Ingcamango yokusesikweni licandelo eliphambili elilawula naliphi na ibutho labantu eliphucukileyo. Iquka imigaqo yokuziphatha neyomthetho elawula ukuziphatha kwabantu, iqinisekisa ukuba amalungelo akhuselekile, iimpazamo ziyalungiswa, kwaye intlalo iyagcinwa. Iinkundla, njengamalungiselelo ayintloko esebe eligwebayo, ziyindlela ephambili esetyenziswa ngayo imigaqo yokusesikweni. Zichaza kwaye zisebenzise umthetho, zicombulule iimbambano, zinika i-orsum apho abantu banokufuna khona uncedo. Eli nqaku lihlolisisa ingcamango ephicokisekileyo yokusesikweni, iinkundla ezibalulekileyo zidlala ekusekeleni umthetho nolungelelwano, ulwakhiwo, iziseko kunye neziseko ezisekelwe kwimigaqo yenkqubo, kunye nemingeni ephantsi yale mihla.

Indaleko Yezigwebo Neenkundla

Ukulandela okusesikweni kudala njengempucuko yabantu. Imithetho yamandulo, enjengemithetho kaHammurabi (i-Ceca 1754 BC) kunye neZicwangciso zeSibini zeRoma, imisele imithetho esemthethweni emiselweyo yokulawula ibutho labantu. Ezi nkqubo zangaphambili zabeka isiseko somthetho wale mihla ngokufaka imigaqo efana nemithetho ebhaliweyo, ubungqina, kunye nomgwebo ongakhethi cala. Kwiinkulungwane ezininzi, iinkqubo zomthetho zavela ngomthetho wesiNgesi, umgaqo we-Napoleon, kunye nezithethe zobukhostile njengeSharia kunye nomthetho we-Canon. UMagnap Carta (1215) yayiluxwebhu olubalaseleyo olungqina ukuba akukho mntu, kuquka umlawuli, umgangatho ongaphezulu komthetho. Namhlanje, iinkqubo ezininzi ezingomthetho zisekelwe kumthetho oqhelekileyo (umzekelo wesithethe) okanye kwimithetho yomthetho karhulumente, kunye nemithetho emininzi elungelelanisa izithethe ezininzi zolwazi lwembali.

Indima Yeenkundla Ekuxhaseni Okusesikweni

Iinkundla zisebenza njengesiseko senkqubo yomthetho, zilungiselela imeko-bume elungelelanisiweyo apho okusesikweni kunokuphunyezwa ngokungakhethi. Imisebenzi yazo eyintloko idlulela ngaphaya kwesigqibo nje sokuphikisana; zingabakhuseli bomthetho kunye nabakhuseli benkululeko yomntu ngamnye. Imisebenzi engundoqo iquka:

  • [[Umthetho:0] imithetho nemithetho: Iinkundla zicacisa intsingiselo nokusetyenziswa komthetho, ziqinisekisa ukuba imithetho isetyenziswa ngokungaguqukiyo kwaye ngokwenjongo yowiso-mthetho.
  • [[UMTL:0] Ukusombulula iimpikiswano phakathi kwamaqela: ukusuka kwisivumelwano sokwaphuka ukuya kwityala lolwaphulo-mthetho, iinkundla zinikela inkqubo esesikweni yokulungisa ingxabano ngoxolo kwaye ngokwemigaqo emiselwe ngokomthetho.
  • Ukukhusela amalungelo omntu ngamnye: Ngokuhlola okugwebayo, ingakumbi kwiinkqubo zomgaqo-siseko, iinkundla zingawisa imithetho okanye izenzo zolawulo ezichasene namalungelo asisiseko.
  • [[Umthetho:0] Ukunyanzelisa iimfanelo ezisemthethweni: Iinkundla zikhupha imigwebo nemiyalelo enyanzela ukuthobela umthetho, njengokonakaliswa, ukunikwa izigwebo, okanye ukwenza izenzo ezithile.

Iinkundla zezaphuli-mthetho neenkundla zamakhaya zisebenza phantsi kweenkqubo ezingafaniyo. Kumthetho wezolwaphulo-mthetho, iphondo limangalela abantu ngetyala elichasene nomthetho karhulumente, lifuna isohlwayo okanye ukubuyiselwa komthetho. Kumthetho wasekuhlaleni, amaqela azimeleyo afuna iimpendulo zezo mpazamo ezifana nokungakhathali, ukwaphulwa kwesivumelwano, okanye iimpikiswano zempahla. Inkqubo yezomthetho (yomthetho oqhelekileyo) iphembelela amaqela aphikisanayo phambi kwejaji okanye abachobi beejaji, ngoxa inkqubo yenkundla yokuncili-tyala (umthetho wesizwe) ixhomekeke ngakumbi ekuphelweni kwetyala. Zombini iimfanekiso zijolise inyaniso nento esesikweni, kodwa zijonga kwimisebenzi ngokwahlukileyo.

ISigwebo saBami

Umthetho ojolise ekulondolozeni ucwangco lukawonke-wonke ngokuvavanya izenzo ezijoliswe njengezobungozi kwibutho labantu, ezinjengokuba, ukuhlasela, okanye ubuqhetseba. Umthwalo wobungqina udla ngokuba "ngaphandle kokuthandabuza okusengqiqweni" ukukhusela ummangalelwa kwityala lobugqwetha. Ngokwahlukileyo koko, okusesikweni kwamakhaya, kubandakanya iimpikiswano zabucala kwaye kusebenzisa umgangatho ophantsi wobungqina, "ukugxininisa ubungqina." IiNkundla zombini zixhasa okusesikweni ngokuqinisekisa ukuba iziphumo zilungile, ubungqina buqwalaselwa, kwaye iziphumo zisekelwe kumthetho kunokuba zisekelwe kwigunya elingekho ngqiqwele.

Imigaqo Yobulungisa

Okusesikweni asiyongcamango yokungavumelani; kusekelwe kwimigaqo emininzi edityanisiweyo ekhokela ulawulo lomthetho.

  • [[UMTL:0] ubulinganayo phambi komthetho: Wonke umntu, kungakhathaliseki ukuba ubutyebi, imeko, uhlanga, okanye ubufanasini, uphantsi kwemilinganiselo esemthethweni enye. Lo mgaqo uyawalela amalungelo akhethekileyo okanye unyango lokwabela abanye ulwaphulo-mthetho.
  • Inkqubela-phambili yemeko: Inkqubo elindelekileyo ifuna ukuba onke amaqela abe nethuba elinentsingiselo lokunikela imeko yawo, amangqina ajongene nawo, kwaye aviwe yinkundla engenamkhethe.
  • Ityala: [ abantu ngabanye namaziko, kuquka norhulumente ngokwawo, kufuneka baphendule ngezenzo zabo phantsi komthetho. Oku kuquka ukuba amagosa abeke ityala ngehambo engafanelekanga okanye agqithe igunya lawo.
  • [[Umthetho:0] Ityala leNkundla lidla ngokuvulelwa uwonke-wonke kunye nocoselelo, ivumela uphakamiso lwentlalo. Ukubonakalisa okusesikweni kuthintela ukunganyaniseki kwaye kwakha intembelo yokuba izigqibo zenziwe ngokunyanisekileyo.
  • Iziphumo zokohlwaya: nezisohlwayo kunye nonyango kufuneka zingqineke nengozi ebangelwe kunye neqondo lokubekwa ityala. Izivakalisi ezigqithisileyo okanye iimbasa zilulaza ubulungisa.

Le migaqo ifakwe ngokunzulu kwizixhobo zamalungelo abantu zamazwe ngamazwe, ezifana neSibhengezo esingangqinelaniyo samaLungelo oluntu , esichaza ilungelo lokuvavanywa ngokusesikweni kunye nekhuselo elilinganayo phantsi komthetho. Iinkundla zisebenzisa le migaqo yonke imihla ngemithetho yobungqina, yemithetho yezomthetho, kunye nemigaqo yokukhusela iprocedtura.

Iintlobo Zenkqubo Zomthetho Nempembelelo Yazo Kwinkundla

Iinkundla ziphenjelelwa kakhulu zizithethe ezisemthethweni zelizwe. Ezi nkqubo zibalaseleyo zintathu ngumthetho oqhelekileyo, umthetho wasekuhlaleni nomthetho wonqulo, nangona amazwe amaninzi esebenzisa iinkqubo ezixutyiweyo.

Iinkqubo zoMthetho oqhelekileyo

I-Adminian isebenza ngokuyintloko eUnited Kingdom, e-United States, eKhanada, eOstreliya, nakwamanye amathanga aseBritane, umthetho oqhelekileyo uxhomekeke kakhulu kwimizekelo ekhoyo (umthetho ophambili). ABagwebi banendima ephambili ekutolikeni imithetho nasekuphuhliseni imigaqo engokwasemthethweni ngezigwebo zamatyala. Iinkundla zetyala ziva ubungqina kwaye zifumanise izibakala, ngoxa iinkundla zihlola iimpazamo ezingokwasemthethweni. Inkqubo ye-advertarial ingumbindi, yaye amagqwetha amela icala ngalinye.

Inkqubo yoMthetho waBalelwane

Ukwamkelwa kwelizwekazi laseYurophu, umthetho wamakhaya usekelwe kwimithetho epheleleyo ebhaliweyo, njengemithetho enjengemithetho yabemi baseFransi okanye iMigaqo-siseko yabemi baseJamani. Abagwebi kwiinkqubo zomthetho wamakhaya baninzi; baphengulula ngokukhutheleyo iimeko, baqokelela ubungqina, kunye namangqina okubuza. Ulwaphulo-mthetho alunyanzelekanga kakhulu kunakumthetho oqhelekileyo, nangona izigqibo zenkundla ephakamileyo zinobunzima obunamandla.

Iinkqubo Zonqulo Nezomthetho

Kwamanye amazwe, umthetho wonqulo (umz., iSharia kwiintlanga zamaSilamsi, iHalakha kwaSirayeli kwimicimbi ethile) unxulumene nomthetho wehlabathi. Umthetho wesithethe, osekelwe kwizithethe zomthonyama, uyasebenza nakweminye iinkqubo zomthetho, ingakumbi eAfrika nakwiPasifiki. Ezi nkqubo zidla ngokuba neenkundla ezikhethekileyo zokusingatha imicimbi yobuqu, umthetho wentsapho, okanye iimpikiswano zengingqi.

Ukuqonda ezi ntlobo-ntlobo kubalulekile xa kuqwalaselwa indlela okusesikweni okuqhubekeka ngayo emhlabeni wonke. Isikhokelo sophando lweGlobaLex inika ucalulo olubanzi lwenkqubo yomthetho ehlabathini lonke.

Ukwakhiwa Kwenkqubo Yenkundla

Ngoxa izakhiwo ezithe ngqo zingafani, uninzi lweenkqubo zenkundla zilungelelaniswe ngobuchule ukuze zivumele uhlolo nokungaguquguquki. Esi sakhiwo siqinisekisa ukuba iimpazamo zingalungiswa kwaye ukucaciswa okufanayo komthetho kuyaphunyezwa.

Iinkundla zokuchophela ityala (IiNkundla zeQumrhu lokuqala)

Ezi ziinkundla zomgangatho wokungena apho amatyala aqala khona. Kwimicimbi yolwaphulo-mthetho, baphulaphula ubungqina kwaye bagqibe ityala okanye ubumsulwa; kwimicimbi yasekuhlaleni, bagqiba iityala kunye nomonakalo. Iinkundla zamatyala zisenokuba zezodwa (umz., inkundla yentsapho, inkundla yezithuthi, inkundla yeenkundla yembutho, inkundla yetyala encinane) okanye banegunya jikelele. Abagwebi okanye abagwebi benza iziphumo baze basebenzise umthetho kwiimeko.

IiNkundla eziBandakanyekileyo

Izibheno ezivela kwiinkundla zamatyala ziviwa ziinkundla eziphakathi. Ezi nkundla zihlola ingxelo evela kwinkundla esezantsi ukuze zifumanise enoba iimpazamo ezingokwasemthethweni zenzekile ezichaphazelekayo. Azithathi ngokuqhelekileyo zifumana ubungqina obutsha; zinikel ’ ingqalelo kwimibuzo yomthetho. Izigqibo zazo zinokuqinisekisa, zigqwethe, okanye ziphinde ziphinde zibekwe amatyala angakumbi. Kwimimandla emininzi, amaqela anelungelo lokufaka isibheno esinye.

IiNkundla zokugqibela (IiNkundla Ezinyusiweyo)

Inkundla ephakamileyo ekulawuleni ithetha okuthe kokugqibela ngeengongoma zomthetho. Kwinkqubo zomthetho eqhelekileyo, iinkundla eziphakamileyo zisoloko zinegunya elisesikweni, ithetha ukuba zikhetha amatyala okuwaphulaphula (ngokuqhelekileyo) lawo aphakamisa imibuzo ebalulekileyo engokomGaqo-siseko okanye engokwasemthethweni. Izigqibo zawo zibophelele kuzo zonke iinkundla ezisezantsi kwaye zilungelelanisa ukuphuhliswa komthetho. Imizekelo iquka iNkundla ePhakamileyo yase-U.

Iinkundla ezizodwa

Amazwe amaninzi aneenkundla ezizodwa zokusingatha imimandla ethile yomthetho ngokunempumelelo. Imizekelo iquka iinkundla zerhafu, iinkundla zetyala lolawulo, iinkundla zezomsebenzi, kunye neenkundla zezizwe ngezizwe njengeNkundla yehlabathi yeJaji [[FLT: 1] kunye neNkundla ye- ye-International Criminal[. La maqumrhu asebenzisa ulwazi olukhethekileyo kwimibandela entsonkothileyo yomthetho.

Indima YaBagwebi Nemibhiyozo

Abagwebi bamele bangakhethi buso, babe nolwazi ngomthetho, balawule, balawule ngemiqathango, bafundise izigwebo kwiinkundla zezitulo. Ukuzimela geqe kubalulekile ukuze kuthintelwe ukuphazamisana nabantu ngaphandle.

I Juries isetyenziswa kakhulu kumazwe aqhelekileyo kumthetho kumatyala anzulu olwaphulo-mthetho, kwaye, aqhelekanga kakhulu, kumatyala asekuhlaleni. IiJuries zigqiba imibuzo yenyaniso esekelwe kubungqina obunikezelwayo kwaye zisebenzise umthetho njengoko uyalelwa yijaji. Inkqubo yabachopheli-mthetho ibandakanya ulawulo olusesikweni kwaye isebenza njengendlela yokuhlola igunya likarhulumente. Noko ke, abahlalutyi bakhomba ukuba ubugxwayiselo, ukungafezeki, nokuntsonkotha kwale mihla njengemiqobo.

Ukubaluleka Okubalulekileyo Kwenkululeko Yokugweba

Ukuzimela geqe kunguwo umthetho. Ngaphandle kwawo, iinkundla azinakusebenza njengabagwebi abangakhethi buso, kwaye okusesikweni kuba ngamaxhoba engcinezelo yezobupolitika, ukunyoba, okanye ukoyikisa.

  • Ukhuseleko lwexesha elidlulileyo: Abagwebi bamiselwa ubomi okanye amagama amade (umz., de kube lixesha elingokwasemgangathweni lokuthatha umhlala phantsi) kwaye abanakususwa ngokungekho mthethweni. Oku kubakhusela ekuziphindezeleni kwizigqibo ezingathandwayo.
  • [[Ukhuseleko: 0] ukhuseleko lwezezimali: Imivuzo yezeeJaji imiselwe ngumthetho kwaye ayinakuncitshiswa ngexesha legama lejaji. Oku kuthintela isebe eliphetheyo okanye indlu yowiso-mthetho ekusebenziseni izixhobo zemali.
  • Inkululeko yokuzilawula: Iinkundla zilawula uqingqo-mali lwazo, izabelo zamatyala, kunye nemicimbi yolawulo ngaphandle kokuphazamisa kwamanye amasebe karhulumente.
  • I-iyunithi ukusuka kwityala: Abagwebi jikelele abakhuselekanga kwiisuti zabemi ngenxa yezenzo ezithathiweyo kumsebenzi wabo wokugweba, bakhuthaza ukungoyiki ukwenza izigqibo.

Amazwe anenkululeko eqinileyo yokugweba atyekele ekubeni nomgangatho ophezulu wokuthenjwa nguwonke wonke kunye neziphumo ezingcono zezoqoqosho, njengoko abatyali-mali beqinisekile ukuba izivumelwano ziya kunyanzeliswa ngokufanelekileyo. Ngokwahlukileyo koko, apho iinkundla ziphenjelelwa, umthetho uyawohloka, nto leyo ekhokelela ekungazinzini nokungabi nabulungisa.

Ucelomngeni Lokujamelana Nenkqubo Yokusesikweni

Nangona isiseko salo sisisiseko, inkqubo yokusesikweni ijamelana neengxaki ezininzi ezinokukwenza ungaphumeleli yaye ungabi nabulungisa.

Ukufikelela Kokusesikweni

Umelo lwasemthethweni lubiza imali eninzi, kwaye abantu abaninzi abanako ukufikelela kwigqwetha. Eli thuba "lobulungisa" lithetha ukuba abantu abangenayo basenokungakwazi ukunyanzelisa amalungelo abo okanye bazikhusele ngokufezekileyo. Umsebenzi we-probo, iinkqubo zoncedo olusemthethweni, kunye nezibonelelo zoncedo lobuqu zifuna uncedo olungaphaya konikezelo. Iinkqubo ezilula nezisombululo zengxoxo kwi-intanethi ziyavela.

Imithetho Ewiswe Yinkundla

Iidokisi ezizele kakhulu zikhokelele kukulindelo olude lwemilingo nezibheno. Kwezinye iindawo, amatyala angathatha iminyaka ukusombulula. Izithintelo zokonzakalisa, ukwandisa ukungaqiniseki, kwaye zingakhanyela ubulungisa obudala "ukulibaziseka kokusesikweni kukhatywa" kuhlala kuyimfuneko kakhulu. Iinguquko zolawulo lwetyala, enye ingxubusho yempikiswano (ukuphelisa, ukuququzelela), kunye nolwandiso lwezibonelelo oluphezulu lunganciphisa imigaqo.

Ucalucalulo

Ikhethe lenkqubo elisekelwe kuhlanga, ubuhlanga, ubufanasini, okanye imeko yentlalo yentlalo okanye yezoqoqosho linokuchaphazela iziphumo zenkundla. Ukwahlukahlukana kwemilinganiselo yokubanjwa, ukugwetywa, nokukhethwa kwenkundla yetyala kubhaliwe kakhulu. Abagwebi boqeqesho nabasebenzi benkundla abajongene nokucalucalula okucacileyo, ukuguqula isigwebo sinyathelo esikhokelela kwinkqubo elungelelanisiweyo.

Ubuxhakaxhaka kunye nokuzinziswa

Ukuguqulwa kwamanani kweenkundla `iiplagi ezincinane, iindlebe ezidityanisiweyo, kunye nophando olusemthethweni oluncedisiweyo oluyi-Al(--iboness) lunika inkxalabo kodwa lunyusa nenkxalabo. Izisongelo zokungalawuleki ziyakwazi ukulalanisa nolwazi oluyimfihlo. Ngaphezu koko, ulwahlulo lwamanani lungakuthintela ukufumaneka kwelitha elizimeleyo ngaphandle kokufikelela kwi-intanethi ethembekileyo.

Ukuthenjwa Nomthetho

Xa iinkundla zijongwa njengezinganyanisiyo, ezijongene nobuqhetseba, okanye ezilalanisayo kwezobupolitika, ukuthembana kwabantu kuyaphela. Abantu basenokufuna iindlela ezisemthethweni zokucombulula iimpikiswano okanye ukuphulukana nokholo kumthetho. Ukubonisana ngaphaya komthetho, ukuphendula, nokubeka ityala, nokungaguquguquki kwemigaqo kubaluleke ekulondolozeni imigaqo esemthethweni.

Isiphelo

Ingcamango yokusesikweni iyaqhubeka ibalulekile namhlanje njengokuba yayinjalo mandulo. Iinkundla zingunobumba olungelelanisiweyo waloo ngcamango, zibekwa ityala lokutolika imithetho ngokungakhethi buso, ukucombulula ngokufanelekileyo, nokukhusela amalungelo omntu ngamnye nxamnye nokuqhatha. Ngokunamathela kwimigaqo engundoqo efana nokulingana kunye nenkqubo efanelekileyo, kwaye uzimele ngokomthetho, inkqubo esemthethweni izabalazela ukuxhasa umthetho nolungelelwano. Kodwa ukulandela okusesikweni akuze kupheleliseke. Ucelomngeni olungu(acces, ikhethe, ukulibala, kunye nokutshintsha kwezobugcisa okuqhubekayo, kunye nokuhlala kuhleli kuhleli kulungile. Njengokuba iintendelezo zazo zimele ziqiniseke ukuba idinga idinga idinga nokufezeka kwalo. Umthetho, ulawulo olunamandla nozimeleyo, asiyiyo isiseko somthetho, isiseko sobunzululwazi, kwaye ulungelelaniswe ngobuchule, kwaye ulungelelwanoluntu.