IBhili yamaLungelo asiyonto nje engokwembali; lisiseko esiphilayo senkululeko yaseMerika, ingqokelela echaza ulwalamano phakathi komntu norhulumente. Iqiniswa ngoDisemba 15, 1791, iinguqu zokuqala ezilishumi kumGaqo-siseko zenzelwe ukumisela igunya likarhulumente nokukhusela inkululeko esisiseko. Kubemi baseMerika, iBhili yamaLungelo ihlala iyikhaka lokukhusela urhulumente ophazanyisiweyo nesiseko sokulwa phantse onke amalungelo abantu. Ukuqonda amalungiselelo ayo, iingxoxo eziwabumbayo, kunye nezicaciso zabo zale mihla zibalulekile kuye nabani na ummi othenjiweyo.

Imbali Yamalungelo

Ukwenziwa kweBhili yamaLungelo kwazalwa kwiimfazwe ezinkulu zobupolitika. Ngexesha leengxoxo zokudityaniswa koorhulumente abalwa ne-Antifederalist njengoPatrick Henry noGeorge Mason balumkisa ukuba umGaqo-siseko omtsha wadala urhulumente osembindini onamandla akhukulileyo, oswele iziqinisekiso ezingqalileyo zenkululeko yomntu ngamnye. Baphikisa ngelithi ngaphandle komthetho wamalungelo, abemi babechanabekekile kwingcinezelo.

Abaququzeleli, kuquka uJames Madison noAlexander Hamilton, ekuqaleni babekholelwa ukuba irekhodi yamalungelo yayingeyomfuneko, bephikisa ukuba urhulumente wengingqi wayengomnye wamagunya adwelisiweyo kwaye akanakwenza ngaphaya kwaloo mida. Ngokudumileyo Hamilton wabhala ku- Federalist No. 84 u-"umGaqo-siseko ngokwawo ngokwawo, kwiingqiqo zonke, nakwinjongo nganye esebenzisekayo, irekhomba amalungelo." Noko ke, ukukhusela ukusetyenziswa kwamagunya angundoqo afana noVirginia kunye neNew York, iiFederalistriss zithenjiswe ukongeza i-antentente ezikhoyo ngokukhawuleza emva korhulumente omtsha.

UJames Madison, ekuqaleni ethandabuza, wakhokela ekulungiseni izilungiso. Wahlola ngenyameko kwizicelo ezingaphezu kwama-200 kwindibano zelizwe ezilungisayo waze wazikhupha kwizinto zokuqala zaba zishumi eziguquliweyo. Injongo yakhe yayikukujonga eyona nto ididayo ngaphandle kokudina kwesakhiwo somGaqo-siseko. Iziphelo zavunywa ziintlobo ezintathu ezinesine zamazwe ngo1791. Ukukhangela nzulu kumaxwebhu angaphambili, tyelela umva wencwadi [[FLT: 0]] oMdali kwiphepha leBhili lamaLungelo .

Ingqwalasela Yokuqala Yohlaziyo Olulishumi

Nganye kwezilishumi ilungisa icandelo elikhethekileyo lokhuseleko. Ngoxa ezinye zifutshane kwaye zicacile, ezinye ziye zavelisa iinkulungwane zokucacisa nokutolika.

Ukulungiswa Kokuqala: Intsika Ebonisa Ukukhululeka

UHlaliso Lokuqala luthintela ukumiswa kweSindululo soMbutho ekumiseleni nawuphi na umthetho ophathelele ukusekwa konqulo, ukuvala inkululeko yokuthetha, ukuphazamisa inkululeko yokushicilela, ukuphazamisana nelungelo lokuhlanganisana ngoxolo, okanye ukuthintela isicelo sokulungisa izityholo zikarhulumente. Oku kulungiswa komnye kukhusela iinkqubo zedemokhrasi zokuqhuba ingxoxo, ukugxeka, kunye nonqulo. Amatyala afana neNew York Times. Co. Sullivansylvan[[FLT:] [1964]) uvule isibongozo esiphezulu se-graful ebandakanya amabala kawonke, ngelixa iBhodi yemfundo yemfundo yemfundo yemfundo. [53] [53]

Uhlaziyo Lwesibini: Ilungelo Lokugcina Nokuthwala Izixhobo

Iinguqu ezimbalwa zibangela impikiswano. ISecond Amendment ifundeka ngolu hlobo: "Indawo elawulwa kakuhle eMilitia, eyimfuneko kukhuseleko loRhulumente olukhululekileyo, ilungelo labantu lokugcina nokuphatha Iizixhobo, alizukuchaswa. Imbali enkulu yeMelika, iNkundla ePhakamileyo itolika oku kuhambelana nokusebenza kwimikhosi yesizwe. Noko ke, [[FLT: 0] [iGatanu] iHelder [2001] [, iNkugqibela ukuba iCepute yoMbetho ikhusele ilungelo lokwesibini lokuzinyusela umbane likhusele ilungelo lomntu ngamnye lokufumana izibhamlo lokulwa kwemilo ngokusemthethweni, njengokuzilungisa ngokwalo ngaphakathi kwekhaya. Esi sigqibo sanyuselwa kumathelo [FLD] [FD] [5] [2005] [5] [igg.iggroul], kunye nemivG.G.G.G.G.

Uhlaziyo Lwesithathu: Amajoni Alungelelanisiweyo

Oku kulungisa kuvele kungamvumeli urhulumente ukuba anyanzelise abaninimakhaya ukuba bawaqeshe amajoni ngexesha loxolo ngaphandle kwemvume. Nangona kungafane kuchazwe, kubonisa umsindo wabaseki beBritane kwiMithetho yeZenzo. IsiHlamli soLawulo sesithathu sihlala singumqondiso womgaqo wokuba amakhaya abemi angenakuguqulwa.

UMthetho Ohlaziyiweyo Wesine: Ukukhusela Kwizinto Ezingekho Mthethweni Nezingekho Mthethweni

UMthetho wesine wokuHlaziya ukhusela "kulungelo labantu ukuba bakhuseleke kubantu babo, kwizindlu, kumaphepha, nakwiziphumo, ngokuphanda nokuxhuzula okungekho ngqiqweni." Kudla ngokufuna ukuba ukunyanzeliswa komthetho kufumane isiqinisekiso esisekelwe kwisizathu esinokwenzeka, ingakumbi xa kukhangelwa ikhaya. Umthetho wokubhalisa, osungulwe Mapp v. Ohio [1961]] [1961]), uthintela ubungqina obufunyenwe ngokuchasana noMfuno-Mnyuko wesine ekusetyenzisweni enkundleni yenkundla. Imingeni yanamhlanje ibandakanya amapolisa azimeleyo kwi-data yeselula, iGPS, kunye neenkqubo zokuhlola. Inkundla ephakamileyo yalawula [[FLT.FLD] i-Centergieter.

UHlaliso lweNtlalo-ntle: INkqubo eQhelekileyo, Ukuzitshintsha, kunye nokuTshabalalisa okuphindwe kabini

IsiHlaliso sesihlanu singunogada ophangaleleyo wamalungelo enkqubo yolwaphulo-mthetho. Iqinisekisa ukumangalelwa ngabachopheli-mthetho abakhulu kulwaphulo-mthetho olunzulu, iyayithintela ingozi ephindwe kabini (ukuzanywa kabini ngenxa yetyala elinye), kwaye ikhusela ekuzikhuseleni ngokwayo (ilungelo lokuzithulisa). "Umthetho oqululela ityala" ufuna ukuba urhulumente ahlawule imbuyiselo nje kuphela xa ethabatha indawo yabucala ukuze asetyenziswe. Inkqubo efanelekileyo itolikiwe ukuquka uBill wamaLungelo amaninzi ngokukhusela koorhulumente. Ibinzana elithi "Ukukhokela iFinth" liye laba ngummiselo wesithethe.

UMthetho Wesithandathu Ohlaziyiweyo: Ilungelo Lokuvavanywa Kwetyala Elifanelekileyo

Oku kulungisa kuqinisekisa ukuvavanywa kwetyala likawonke-wonke okukhawulezileyo nokungumgwebi ongakhethi buso, ilungelo lokuziswa ngezityholo, ilungelo lokudibana nokubiza amangqina, nelungelo lokunika ingcebiso elingokwasemthethweni. Ityala lesazinge Gideon v. Wainwright [1963] [iiimvume] yokunika amagqwetha abamangalelwa abangakwaziyo ukuwahlawula, ngokusisiseko icebo lobulungisa.

Ukuhlaziywa Kwendlela Yokuzilungisa: Izilingo Zokuvavanywa Kwabemi

ISichibiyelo seSember sigcina ilungelo lokuchophela ityala labachopheli-tyala kumatyala asekuhlaleni apho imali exambuliweyo ingaphezulu kwee-R2. Nangona kunqabile ukuba kuvele impikiswano yale mihla, ibalaselisa ukukholosa kwabaseki abaqhelekileyo ngokucombulula iingxabano.

Ukuhlaziywa Kwemiqathango Esibhozo: Inkohlakalo Nesohlwayo Esingaqhelekanga

ISinyuso-Mpanzi-mali sesibhozo sikwalela ukugqithisa kwebheyile, ukuhlawuliswa ngokugqithisileyo, kunye "isohlwayo esigqithisileyo nesingaqhelekanga". Esi sicatshulwa singundoqo ekuphikisaneni ngesohlwayo sokufa. Furman v. Georgia [19972], iNkundla ePhakamileyo yabetha yonke imiqathango yokugwetywa ngokungekho mthethweni, ngokungekho mthethweni. Kamva izigwebo zokufa ziphinde zabuyiselwa isohlwayo ngezi ezitsha, kodwa iNkundla iye yakwavala ukubulawa kolutsha nabantu abaneziphene. IAndementation isebenza nakwimeko zentolongo kunye nezigwebo ezigqithisileyo.

UMthetho Ohlaziyiweyo Wesi - 1000: Amalungelo Abantu Ayawafumana

ISinyuso seNinth sithi ukubekwa kwamalungelo athile kumGaqo-siseko akuzukuthathwa njengokukhanyela okanye ukucalula abanye abantu. Kwamkelwa ukudambisa uloyiko lokuba ukudwelisa amalungelo athile kusenokuthetha ukuba amalungelo angamiselwanga awakhuselekanga. Nangona kusoloko kucelwa kwiimeko zamalungelo abantu, iSindululo seNinth asisoloko sisiso isiseko esiphambili sesigqibo somthetho. Kodwa ke kugxininisa umgaqo wokuba abemi banelungelo lokufumana inkululeko ngaphezu kwalawo abhaliweyo phantsi.

Uhlaziyo Lweshumi: Ulawulo Olugcinelwe Amarhulumente Okanye Abantu

ISinyusi- Amendment seshumi leshumi siqinisekisa ukuba amagunya awanikwanga urhulumente worhulumente okanye awalelweyo kumazwana agcinelwe amaphondo, okanye abantu. Oku kulungiswa lisiseko lolawulo, kusikelwe umda wegunya lorhulumente. Kucatshulwe kwiimeko zokumisela igunya lengqungquthela kurhulumente, njenge-[FLT] Prentz v. United States (1997), eyathi yawisa phantsi iimfuno zovavanyo lwemiqathango yemipu.

Imfundiso Engokwamkeleka: Ukusebenzisa IBhili Yamalungelo EUnited States

Kwimbali enkulu yaseMelika, iBhili yamaLungelo yasebenza kuphela kurhulumente wengingqi. Amazwe ayenomgaqo-siseko wawo yaye ayenokwahlula ukuthetha, ukuphendla, kunye nezinye inkululeko njengoko abona kufanelekile. Oku kwatshintsha ngokuthe ngcembe emva kwemfazwe yamakhaya. UMthetho we-144th Isi Amenziso u-Claus uyawuthintela umgaqo wokuncwasa "nabani na umntu wobomi, inkululeko, okanye impahla, ngaphandle kwenkqubo efunekayo yomthetho. Inkundla ePhakamileyo i-"ifake ukhuseleko oluninzi lweBhili lamaLungelo kwiimeko ezikwimeko-yo. Umzekelo, ukuLamkelo oluKhululo Lokuqala lokuthetha ngokukhululekile lwasetyenziswa kumazwana [FLT: 0] v[5].[5] [iiiiR.Ntempereams .Nttontonton.[4]

IBhili Yamalungelo Kuluntu Lwanamhlanje

Kunoluxwebhu oluthe ngqo, iBhili yamaLungelo icelwa yonke imihla kwiinkundla, kwiindlu yowiso-mthetho, nakwiingxoxo zikawonke-wonke. Izilungiso zibumba yonke into ukususela kwimithetho yempahla yesikolo samabanga aphakamileyo ukuya kwimigaqo yokhuseleko lwesizwe. Ngapha koko ziinkalo ezingundoqo apho iBhili yamaLungelo ihlala ikwindawo yobomi banamhlanje.

Ukuzimela Kwamanani Nohlaziyo Lwesine

Unyuko lwefowuni, ugcino lwamafu, kunye neInternet yezinto ziye zanyanzelisa iinkundla ukuba zichaze kwakhona oko kuqukunjelwa "ukuphendla" okanye "ukuzinzisa". Riley v. California [2014, iNkundla ePhakamileyo igqibe kwelokuba amapolisa afumane isiqinisekiso sokukhangela isiganeko seselfowuni sokubanjwa. Inkundla yaqonda ukuba izixhobo zamanani ziqulethe ubuninzi obukhulu bolwazi lwabucala, ngaphezu kwemali ephathekayo. Umthetho wokusebenzisa i-drons, i-figgm, kunye nezixhobo zokuphawula ubuso zizakuqhubeka zinyusa imibuzo yeSine soLawulo.

Ukuthetha Ngokukhululeka Kwixesha Lezinto Zonxibelelwano

IsiHlaliso sokuqala asikhuseli nje kuphela amazwi athethwayo nabhalwayo kodwa sikwakhusela intetho yokomfuziselo, izibhengezo zorhwebo, kunye nentlawulo yephulo. Iiplatfomu zezentlalo zenza isikwere sikawonke-wonke. Iimeko ezifana Pickham v. umNtla Carolina (2017]) uthintela umthetho owawuvalela abaphuli-mthetho ababhalisweyo ngokwesini ekusebenziseni ijelo lonxibelelwano lwasekuhlaleni, ulawula ukuba la maqonga abalulekile kunxibelelwano lwale mihla. Noko ke, iinkampani ezizimele ezifana nothi Tybithi azingoo babadlali borhulumente kwaye azinako ukuchasana ngokufanelekileyo ngaphandle kokuchasana komgangatho kunye nokucola. Uxinezeleko lwendlela yomgangatho oluphezulu lunye lwezona ngxelo ezicinezenezenezenezenezenezenezo zomthetho zezo zonke ishumi leminyaka.

Amalungelo emipu nokhuseleko loluntu

Emva [[NKQUBO:0] uNxaxoso lwemiqathango kunye McD , iinkundla ezisezantsi zilwele ukuchaza umlinganiselo wesiHlanzo sesibini. Iinkundla zizame ukuchaza umlinganiselo weSigqibo sesibini. Iingxaki zokuthintela "izixhobo zokulwa," iimagazini eziphezulu-onke-onketho, kunye nemfihlekileyo imvume zivelise imiyalelo exubileyo. [[FLT:]] [[FLT]]] iphondo iRifle & Lamp; Pistol Association. Bruen[FLT:] [202], iNkukhosi eliphakamileyo lamkela uvavanyo olutsha lwembali lokuvavanya imipu, ifuna urhulumente ukubonisa ukuba ummiselo olungele ukuma komthetho wesizwe. Oku kukhokelela kwisigqibo solawulo lwemipuwalbhulu.

Imfundo Efundiswa Ngamalungelo

Kubafundisi-mfundo, iBhili yamaLungelo inika ithuba elininzi lokubandakanya abafundi kubumi obusebenzayo. Ngapha koko bacengceleza ukubuyiselwa kwengxelo, abafundisi- ntsapho bangasebenzisa iimpikiswano ezifanisweyo zeNkundla ePhakamileyo, apho abafundi baxhasa amacala omabini kwiimeko ezifana imanda v. Arizona okanye [[FLT:] [[FLT]] okanye [iiindawo] ye-Moines. uhlalutyo oluphambili lwamaxwebhu oqobo olusuka kuMgqozo lweSizwe lunceda abafundi baqonde umongo wembali.[iimpikiswano yangokungoku.] efana nokuba isiHlaziselo soMgqozo sodakalo sikhusela intetho yentiyo kwingingqini yoluntu okanye nokuba ngaba ivumela ukukhangela imvelaphi yomhlaba jikelele. [FLT:][FFFFF]] [FFFF]]

Iingxaki Neengxubakaxaka

IBhili yamaLungelo asiyoncwadi egqibeleleyo, yadalwa ngexesha lobukhoboka, ngexesha lokufumana ipropati yokuvota, nangokungathathi nxaxheba kwamabhinqa nabantu bemibala engafaniyo.

Inkululeko Yokuthetha Neyokuthiya Intetho

ISinyuso Sokuqala sikhusela kwanentetho erhabaxa kakhulu. INkundla Ephakamileyo ikholelwa ukuba urhulumente akanakukwalela ukuthetha kuba nje intiyo, nangona iindidi ezithile zentetho `ezifana nokuphembelela ugonyamelo olusondeleyo, izisongelo zokwenyaniso, kunye namagama okulwa] azikhuselwa. Ukunyuka kobuhlanga, ukukhathazwa kwe-intanethi, kunye nokungaphicothwa kolwazi kubeke ingcinezelo kulo khuseleko olubanzi. Amazwe amaninzi anemithetho engqongqo yokuthetha, kodwa iUnited States ihlala ibambelele kumgaqo othi unyango olungcono lokuthetha kakubi luyintetho engafanelekanga, hayi ukugxeka.

IsiHlomelo Sesibini Nokhuseleko Loluntu

Ingxoxo yamalungelo emipu ngokuchasene nolawulo lwemipu iseyenye yezona zinto zidibeneyo eMelika. Abaxhasi bomthetho ongqongqo bakhomba kwiqondo eliphezulu logonyamelo lwemipu kunye nokudubula kwabantu abaninzi, bephikisana ngee-checkings zendalo yonke, amaxesha okulinda, kunye nokuvalwa kwezixhobo ezithile. Abameli bamalungelo emipu bagxininisa ukuzilawula ngokwabo, ukuchasa kolawulo oluphezulu, kwaye umbhalo weSindululo sesibini. Isigqibo seNkundlalo ePhakamileyo Bruen iguqule ummandla osemthethweni, ufuna ubungqina bembali ngawo nawuphi na nawuphi na umthetho wompu. Oku kuye kwayenza ipenye imigaqo emininzi kulawulo olungqongqo lwemipu, njengakuNew York kunye neKlithu, kwaye idabi liyaqhubeka kwiinkundla ezisezantsi.

Imicimbi yobucala kunye nokwanda korhulumente

Emva kohlaselo lukaSeptemba 11, urhulumente wandisa amandla okuhlola phantsi koMthetho we-USA PTRIOT. Iinkqubo zokuqokelela izigulana ezininzi zomnxeba zagwetywa ngokungekho mthethweni kwezinye iinkalo. ULawulo lwesine lufuna ukuba ukujonga iprojekthi ibe yeyamkelekileyo, kodwa into elungeleleneyo "esengqiqweni" nezobugcisa. Inkxalabo zobuqu ziquka ulwazi oluqokelelwe ziinkampani zabucala, apho iThird Party Doctrictrine ivumela urhulumente ukuba afumane ulwazi olunelisa kunye ngokuzithandela namaqela amathathu (njengeenkampani zefowuni okanye i-ISBS). Abanye abaphengululi baphikisa le mfundiso iphelelwe lixesha kwaye iSine sokuHlamkelo-Galisa imele inikezele ikhusele ngokuqatha kwixesha lamanani.

Isiphelo

IBhili yamaLungelo ayiyonto ikhoyo ngo-1791. Sisakhiwo esinempembelelo esibumba ubomi bemihla ngemihla bomntu ngamnye waseMerika. Ukusuka ekuthetheni ngengqondo yomntu ukuya ekukhululekeni ekufuneni okungekho mthethweni, ezi zigqibo zilishumi zinika izakhiwo ezifanelekileyo ezisemthethweni zenkululeko. Njengoko ibutho labantu litshintshayo, iinkundla ziya kuqhubeka nokuchaza la malungelo kwiimeko ezintsha. Kubemi baseMelika, ukuqonda iBhili yamaLungelo akuso nje isiko lemfundo yemfundo, kwaye lisixhobo sokukhusela inkululeko kabani kwaye liba netyala likarhulumente. Ingxoxo, imipu, imfihlo, kwaye inkqubo ayisayi kuze ihlale ilungiswe ngokupheleleyo, kodwa oko kusimo esiphilayo. Ukudibana nezi nkonzo, nokuba se-sekhosikolo, okanye i-tebhilebhusayinwe, i-odookn, ityala ngalinye lobumishini.