Isivumelwano sentlalo sesinye sezona ngcamango zihlala zikho kwaye zinempembelelo kwintanda-bulumko yezobupolitika yaseNtshona. Ingundoqo, ibuza umbuzo olula ngokukhohlisayo: Yintoni thina njengabantu ngabanye, okanye sivumelana ngayo ngokupheleleyo xa siseka ibutho labantu kwaye sizithoba kwintlawulo yalo? Iimpendulo ezinikelweyo kwiinkulungwane ezininzi ziye zaguqula ienguqu, imimiselo, kwanolwimi esilusebenzisayo ukuphikisana ngamalungelo, iimbopheleleko, nokusesikweni. Eli nqaku lihlolisisa iimvelaphi zembali, iinkcazelo ezingundoqo zentanda-ntandabulumko, iimvo zalethi zale mihla, kunye neenkqubano ezingapheliyo zengcamango yesivumelwano sentlalo, kwaye lihlolisisa oko kuthethwa ngabemi benkulungwane engamashumi amabini amabini anesine yokuqala.

Imvelaphi Yemfundiso Enxulumene Nentlalo

Ingcamango yokuba igunya lezobupolitika lisuka kwisivumelwano sesiseko sabemi, kodwa isivumelwano soluntu sangoku esicaciswe ngexesha lokukhanyiselwa. Eli xesha labonwa likude kulawulo olufanelekileyo lobukho bukaThixo kwinkulungwane yeshumi elinesixhenxe. UPlato, kwimisebenzi enjenge- iRiphabliki [, ichazwa kwisivumelwano sesiseko sabemi, kodwa isithethe soluntu sesithethe sentlalo esicaciswe ngexesha leNjikelezo. Eli xesha labona ukuphambuka ukusuka kulawulo lobukumkani bobuthixo olufanelekileyo ukuya kuqikelelo oluthe kratya, imbono yomntu ngamnye yendalo kunye negunya lezobupolitika. Isiseko sithetha ukuba phambi kokuba urhulumente olungelelaniswe ngoko kubizwa kobugxwayi bendalo [FLT]] [i3] [abantu] sithetha ngokuvumelana kwemeko eqhelekileyo.[FLT]]], kuxhomekeke kwimeko elungeleneyo, kulungeleneyo, kwisiphindo oluqhelekileyo, ukuthelelana kwintyokuthetha kwintyoku, ukuvumelana kwentlalo oluvela kwintyobu

Iinkomfa ezintathu zesithethe `Thomas Hobbes, John Locke, noJean-Jacques Rousseau''.

Izazinzulu Eziphambili Nemibono Yazo

UThomas Hobbes: Unqabiseko Ngaphezu Kwazo Zonke

Ubhala phakathi kwesiphithiphithi semfazwe yamakhaya yaseNgilani, uThomas Hobbes wapapasha uLeviathan ngo1651, ngokungathandabuzekiyo eyona ndlela yokuzikhusela epheleleyo eyakhe yaveliswa. Imeko yendalo ikwidabi elilinganayo, elizibandakanyayo abantu abaqhutyelwa lukhuphiso, i-'i-'i-'i-'i-'i'i'i'i','i-'i-'i-'i-FLT',',',',',',',',' kwaye omfutshane'.'.[[FLT] Kulo, akukho phawu, akukho bulungisa, akukho shishini liphuma kuyo yonke imfazwe.[FLT]

Ukuphepha le ntlungu, abantu ngabanye ababodwa bavumelana ukuba banikezele amalungelo abo emvelo kumlawuli onegunya okanye kwingqungquthela. "olawulayo" akaloqela elipheleleyo. I-odole ayilo sivumelwano; abalawulwa badlulisela amalungelo abo kumlawuli, oyalela ukuthobelana ukuze kubekho uxolo nokhuseleko. Hobbes uphikisa ukuba nawaphi na amalinge okuxhathisa umlawuli (h ngaphandle kwangoko esisongelo kubomi bomntu) uzakubuyisela ibutho labantu kwimo yendalo. Lo mbono ulusizi ubeka ulungelelaniso ngaphezu kwayo yonke enye into, uthethelela ubuzwilakhe njengobufuna isiphithiphithi. Abagxeki bekudala beboshekelele ukuba uvume intlawulo oluncinane lomntu ngamnye, kodwa ukuxakeka kwakhe okungoko kuhlala kusisilumkiso olunamandla kwingxubango yesizwe nemeko yemeko yokhuseleko yesizwe.

UJohn Locke: Amalungelo Emvelo Norhulumente Olinganiselweyo

John Locke uvumelwano lwendalo, olucaciswe kwisivumelwano sakhe Izizathu Ezibini zikaRhulumente[[FLT:] [1689]], luchasene kakhulu no Hobbes. Imeko yendalo ayiyomfazwe kuzo zonke izinto. Endaweni yoko, yimeko yenkululeko egqibeleleyo elawulwa ngumthetho wendalo, etyhila: akukho mntu ofanele amonakase omnye ebomini babo, impilo, okanye impahla, okanye amalungelo entweni . Abantu ngabanye banamalungelo emvelo abekwe ngurhulumente oqhelekileyo, olungele ubomi, inkululeko, nempahla. Ingxaki yendalo ayikhuthanga kakhulu kodwa ayimelenga kungabikho nto ingxube kuyo. [FLT] [5] [FFFF] [intion: okanye ingxuluelwano yezonga, okanye ityala lomthetho ngamnye, ugwebo, kwaye ugwebe kungabikho kobulungisa, kwaye ugwebo oluqhelekileyo, ugwebo lwemeko, yaye lunga.

Ngoko ke, abantu bayavuma ukwakha ibutho lezobupolitika nokumisela urhulumente onamagunya alinganiselweyo, alawulayo. Umsebenzi ophambili karhulumente kukukhusela amalungelo emvelo, ngokukodwa impahla. Ngokuthe ngqo, isivumelwano sidala ulwalamano olunemiqathango: ukuba urhulumente uyalwaphula ulawulo oluthe lwathabatha impahla ngaphandle kwemvume, ulawula ngokungekho mthethweni, okanye usebenzisa kakubi igunya lakhe, okanye abantu banelungelo lokuyiphelisa nokumisa urhulumente omtsha. Iingcamango zikarhulumente ziphembelela ngokunzulu abaquququzeli baseMelika; iSindululo se-Frence sikhulisa ulwimi lwakhe ngamalungelo angenatyala kunye neenguqu. Umbono wombono uhlala ulawula ngokungekho mthethweni wecawastismism, umlawuli, ugunya-mthetho, ulawulo, nolawulo lwegunya.

Jean-Jacques Rousseau: USomkhethe Jikelele Nenkululeko Yokwenyaniso

Jean-Jacques Rousseau iNxuwa yeNtlalo inika ukunduluka okukhawulezileyo kwe Hobbes neLocke. Rousseau uqala ngomgca odumileyo: “ Umntu uzelwe ngokukhululekileyo, kwaye kuyo yonke indawo ubotshelelwe ngamatyathanga.”[FLT: 3] Ku Rousseau, imeko yendalo yayiyimeko elungileyo, egoqweyo apho abantu babekhokelwa khona yimeko yokuzingcamlanisa nokuzisola. Iingxaki zavela ekuphuhliseni kwempahla yabucala, ubugcisa, kunye nento ebangela ukungalingani, ukhuphikiswano, kunye noncedo loluntu ngokwalo.

Isisombululo sikaRousseau asikokubuyela kwimeko yendalo kodwa luhlobo lomanyano olugcina inkululeko yelungu ngalinye. Ucebisa isivumelwano sentlalo [[FLT:] apho umntu ngamnye ekhulula onke amalungelo kuluntu njengeqela, edala isiqu seqela. [ii-FLT] [i-FLT:3] ayingomsebenzi womntu ngamnye othanda kodwa ukuzinikela okudibeneyo kokulungileyo. Ngenxa yokuba ummi ngamnye unenxaxheba ekudaleni uthanda, uthobela umthetho ngokomthetho yimo ye-omelel. URossel uyavuma ukuba nabani na ongafuniyo ukuthobela umthetho uya “kukhululeka ukusetyenziswa. [[[FLT] [[FLT] [acel:3] akangomnye ulawulo olunento oluqhelekileyo, kodwa ulawulo oluluxandukunye nolawulo olugqithiseleyo, ulawulo olunyulukunye nolawulo loburhulumente loburhulumente obuqhelekileyo, ulawulo olunyusela phambili kwinkcazelo oluphezulu oluphezulu oluthelelweyo, kodwa luyaqhubeka ukukhuthaza ukuthobela umthetho ngolawulo olungomntu ngamnye.

Isivumelwano Sentlalo Kwingcamango Yanamhlanje Yezobupolitika

Emva koRousseau, ingcamango yentlalo yaphelelwa yintsebenziswano kangangexesha elithile, igxekwa ngabahlali abafana noJeremy Bentham owayilahla njengentsomi. Noko ke, ngenkulungwane yamashumi amabini kwabonwa ukuvuselelwa okuphawulekayo, okuphawuleka kakhulu emsebenzini we John Rawls[[. I-rawn's's's [[FLT:]. [[FLT]]] [2] I-'i-'ay'inter'umthetho [[FLT]] [[FLT]] [[FLT]] [7] [7]] [7] ivuse ivuse isivumelwano njengesixhobo sokufumana imigaqo yokusesikweni. Usimema ukuba sicingele imigaqo elungileyo yemithetho elungileyo, okanye imvume elungileyo yemithetho elungileyo, inika imigaqo elinganayo elungileyo yemeko elungileyo, elungileyo, efuna ungenelo, ukuba i-enza zonke iimeko zobuninzi zezoqoqosho.

Ngokwahlukileyo, u-Robert Nozick wakhusela uhlobo lwesivumelwano [FLT:] uAkharchy, State, kunye no-Utopia. Nozick uphikisa ukuba nayiphi na imeko ebanzi kakhulu kunereyithiyo “umgaqo womlindo wexesha elincinci” mbuso wokhuseleko lokukhusela ekunyanzelweni, ubuqhophololo, nobusela. (*) ufumana amalungelo omntu ngamnye. Uveza ukuvela kwemeko yendalo ngamaqumrhu ngentla, axhasa ukuba irhafuthelo ye-bomvu iyalingana nokunyanzelwa kwemisebenzi enyanzelekile. Isivumelwano sikaNozick sincinane ukuvuma ukukhusela umbutho olawula amandla, kodwa akukho sivumelwano sobubomvu. Ingxoxo edityaniselwayo yezobupolitiki ehambayo yenye yezo.

Ezinye izinikezeli zangoku ziquka uDavid Gauthier, ozama ukuseka imilinganiselo yokuziphatha ngokunengqondo esebenzisa ingcamango yomdlalo kunye nengcamango ye yesivumelwano” ngaphandle kukarhulumente. [FLT] Jürgen Habermas [ unika uguqulelo lwentsebenziswano lwentsebenziswano apho uqinisekiso luvavanywa khona ngokuququzelela, incoko. Ezi ziziphumo zibonisa ukuba isivumelwano sentlalo asiyo into ekhoyo kodwa asiyo inkqubo ekhoyo yokucinga ngokufanelekileyo, intsebenziswano, kunye nemithetho entlukwano.

Ukubuyiselwa: Umbutho Ophilayo

Kunokuba ibe yintanda-bulumko engekho ngqiqweni, isivumelwano sentlalo sizisa ngqo iingxaki zokwenene zehlabathi. Abahlali noorhulumente basoloko beluvumela ulungelelwano phakathi kwenkululeko yomntu ngamnye nokhuseleko olumanyeneyo, phakathi kwamalungelo abantu kunye neempahla zikawonke wonke, kunye naphakathi kweembopheleleko zikarhulumente neembopheleleko zabantu ngabanye.

Ukhuseleko, intabalala, kunye nentsabelo ye-Prandmeim

Mhlawumbi eyona ndawo yemfazwe yemfazwe yentlalo ekhoyo kwingxoxo yentsebenziswano yentlalo lukhuseleko lwesizwe. Emva kohlaselo lwesizwe, amagunya amaninzi olawulo-mthetho anwenweleyo, amagunya okuhlola, ama-habeas corpus, kunye negunya eliphezulu eliphezulu. Abahlali bavuma ngokungafihlisi ukuphazamisana norhulumente omkhulu ukuze bakhusele abanqolobi. Ingxoxo ivuselela ukurhwebi kwe-Hobbes: sikulungele kangakanani ukunikezela ngokhuseleko? Abagxeki be-Rocracki, ukushwada, ukushwada i-Rocke, ukuphikisa ukuba amandla anjalo asoloko ehlala ehleli eqekelweni yaye axhatshazwa ngokungekho mthethweni ngenkululeko ekhoyo yemibutholo. Izivulo zemali ezikhuthaza ukuvuselelwa kwemali enyanzekileyo?

Izixhobo zonxibelelwano lwamanani

Ubugcisa buye badala iindlela ezintsha zesivumelwano soluntu esisebenza ngaphandle kwemeko yesithethe. Xa usayina iqonga lentlalo-ntle, ukwamkela amagama-okanye-akanye-a athe ncam, ukuba akafundwanga, isivumelwano. Ezi zivumelwano zamanani zilawula oko ungakuthethayo, indlela i-data yakho esetyenziswa ngayo, nendlela iimpikiswano eziconjululwe ngayo. Abagxeki baphikisayo baphikisa ukuba ezi zivumelwano ziluncedo, ukusebenzisa nzuzo yolwazi olu-atmmetries kunye nokushiya abasebenzisi abanamandla amancinane athengingqineyo. Unyuko lweqonga luye lubangele ukuba isivumelwano seze siphinde sifunyaniswe. [iglt:] esiza kuphuhlis amalungelo olwazi, ukuvaleka kokukhanya, nokuvuselelwa komsebenzi okuqinileyo. Ukhuseleko lwe-Europe ne-GR (uG.) lungabonwa kwakhona njengomthetho wokuvuma komntu ngamnye, ukusetyenziswa kobuphiconolwazi lwe-premitentententer, ukusetyenziswa kwe-the jikelele, ukusetyenziswa kwe--

Ukutshintsha Kwemozulu Nokusesikweni Kwesizukulwana Esineemvelaphi Ezingafaniyo

Ukutshintsha kwemozulu kuphakamisa imibuzo enzulu malunga nentsebenziswano ekhoyo phakathi kwezizukulwana. Izigqibo zangoku eziphathelele ukukhutshwa kwegesi, ukusetyenziswa kwezibonelelo, kunye nezibonelelo zichaphazela abantu abangenalizwi kwinkqubo yanamhlanje yezopolitiko. Ingaba isivumelwano soluntu siquka okungazalwanga? Izakhono-bulumko ezifana no-. UJohn Rawllts[ kunye [[FLT]] [[FLT]] kunye [[FLT]] kunye [iiindlela] yokusebenza kwezizwe ezikhoyo zinokungakhange zijonge ngaphaya komjikelezo wonyuko olulandelayo. Isivumelwano esivuthayo singenza izizukulwana ezikhoyo zifune ukunikezelwa kweminye inzuzo yenzala engenakuzenziwayo. Olu qikelelo lokuzinzisa imbono lwazo lwezentengo zezopolitiki. Abanye abaphengululi bacebisa izivumelwano zesivumelwano sezentlalo-[FT][5][5] izivumelwano zentlalo-edivelth sync

Izithethe Ezahlukileyo

Nangona isithethe sesivumelwano sentlalo sidla ngokuchazwa njengesiqalo saseNtshona, izithethe ezininzi ziye zavelisa iingcamango ezisekelwe kwimbali nemibono yehlabathi. Ukuhlolisisa ezi zinto kusenza siqonde ngakumbi kwaye kucel ’ umngeni oko kuthethwa nguluhlu lwembali yeYurophu.

Imbono Yoluntu

Abantu abaninzi abahlala e-North America, e-Ostreliya, nakwezinye iindawo abasebenza ngeenkqubo zokulawula ezisekelwe kwizivumelwano, izivumelwano, kunye nolwalamano phakathi kwabantu, ilizwe, kunye nehlabathi lemimoya. iHaudenosaunee (Iroquois) i-Confederacy, umzekelo, isekelwe kuMthetho Omkhulu woxolo, isivumelwano somgaqo-siseko phakathi kwamazwe amahlanu (kamva amathandathu) amisela ibhunga, umelo lwesizwe, kunye nokwenza isigqibo ngesivumelwano. Le nkqubo idibana ne-Europe kunye nemithetho yolawulo yamazwe adla ngokuchaziwe njengempembelelo kwiU.. UmGaqo-siseko wasekuhlaleni apha awusekelwangakho phakathi kwabantu abahlukene kodwa phakathi kwabantu, izizwana, nemibutho yendalo, kunye nemibutho yezomthetho yendalo.

UFilosofi waseMpuma

UbuConfucius, obuye baguqula imibutho yaseMpuma Asia ngaphezu kweminyaka engamawaka amabini, bugxininisa imvisiswano, iquade, kunye nokujongwa kwakhona kwemisebenzi yecawa kunokuba ibe ngamalungelo omntu ngamnye. Kumbono kaConfucius, umphathi unembopheleleko yokuziphatha yokunyamekela abantu, kwaye abantu bafanele ukunyaniseka nokuthobela, kodwa ukuba umphathi ulawula ngobubele. [Iingcamango] yezulu [indlela] yengcinga yoluvo] eTshayina yesivumelwano sentlalo-ntlalo: ulawulo olulawula nje kuphela xa kulawula ngokufanelekileyo; iintlekele zemvelo nemvukelo ziluphawu lokuba igunya lisusiwe. Le ngcamango ingulo ingulo lishiya inguwongapho lwenguquko, nangona ingumthetho wolungele ukutshintsha indalo, nangona ingumthetho woluntu olungenamkhethe phakathi kwezizwe phakathi kwezizwe, kwaye ingavumelani phakathi kwemibutho labantu ngabanye.

Inkcubeko yeNkcubeko

Nangona inempembelelo ehlala ihleli, isithethe sesivumelwano sentlalo siye sathotyelwa kwimiba eqinileyo nenamandla nge-engile ezininzi. Oku kugxekwa akuyitshabalali loo ngcamango kodwa kusinyanzelela ukuba siyicoce, siyiqonde imida yayo engokwembali, nokuzabalazela ukuguqulela ezinye iinguqulelo.

Icebo Lokuzingca Ngabafazi

I-Caltists, ephambili kakhulu [[FLT: 0] i-Carole Patman [FLT]] kwi Isivumelwano sesini sesini na[FLT] [[1988], siphikisa ukuba isivumelwano sobufazi sobukho-mapostoli. “oyena mdla" eHobbe, uLocle, noRousseau uyintloko yendoda yekhaya. Isivumelwano phakathi kwabantu sokwakha ibutho labantu ngethuba elinye sidala isivumelwano sobugqeba [[[FLT]] esingokwesini [[FLT]] [iiiii-patrias. [iii-flth:5] esithoba ngaphantsi kwamadoda kwingqungquthelana yangalanto yangasese, nakurhobo olungenaluvo lwamanyeneyo, nakuvumelanayo lwemibutho labantu abakhoyo, sikhuselwa kwisivumelwano sasekuhlaleni sasekhaya, apho bahlala khona, apho bahlala khona, apho bebutho ukuba bazimisele khona ukuba basebenze

Iintlawulo zasemva kobuRhosane neNtlanganiso

Abaphengululi belizwe lasemva konyaka (1997), abanjengaye [[FLT: 0] i-Alls ku-[FLT]. Isivumelwano sobuhlanga [i-FLT] [i-1997], iphikisa ukuba isivumelwano sentlalo asikho zwenibanzi kodwa singumthetho we- [i-rac]. I-millics iphikisana ukuba isivumelwano sentlalo sasikho ngokwembali phakathi kwabamhlophe ukusungula ulawulo lwezizwe ezingekho mpuma. Isivumelwano esicacileyo okanye esipheleleyo sichaza abantu abathile njengabasebenzi abaphantsi belizwe okanye amalungelo abantu aphezulu. Oku kuyabonakala kumaxwebhu e-clast, athengwa ngulonke, athengwa ngabantu abangekho ngqiqweni nakumazwe angoonke, kodwa athetha ngokulinganayo. I-Romilton e-oknv.

UMarx Nomxhasi Wezakwalizwi

Ngasekhohlo, abalawuli nabanqophisi bagxeka isivumelwano sobuzwe njengesigqubuthelo sendlela yokulawula udidi. Karl Marx waphikisa ukuba urhulumente akangomxhasi ongathathi-nxaxheba kodwa sisixhobo sodidi olulawulayo. Isivumelwano esibizwa ngokuba sigunyazisa inkqubo yempahla yangasese exhaphaza abasebenzi. I-Mukikhain [Flut:5] igatya nayiphi na i-odwa i-odolitis. Abalawuli belizwe abafana [[Foct:2] no-Pierre-Yoshechon kwaye [FLT] kunye [FLT] i-Milkhain [ilton:] i-ilun [Flact5] isenokuthiwesa imodeli, ibona nayiphi nayiphi nayiphi nayiphi naleyo i-ognethis, inguwodwa i-ognethi, i-ognentists, isoloko ichaza ngokuvumayo, inguquququnge inguqu, i-

Ingxaki Yokuvuma Nokuthetha Ngembali

Enye into engapheliyo yokungavumelani yiyo yokuba isivumelwano sentlalo siyintsomi. Akukho mntu wokwenene wakha wasayina isivumelwano sokuseka ibutho labantu. I-Hobbes, i-Locke, kunye noRouss babeyazi le nto; banikela isivumelwano njengento yokuyila okanye ukwakhiwa kwakhona okucacileyo, hayi isiganeko sembali. Kodwa abagxeki abafana [ David Hume] waphikisa ukuba phantse bonke oorhulumente abakhoyo baqala ekuloyisweni okanye ekubhaxekeni, abavumi, yaye ukuvuma isivumelwano esithethwini akusonzeli mfuneko yanto. Abathandi bobulumko abathe basabelayo ngokokwahlule phakathi kwemvume ecacileyo (oaths, ukuvota) kunye nokuvumelana nokuvunywa kwayo ngokuthanda kwawo, ngokuthanda ukuvunywa kwayo. Ngokunjalo, akukho nto imvume yanikwa phantsi komntu ozalweyo, imvume yale ngokomthetho yale .[FLct:3]

Isiphumo

Isivumelwano soluntu asilulo uxwebhu oluthe ngqo olutyikitywe kanye kwaye lungatyikitywanga. Luyingcamango ephilayo, ephikiswayo yokuba isizukulwana ngasinye kufuneka sitolike kwaye siphinde sidibane. Iingcamango zantlandlolo ze Hobbes, Locke, ne Rousseau ziyaqhubeka zinikela iingcamango ezibalulekileyo zokuphikisana ngegunya, amalungelo, kunye nokulunga okuqhelekileyo. Iinkcuba - ngqondo zale mihla ezifana ne-Rawbles kunye neNozick ziye zahlaziya zazicelela ezo ntlobo zendalo. Okwangoku, ipostccollation, kunye necritiques zendalo zisinyanzela ukuba sandise isangqa sabo babonwa njengabathunywa besivumelwano, abafazi, abantu bemibala engaphambili, izizukulwana ezizayo, kunye nezokwendalo.

Sivumelana ngantoni xa sisakha ibutho labantu? Impendulo ixhomekeke ekubeni ngubani obuzayo, ngubani oqukiweyo kwincoko, naluphi ucelomngeni esijamelana nalo. Kwixesha longxamiseko lwemozulu, lokuhlola iziphumo zekhompyutha, nokuphinda kuphinde kusetyenziswe ipopulist, isivumelwano soluntu siyimfuneko ngakumbi kunangaphambili. Simema ngamnye wethu ukuba acinge ngemilinganiselo yobomi bethu bomanyano: inkululeko esiyixabisayo, ukhuseleko esilufunayo, ukungalingani, kunye neembopheleleko esinazo kubantu esingabaziyo, abamelwane, nabantwana. Ukusebenzisa isivumelwano soluntu akuyo nje intlola yemfundo nje kuphela. Indima ebalulekileyo yokuba ngummi ocinga kakuhle kwihlabathi elintluntlukwano.