FLT: 0] I-PRILA Evaliweyo: Abavoti kuphela ababhaliswe neqela elithile abanokuba nenxaxheba kwelo qela liphambili. Oku kuqinisekisa ukuba umtyunjwa ubonakalisa iimbono zabaxhasi abanyanisekileyo beqela kodwa angakhokelela kwimiba egqithisileyo njengoko umnyuli ophambili ethanda ukuba yingqondo eninzi.
  • Semi- Vala Iincamaketho: Amalungu eqela abhalisweyo kunye nabavoti abangabhaliswanga bangathabatha inxaxheba, kodwa abavoti ababhaliswe nelinye iqela ababhaliswanga. Lenzame zokulungelelanisa ukuhlanganisa nokuthembeka kwabavoti.
  • Nonpartan Blanket Primity: Isetyenziswa kwamanye amazwe ase-U.S. (umz. California, Washington), bonke abavotelwa bavela kwisixhobo esiphambili esinye, kunye neziphumo eziphezulu ezimbini zokuvota zibhekisa phambili kunyulo jikelele kungakhathaliseki ukuba liliphi iqela. Le nkqubo ngamanye amaxesha ingaphumela kubathathi-nxaxheba ababini kwiqela elinye elikhuphisanayo ekwindla.

Isizathu Sokuba Ityala Libalulekile

Izenzo zolwaphulo-mthetho ziye zakhula njengoko ukhokelo lweqela luye lwaphelelwa kwaye abatshayeli bebhenela kwimibutho etsala imali kunye nesibheno samajelo eendaba. Unyaka ka-2016 kunye no-2020 womongameli wase-U.S. babonisa ukuba abathathi-nxaxheba abaxhobiswe ekuxhaseni uloyiso oluphambili lokuphinda balungise amaqonga abo. Ngenxa yokuba ukurhoxa okuphambili kusezantsi kakhulu kunonyulo oluqhelekileyo, unyulo olukhoyo lwama-Rocelator / ngokufuthiweyo, olungaphezulu, kunye noluninzi (crobian) olusebenzisa impembelelo enkulu kumhlaba wezobupolitika. Le nto yaziwayo “ukungalungisi kobugqeba." kwaye ikhuthaza impikiswano engokukhulayo, njengokungena kwibala elivulekileyo okanye kwi-cropotockices.

Ukhetho Olukhethekileyo – Ukuzalisa Iimephu Ezingalindelekanga

Xa igosa elinyuliweyo lishiya isikhundla ngaphambi kokuba liphelelwe lixesha, liphelelwe lixesha, ngenxa yokuyeka, ukufa, ukugxothwa, okanye ukutyunjwa kwenye indawo `unyulo olukhethekileyo lubizwa ukuze luzalise indawo. Unyulo olukhethekileyo luqinisekisa ukuba abemi bahlala bemelwe ngaphandle kokulinda unyulo olulandelayo olucwangcisiweyo rhoqo. Bangenza nakuluphi na umgangatho karhulumente, ukusuka kwibhunga lesixeko ukuya kwiBhunga le-U.S.

Unyulo olukhethekileyo oludumileyo luye lwaphelisa iimpembelelo zezobupolitika. Umzekelo, unyulo olukhethekileyo lwangonyaka wama-2017 lwe-U.S.G.Alabama, lwabangelwa kukutyunjwa kukaJeff Session njengoAttorney General, ophumela ekubeni iDemocrat Doug Jones iphumelele kwilizwe laseRiphabliki. Ngokufanayo, ngo-2009, i-New York 23rd collegionations i-ligistrate direcle yesithathu ye-Riphabliki, nto leyo eyakhokelela ekubeni i-Democratic comscioption eyayidefak eyayimela umbutho we-Tea Party.

Unyulo olukhethekileyo ludla ngokutsala unyulo olusezantsi kwaye luphenjelelwa kakhulu ziimeko zasekuhlaleni, imithombo yendaba, nemozulu yezobupolitika ngelo xesha. Banokusebenza njengabasebenzi be-belyether ukuze bafumane iimvakalelo ezibanzi zikawonke wonke, bebenza bajongwe ngokusondeleyo ngabahlalutyi bezobupolitika.

Ukhetho Lwasekuhlaleni – Apho Ulawulo - melo Luxhaphaka khona Ekhaya

Ngoxa unyulo lwesizwe lubalaselisa imixholo yemixholo, unyulo lwasekuhlaleni luchaphazela ngokuthe ngqo ubomi bemihla ngemihla babemi. UMasipala nonyulo lwengingqi lwezikolo, lwezitrato, lunika iinkonzo zamapolisa nezicima umlilo, lumisela imithetho yokubekwa kwezithuba, luze lujonge impilo yoluntu. Nangona lubalulekile, unyulo lwasekuhlaleni lusoloko luchaphazeleka kunyulo oluphantsi kohlobo lonyulo. EUnited States, kwanakumaqela amakhulu oonorhulumente bedolophu asoloko ebona ukuguquka ngaphantsi kwama-30%, kwaye unyulo lwezikolo lungatshona kwimibalwa.

Iindawo eziqhelekileyo ziquka:

  • Amalungu eBhunga lesiXeko kunye nabadala
  • Amaghor (kwinkqubo yomphathi-mikhosi wekonkili) okanye abaphathi besixeko (kwinkqubo yebhunga-mphathi)
  • Iqumrhu lesikolo elithe
  • abalawuli nabaphathi bephondo
  • Abagwebi (kulwazi oluthetha ngonyulo olugwebayo)
  • abancomi berhafu, abaphathi-mikhosi, amagqwetha esithili

Isakhiwo sonyulo lwangaphakathi siyahluka: ezinye zisebenzisa iibhola zonyuso zonyuso ngexesha ezinye zingeyoparati; ezinye zibanjwa ngexesha elinye njengombuso okanye unyulo lwesizwe ukunyusa (“unyulo oluqinisiweyo”), ngelixa ezinye zigcinwe kwimihla eyahlukileyo. [[FLT][FLT]] Brenan Center yeJaji [[FLT]] iphawula ukuba ngaphandle kwemiqobo yonyulo luthambeka kwaye ithambeka kakhulu kwimpembelelo yenzala ecwangcisiweyo yamaqela. Abavangeli abafuna ukuphucula ulawulo lwengingqi lungenza impembelelo ephawulekayo ngokuthabatha inxaxheba kwezi mfazwe ze-Activectionations.

IiReferendendim kunye neZiganeko zeBalot – Isenzo sedemokhrasi ethe ngqo

Amanyathelo okuvota kunye namanyathelo okuvota zizinto ezivumela abavoti bagqithe abameli babo abanyuliweyo baze bagqibe imibuzo yezomgaqo-nkqubo ngqo. Nangona la mazwi edla ngokusetyenziswa ngohlobo olunye, kukho umahluko wobugcisa:

  • [[NTL:0] I-Referendendoms ngamanqanaba abhekiswa kubavoti yindlu yowiso-mthetho (okanye ngokwemithetho-siseko efunekayo). Ingasetyenziswa ukulungisa imigaqo-siseko egunyazisayo, ivumele umanyano olukhulu luzinziso, okanye igqibele ukuba ngaba ukuphinda unikezele umthetho osele udlulisiwe (a “ukubhekisa i-endendum”).
  • [[UMTL:0] Iintiveties (okanye amanyathelo athandwayo) yimithetho okanye iinguqu zomGaqo-siseko ezicelwe ngqo ngabemi kwinkqubo yesicelo. Xa utyikityo olwaneleyo luqokeleliwe, umlinganiselo uhamba phambi konyulo.

Ii-Referendim kunye namanyathelo akhoyo kwimimandla emininzi yolawulo-melo, iSwitzerland engumzekelo owaziwayo wolawulo-melo oluthe ngqo kuwo onke amanqanaba karhulumente. EKhalifoniya, inkqubo yokuqalisa iye yavelisa imigaqo-nkqubo yengqikelelo-mali enjenge-Procement 13 (iipopu zerhafu ezifanelekileyo ngo 1978) kunye neProposition 209 (inyathelo lokuvuma). I-Brexitsendendam ka-2016 ngumzekelo ophezulu we-profileum apho urhulumente wesizwe waba neziphumo ezinzulu kulwalamano lwamazwe ngamazwe ngamazwe.

Ubophelelo lwe khowudi

Ezinye ii-arhenteendum zibopha ngokusemthethweni, xa kudluliswa inkqubo iba ngumthetho ngokuzenzekelayo. Ezinye zithetha ngokusuka nje, zisetyenziselwa ukuvavanya uluvo lukawonke-wonke kunye nesikhokelo somthetho. Ii-arhententententeum ezinganyangekiyo maxa wambi ziyagxekwa njengemiba yokuvota exabisa imali eninzi, kodwa zisenokusebenzisa uxinzelelo lwezopolitiko. Umzekelo, amaziko amaninzi e-U.S. abamba imibuzo engabopheleliyo kwimiba enjengokugcina ixesha losuku okanye ukugunyazisa umlinganiselo wophawu lwevoti kubenzi bomthetho.

Ukuqonda Iinkqubo Zomdlalo – Imithetho Ebangela Imiphumo

Uhlobo lonyulo luyinxalenye yomfanekiso; lubalulekile ngokulinganayo inkqubo yokhetho, kwaye lubalulekile ngolu hlobo, lunemithetho eguqulela amavoti kwizitulo okanye kwizigqibo. Iinkqubo ezahlukeneyo zivelisa iziphumo ezahlukileyo zezobupolitika, imigangatho yolwahlulo, kunye namaqondo olwaneliseko lomvoti. Iinkqubo eziqhelekileyo ziquka:

  • Eyokuqala-Past-the Post (FPP): Isetyenziswa e-U.S., U.K., Canada, kunye neIndiya phakathi kwabanye. Abavoter bavotela omnye; umvotelwa onenkoliso yevoti uyaphumelela. Le nkqubo idla ngokukhokelela kwiqela lesibini elinolawulo kwaye ingenza “ivoti” apho abaphumeleleyo bafuna ubuninzi kuphela, hayi uninzi.
  • Ipropati yomelo (PR): Isetyenziswa kwinkoliso yeYurophu naseLatin America. AmaSett anikwa amaqela ngokufutshane ngokuhambelana nesabelo sawo sovoti. Iinkqubo zePR zikhuthaza izindlu zowiso-mthetho ezidibeneyo kunye neminqophiso, kwaye zivela kwimiba efana noluhlu lwe-PR, ivoti enye edluliswayo (STV), kunye nelungu elidityanisiweyo (MMP).
  • Inkqubo yeMajoritarian System: Kufuneka umvotelwa aphumelele ngaphezu kwe 50% yevoti. Oku kungafunyanwa kwinkqubo engqukuva kabini (njengaseFransi) okanye ukuvota okukhawulezileyo (uvotelo oluthathelwe indawo lwazizixeko ezinjenge San Francisco kunye namazwe anjengeMaine).
  • Inkqubo ezidityanisiweyo: Idityaniswe FPP kunye ne PR iziqalelo. Umzekelo, iJamani ne New Zealand zisebenzisa i MMP, apho abavoti bafaka khona ivoti ezimbini, enye ukwenzela umvoteli wobulali kunye nenye yoluhlu lweqela (ukuvelisa iziphumo zolwahlulo lolwahlulo) ukukhusela umelo lwasekuhlaleni.

Inkqubo nganye inee-operation. I-FPTP ilula kwaye ivelisa icandelo elinye lorhulumente kodwa ingashiya amacandelo amakhulu abavoti abangachazwanga. IPR inika umelo olungcono kumazwi amancinane kodwa inokukhokelela kwipalamente ezahlukeneyo kunye nokuthelekisana. Ukuqonda ezi nkqubo kunceda abemi bamazwe bavavanye izicelo zotshintsho ezikhethiweyo, ezifana nokuthathwa kovotelo oluceliweyo eUnited States.

Indima Yobugcisa Kukhetho Lwanamhlanje

Ubugcisa buguqule indlela esetyenziswa ngayo unyulo, ukusuka kwisiseko sobhaliso lovoti ukuya kwiimatshini zovota ze-electronic kunye nee-portas zolwazi lwe-intanethi. Uvoto lwe-electronic (ukuvota-i-vote) luthembisa ugcino-lwazi olukhawulezileyo kunye nokufumaneka okungakumbi kwabo bavoti abakhubazekileyo, kodwa lukwazisa umngcipheko wekhompyutha. [[FLT] U.S. i-EUFUMCOMCOM [FLT] inika imigaqo engakumbi yokuvavanya inkqubo yokuvota kunye necregi, ukanti iyaqhubeka ixhalana ngokucishwa kwemicimbiso, ii-custom, ii-cums, kunye nokungabikho kwephepha lomatshini abadala.

Uvota lwe-Intanethi, olusetyenziswa kumazwe anjenge-Estonia ukwenzela unyulo jikelele, luhlala lunempikiswano. Ngexa luphucula uvuselelo kwaye lunokunyusela unyuso phakathi kwamazwe aphesheya nabasemtsha abavoti, abagxeki balumkisa ukuba ukukhusela i-intanethi yokuvota kuzisa imingeni yobugcisa eyoyikekayo. Iphepha (hwww ibhalwa okanye ivavanywe) iqwalaselwe njenge-golide yokuqinisekisa nokuphicothwa kovavanyo, njengoko kuboniswa ngamazwe anjengoMichigan nePennsylvania axhomekeke kakhulu kwinkqubo yokuvavanya ngezixhobo zokubhala iingxelo zephepha.

Ubugcisa bukwadlala indima ekhulayo kwimali yephulo (engaphakathi eqokelela amaqonga afana noMthetho Blue), ukuvota (izibhengezo ezichanekileyo zamanani), kunye nokufunyanwa kwenkcazelo eyinkohliso. Abachongi kufuneka bahlale bephaphele imithombo yolwazi lonyulo lwabo baze baqonde indlela ubugcisa obunceda ngayo kwaye bubeka engozini ingqibelelo yonyulo.

Ucelomngeni Lwanamhlanje Lokukhetha Ingqibelelo

Ngeli xesha unyulo luye lwavela, iingxaki ezingapheliyo ziqhubeka zihambisana nezisongelo ezintsha. Idemokhrasi esempilweni ayifuni nje kuphela iinkqubo ezifanelekileyo kodwa ifuna ukuthemba abantu kwezo nkqubo. Iingxaki ezingundoqo ziquka:

  • Phezulu-mthetho: Ukusetyenziswa ngemposiso kwemida yesithili sonyulo ukunceda iqela elithile okanye iqela elithile. Kunciphisa amandla okuvota abachasi kwaye kufak ’ isandla kwimimandla engaphazanyiswanga. I- Independent redifelicing commissing commission, njengoko isetyenziswa kumaphondo anjenge-Arizona neMichigan, injongo yokunciphisa ikhethe le-Rhulumente.
  • Ucimo lwevoter: Ii Tracta ezikwenza kube nzima kubemi abafanelekileyo ukuvota, njengemithetho ye-ID engqongqo, icuthe iiyure zokuvota zangethuba, ukucocwa kwemivoti, nokuvalwa kwendawo ekuhlawulwa kuyo kuluntu oluncinane. Amaqela e-Advocacy afana no [[FLT]] ALU asebenzela ukulwa nezi ndlela zokuvota ezi zinto ngokuzihambisa kunye nemfundo kawonke wonke.
  • Imispinformation and Disformation: izityholo zobuxoki ngeenkqubo zokuvota (umz., iiyure zokuvota ezingachanekanga) okanye izityholo zokuqhatha ezingekho ngqiqweni zingenza kungathembaki. Ukugxabhana kweRussia kwi-2016 U.S. kwabalaselisa indlela abadlali bangaphandle abanokuyisebenzisa ngayo ijelo-lwazi lokusebenza ngokwezentlalo ukuhlwayela ukungavisisani. Ukubhalisa kwezolwazi kunye nokuzilungisa inyathelo lokubheja inyani kubaluleke ngakumbi.
  • [[NTLA: 0] Imali kunye neMali yeCampany : Ukuthontelana kweminikelo engenasiphelo, ngokufuthi engaziwayo ngePACIS (kwi-U.S.) kuphakamisa inkxalabo ngobuqhophololo nempembelelo engalinganiyo. Iimfuno zenkxaso-mali kunye nokhetho lwemali kawonke-wonke ziyaxoxwa ngotshintsho.
  • [[FLT: 0] Ubhaqo Loter Voter Turnout[[FT:1]]: Ingakumbi kunyulo lwangaphakathi noluphambili, unyuko olusezantsi luthetha ukuba inxenye encinane, engamenywanga yabemi yenza izigqibo kumntu wonke. Ubhaliso oluzenzekelayo lomvoti, ubhaliso olufanayo, kunye novoti-onta luboniswe ukwandisa inxaxheba.

Abami abaluqondayo olu celomngeni baxhotyiswe bhetele ukuxhasa utshintsho olomeleza ugcino-lwazi. Uqwalaselo lokhetho lusenziwa ngabantu basekhaya namazwe ngamazwe.

Isiphelo - Indima Yakho Kwinkqubo Yedemokhrasi

Idemokhrasi asingomdlalo wababukeli. Umahluko wohlobo lonyulo ```general'', ingqalelo, ekhethekileyo, yengingqi, ne-astendendium') inikezela ngamathuba amaninzi okuganana kwezentlalo-ntle. Ngamnye usebenza umsebenzi okhethekileyo kwimeko yezopolitiko, ukusuka ekukhetheni abathwali-mikhosi abasezantsi ukugqiba imibuzo engqalileyo. Ukuqonda ezi ntlobo-ntlobo, kunye nenkqubo zonyulo ezilawulayo kunye neengxaki abajamelana nazo, kunika abavoti abaqhubi amandla okuqhuba ibhola ngentembelo.

Kodwa ulwazi lulodwa alwanele. Ukuthabatha inxaxheba yi-injini egcina idemokhrasi isebenza. Xa uvota kwisiqalo, ulungisa imenu yokhetho oluye lwanikelwa ngoNovemba. Xa uvota kunyulo lwasekuhlaleni, ugqiba ukuba ngubani olawula isikolo somntwana wakho okanye iipaki zengingqi yakho. Xa uvota kwi-asendendum, uqhelisela ukulawula ngokungqalileyo imithetho elawula uluntu lwakho.

Ilungelo lokuvota lilwelwe kwaye landiselwa iinkulungwane. Liyilungelo elithwala imbopheleleko yokuthabatha inxaxheba ngolwazi. Ngokuqhelanisa nohlobo olwahlukeneyo lonyulo kunye nemikhosi echaphazela iziphumo zalo, uba ligosa elinempumelelo ngakumbi lemilinganiselo yedemokhrasi. Qhoboshela, thetha, kwaye uvote kulo lonke unyulo /hhayi nje lolo lwenza imixholo.