Unxulumano Oluhlala Luhleli Phakathi Komsebenzi Owodwa Namalungelo Okwahlula Iimpahla

Kuyo yonke idemokhrasi esebenzayo, ulwalamano phakathi koko abemi bafanele ukukutyala ibutho labo noko ibutho labo libatyala khona ngokubuyisa ityala lokuthabatha inxaxheba kwezobupolitika. Esi siseko solu lwalamano sikwisidimanisa somsebenzi we- u-Civic umsebenzi [ kunye [[FLT]] namalungelo amalungelo []. Ngaphantsi kwendlela edityanisiweyo, ezi ngcamango zimbini zichaza iimbopheleleko zabemi kunye neziqinisekisiso zikarhulumente kufuneka ziqinisekise ukuba loo mbopheleleko zizalisekisiwe. Kubafundisi, abafundi, kunye nabemi ababo batshaye, abahlolileyo, oku kungelo olu ngqungquthelayo nje kuphela asilulo lwemfundo yemfundo — luluncedo ekuphumeleni kwemibutho yolawulo lwanamhlanje kunye nokulondolo lwezo lwezo lwezo lwezolawulo lwezolawulo lwezolawulo lwe-demokhrasi.

Ukuchaza Indima Ephambili: Ngaphezu Kokuphosa Ibhola

Umsebenzi we-CUBIC uquka uludwe olupheleleyo lweembopheleleko ezikhoyo abantu njengamalungu oluntu. Ngoxa ukuvota kusesona simbo sibonakalayo somsebenzi karhulumente, ingcamango ingaphaya kwebhokisi ye-collet. Iquka ukuhlala benolwazi ngemibandela kawonke wonke, ukuhlawula irhafu, ukukhonza kwiikomiti zejaji, nokuncedisa kwimisebenzi elungileyo ngobuchule obuqhelekileyo ngoncedo lokuzithandela okanye ngolawulo lobuhlanga. Olu mbono lubonakalayo lwe-Riphabliki, abemi abangobantu abalawulwa nje kuphela — bangabavelisi bobuzwe bemekobume bezobupolitika. Njengokuba ngaphambili iJanuuni Louis Branders yaphawula ngokudumileyo, “Umgangatho wethu kuphela kwidemokhrasithi yomnye umgangatho ophezulu wobumi." Lo mkhwa welungelo woluntu loluntu noluntu olunelo:

Ukuqonda umsebenzi wezentlalo kukwathetha ukuqaphela ukuba iyaguquka ngokuhamba kwexesha. Kwimbali yamandulo yaseMerika, ubumi bamazwe babungachazwanga kakuhle, kwaye amaqela amaninzi aye akhutshwa ekuthabatheni inxaxheba ngokupheleleyo. Namhlanje, umsebenzi wezentlalo ukhule ukuquka isibopho sokukhusela amalungelo abanye nokungalingani okulucelomngeni. Le ndaleko inxulumene ngokuthe ngqo nokwanda kwamalungelo okuvota — ngenxa yokuba ngaphandle kwelungelo lokuvota, ezinye iintlobo ezininzi zombutho zasekuhlaleni azinanzekanga.

Indima Esisiseko Yokwabelana Ngamalungelo Kwidemokhrasi

Amalungelo okuvota azisiqinisekiso somthetho nomgaqo-siseko esivumela abemi ukuba babe nenxaxheba ekukhetheni abameli babo. La malungelo awangomthetho nje oqhelekileyo; yinkqubo echazwa ngayo imvume kawonke-wonke kwaye urhulumente ugunyaziswe ngayo. Xa amalungelo okuvota ewomelezwa anamandla kwaye equlethwe, idemokhrasi iyachuma. Xa ethintelwa okanye ethotyiwe, inkqubo yonke ifumana ingxaki esemthethweni.

Ukubaluleka kwamalungelo okuvota kunokubonwa kwiinkalo eziliqela:

  • Ingxelo: iqinisekisa ukuba ukwahluka-hluka kwabemi — ngokohlanga, ubufana, imeko yezoqoqosho, kunye nejografi — kuboniswa kwimibutho yemithetho kunye nezigqibo zenkqubo.
  • Ubalo lwemali: [ Amagosa agwetyelweyo aziyo ukuba angavotelwa ngaphandle kwesikhundla asabela ngakumbi kwiimfuno zabasebenzi bawo.
  • Isenzo sokuvota sinika umntu ngamnye isibonda esibonakalayo kwibutho lakhe, sikhuthaza ingqiqo yombutho kunye nokuba ngamalungu.
  • Ukhuseleko lwamanye amalungelo: amalungelo ebeyindawo embalini apho amaqela agwetyelweyo aye afumana khona inkululeko yasekuhlaleni, ukusuka kwimfundo elinganayo ukuya kwindlu elungileyo.

NJENGOKO ACLU ichaza[, “Umngeni ngumbombo wedemokhrasi yethu. Xa abantu bekhanyelwe ilungelo lokuvota, bavaliwe kwinkqubo yedemokhrasi.” Lo mgaqo awungeni, ukanti imbali yamalungelo okuvota eUnited States ityhila ixesha elide kwaye iyaqhubeka izama ukuyenza into yokwenene kumntu ngamnye.

Imbali: Iziganeko Ezibalaseleyo Ekulweni Namalungelo Abantu

Ibali lamalungelo okuvota eMelika alilolokuhamba phambili okuzinzileyo, okungenakuphepheka. Endaweni yoko, libali loloyiso olunzima, ukuxhathisa okuzingisileyo, kunye namadabi aqhubekayo. Ukuqonda le mbali kubalulekile kuye nabani na ofuna ukuqonda uxanduva lomsebenzi weso sizwe.

IMbutho Yolwaphulo - mthetho Nohlaziyo Lwe - 19

Intshukumo yamabhinqa, eyaphumela ekuqukunjelweni koMphetho-mda we-1919 ngowe-1920, yayiliphulo elithabatha amashumi eminyaka elacel ’ umngeni izithethe ezinzulu zobufanasini kunye nemiqathango esemthethweni. Iinkokeli ezinjenge Susan B. Anthony[ kunye [[FLT:] [FLT]] [[FLD]] [2] iElizath Cady Stanton[ zathi amabhinqa akanakukwazi ukuphumeza imisebenzi yawo ye-omini yoluntu ngaphandle kwelungelo lokuvota. Izenzo zabo zomrhumo, ukuvukela, ukungathobeli, nokukhuthaza — zibonisa indlela umsebenzi woluntu onokuthi uguqulela ngayo uluntu. Ngokuqwalaye, ulawulo lwe-19 lwawonke ulawulo lwamabhinqa; iMiqatha yemithetho-o-mthetho yaqhubeka nomthetho womthetho wabafazi abaninzi, kwanawokuqhubeka nomthetho womthetho wangaphambili.

IQumrhu lamaLungelo laMasipala kunye noMthetho wokuNika amalungelo

Mhlawumbi alikho ixesha elicace ngakumbi elibonisa ukudibana komsebenzi woburhulumente namalungelo okuvota njengeMbutho yaMalungelo oluntu. AmaMerika aseAfrika aye akhutshwa ngokucwangcisiweyo ngeerhafu zonyulo, iimvavanyo zobufundisi, kunye noloyiso logonyamelo aluvumanga ukwamkela ubumi beklasi yesibini. Amakhefu ukusuka kuSelma ukuya kuMontgomey, ukuhlala kunye nenkululeko ayezizenzo zomsebenzi onzulu woluntu — abemi balapho babezibeka esichengeni sokhuseleko lwabo ukuze bafune ilungelo lomgaqo-siseko.

Isiphumo sasinguMthetho wamaLungelo [[FLT: 0] ka1965, inxalenye yomthetho ophawulayo owavalayo uqheliselo lokuvota. Njenge uVimba lweSizwe lwamaphetshana[, isenzo “sifuna ukoyisa imiqobo esemthethweni kurhulumente nakumgangatho wasekuhlaleni owathintela ama-Afrika ukuba angakwazi ukusebenzisa ilungelo lawo lokuvota.” Yayiquka amalungiselelo anjengolawulo lukarhulumente lwezenzo zonyulo kwimbali yocalulo. Kangangamashumi eminyaka, sasithathwa njengenye yamalungelo asebenzayo abemi akha agunyaziswayo.

Ukwandisa iFranchisies: UMthetho - ngqangi We - 26 Nangaphezulu

Ukunyanzelelwa kwamalungelo okuvota akuzange kuphele ngo1965. Ngexesha lemfazwe yaseVietnam, abaxhasi baphikisa ngelithi ukuba ii-18-minyaka yooponji benokubizelwa ukulwa nokufela ilizwe labo, babefanele ilungelo lokuvota. Oku kuqiqa — ukubophelela umnikelo wohlanga kwilungelo lokufumana i-frankase — kukubonakaliswa okunamandla komsebenzi wezentlalo-ntle. [[FLT:] 26th Construption[, igunyaziswe ngo-1971, ithoba i-18. Kamva imfazwe yokuvota ijolise kwimiqobo eseleyo yolwimi, abantu abambalwa, nabakhubazekileyo, nabakhe bevalelwe.

Izisongelo Zangoku Zokwabelana Ngamalungelo kunye Nokuthatha Inxaxheba

Nangona inkulungwane edluleyo iqhubeka, amalungelo okuvota namhlanje anokujamelana neengxaki eziphawulekayo. Ukudibana komsebenzi wesigqeba namalungelo okuvota kubonakala ngokucacileyo xa kuthintelwa ukuba kufikelelwe kwiloti.

Imithetho yeVoter kunye nobuchule bocinezelo

Imithetho yokwahlula engqongqo, efuna iintlobo ezithile ze-ID yefoto ukuphosa ibhola, iye yamiswa kumazwe amaninzi. Ngelixesha abaxhasi bephikisanayo bathintela ukuqhatha, uphando lubonisa ukuba ukuvota kunqabile kakhulu. Okwangoku, le mithetho ingayisusa inzala yabalupheleyo, ingeniso ephantsi, kwaye ivoti abambalwa abanokufumana uqwalaselo olufunekayo. Brenan Center yengxelo yeJaji [, “Imithetho yokuvota iyaqhubeka idluliswa kumazwe aliko, yenza kube nzima ukufaneleka kokubhalisa nokuvota."

Ukwenziwa kwe-Gerrymander kunye nomelo olungalinganiyo

Gerrymandering — uqheliselo lokumisela imida yesithili sokhetho ukuze kuthandwe iqela elinye okanye iqela — lululaza umgaqo wokuba ukuvota kommi ngamnye kuthwele ubunzima obulinganayo. Xa isithili sikrolwe ngeendlela ezidambisa impembelelo yeminye imibutho, umsebenzi wesizwe wokuvota uphelelwa ngamandla. INkundla ePhakamileyo iye yagqiba kwelokuba ukuphembelela okugqithisileyo kuphakamisa umbandela wezopolitiko ongaphaya kwamandla enkundla yorhulumente, kushiye imigudu yokulungisa inyathelo lombuso kunye namaqela olawulo lwezikhundla.

Izixhobo zokukhupha iVoter kunye nemithwalo yolawulo

Esinye isisongelo kukususwa okucwangcisiweyo kwabavoti abafanelekileyo kwiincwadi zokubhalisa. Ngokuqhelekileyo bagwetyelwa “njengogcino loluhlu,” ezi zinto zokuhlambulula zingasusa ngempazamo abavoti abasemthethweni, ingakumbi abo basandul' ukufuduka okanye ababolekiyo kunyulo olumbalwa. Badityaniswe neeyure zokuvota ezilinganiselweyo, ukuvalwa kweendawo zokuvota kwimimandla encinane, kunye neenkqubo zokubhalisa ezinzima, ezi zibangela “imisebenzi yokuchitha iphepha lokuzinzisa” ezivavanya ukuzinikela kwabemi ukukoyisa.

Kubo bakwaziyo ukuqhuba le miqobo, ukuvota akuyonto nje efunekayo kodwa kuyindlela yokuxhathisa. Lo ngumzekelo ocacileyo wokudibana kwemida: xa inkqubo yenza kube nzima ukwenza umsebenzi ofanelekileyo, ukuphumeza loo msebenzi kufuna umgudu, ukulungelelaniswa nokunyamezela.

Indima Yemfundo Ekuqiniseni Umanyano Lwesityalo

Ukuba amalungelo okuvota ngamalungelo angena kwidemokhrasi, imfundo yiyona nto iphambili ekuyivuleleni. Ukuba ngumnini-khaya owaziweyo kunokwenzeka ukuba aqonde ukubaluleka kokuvota, aqaphele izisongelo ezitshayelelwayo, kwaye abe nenxaxheba ngokunentsingiselo kubomi bukawonke-wonke. Izikolo, imibutho yasekuhlaleni, kunye namajelo eendaba konke kunendima ekuhlakuleleni umsebenzi wezentlalo-ntle.

Imfundo Efanelekileyo

Ngokufuthi, imfundo yezentlalo incitshiswa ukuze icengceleze amasebe amathathu karhulumente.

  • Indaleko yamalungelo okuvota kunye nemigudu eqhubekayo yokwandisa okanye ukulinganisela.
  • Izixhobo ze-advocation — ukusuka ekubhaleni ukuya kunyulwa amagosa ukuya kulungiselela iziganeko zoluntu
  • [[UMTL: 0] ufundo lokuvula iintetho luyafuneka ukuvavanya ulwazi lwezopolitiko nokuchonga i-disolution.
  • I ukunduluka kwemibutho yentlalo eyayisebenzisa umsebenzi woluntu njengonyanzelo lotshintsho.

Iinkqubo ezifana ne ii-pics, eziye zasekwa yiJaji yeNkundla ePhakamileyo uSandra Day O’Connor, zinika ubuncwane bamahhala obubandakanya abafundi kwiimfaniso zeengxaki zelizwe lokwenene loluntu. Ezi zixhobo zinceda ibrorho ephakathi kwamalungelo angaqhelekanga kunye noxanduva oluphilayo.

Ukufunda Okukhuthazayo

Imfundo yeklasi yodwa ayinele. Abafundi bafuna amathuba okubhalisa imvume yoluntu. Izikolo zingalungiselela ukuvota, zinokuvota ngokungca, zimeme amagosa ukuba athethe, zikhuthaza ukuba athathe inxaxheba kurhulumente wabafundi. Imisebenzi yenkonzo yoluntu ethetha ngemibandela yasekuhlaleni — njengokucoca ipaki, inqwelo-mafutha yokutya, okanye iphulo lokubhalisa inzala — ivumela abafundi babone impembelelo engqalileyo yemigudu yabo. Xa abantu abaselula befumana ulwaneliseko lokunceda abanye abantu, basenokuwuthwala lowo mkhwa bakhulele.

Ukuthetha Ngokuphelelwa Lithemba Kwecebo

Olunye ucelomngeni olwandayo kukuphelelwa lithemba kwabantu — imvakalelo yabaninzi, ngokukodwa abavoti abaselula, yokuba inkqubo yophukile yaye ukuba nenxaxheba kwabo akuyonto ibalulekileyo. Imfundo imele imelane ngqo nalo mgxeki. Ngokufundisa imbali yendlela abantu abaqhelekileyo abaye bashukumisa ngayo inaliti — ukususela kwimpumlo yabakhweli bobuhlanya ukuya kwimibutho yale mihla — abafundisi banokubonisa ukuba umsebenzi wequmrhutha awunto yanto.

Imbono Yomhlaba Wonke Ngamalungelo Omsebenzi

Amazwe ehlabathini lonke, awalwi ngemibuzo efanayo: Ngubani omele avote? Kuthetha ukuthini ukuba ngummi olungileyo? Urhulumente unokuqinisekisa njani ukuba ukuba nenxaxheba kunelungelo nembopheleleko?

Kumazwe afana ne-Ostreliya, ukuvota okunyanzelisayo kuthathwa njengomsebenzi wesizwe onyanzeliswe ngumthetho — abemi abangakwaziyo ukuvota bangajongana nentlawulo elungileyo. Abaxhasi baphikisa ngelithi ukuqhatha kukhokelela ekunyukeni kakhulu nasekuphumezeni iziphumo ezingakumbi, kwaye kususa umthwalo wokubhalisa kubantu abathile. Noko ke, abagxeki bacebisa ukuba ukuvota okunyanzelekileyo kuphazamisa inkululeko yabo siqu kwaye kunokubangela ukuba abantu abangakwazi ukubhalisa.

Ezinye izizwe, njenge Estonia, ziye zafakela u-'FLT'' u-' ukwenza kubelula ukuthabatha inxaxheba, ukunciphisa imiqobo yomgama nexesha. Okwangoku, amanye amazwe ayakuthintela ukusetyenziswa kobuhlanga, ubundlobongela, okanye kwanobuhlanga. Ukuthelekisa ezi ndlela kunceda ekukhanyiseleni ukhetho olumele lwenziwe yintlalo nganye ngokulungelelana phakathi kwamalungelo nemisebenzi.

Ukukhusela Indawo Edibana Ngayo: Oko Abemi Banokukwenza

Ukuqonda ukudibana komsebenzi woburhulumente namalungelo okuvota linyathelo lokuqala. Ukukhusela idemokhrasi, abantu kufuneka bathathe inyathelo. Nazi iindlela ezisebenzayo abemi abanokuzomeleza kuzo zombini inxaxheba abanayo namalungelo abanye:

  • Unyulo lwendawo lusoloko lunempembelelo ecacileyo kubomi bemihla ngemihla.
  • [[UMTL:0] Hlala usazi [ malunga nemithetho ecetyiweyo kunye nemilinganiselo yebhola ekhatywayo. Funda imithombo emininzi kunye nentelekelelo yento.
  • [ Imibutho ye-Support ekhusela amalungelo okuvota, njengeNaACP Ukhuselo lomthetho wezimali okanye uManyano lwaMantokazi Voters.
  • iVolunteer njengomsebenzi wovotelo okanye ivoti yobhaliso kwingingqi yakho.
  • [[UMTL:0] Thetha phandle [ ngokuchasa. Bhala kumagosa anyuliweyo, kuthethwano noluntu, kwaye usebenzise ijelo lonxibelelwano.
  • [[[UMTL:0] fundisa abanye [ — ingakumbi abantu abaselula — ngembali nokubaluleka kokuvota.

Ezi zenzo zibonisa ukuqonda okunzulu ukuba umsebenzi wasekuhlaleni awuyonto nje elula kodwa uyinto ephambili. Xa udityaniswe namalungelo anamandla okuvota, wenza umjikelo olungileyo: okukhona abantu bewasebenzisa ngakumbi amalungelo abo, kokukhona bewaxabisa, yaye okukhona besebenzela ngakumbi ukubakhusela.

Isiphelo: Imbopheleleko Eqhubekayo

Ukudibana kwemisebenzi yasekuhlaleni namalungelo okuvota asiyonto imiselweyo — lulwalamano oluphilayo, olunempembelelo oluguqukayo nesizukulwana ngasinye.

Kubafundisi-mfundo nabafundi, ukuphuma kwemali kucacile. Ukunika amalungelo kusisiqinisekiso esisemthethweni sokuba umsebenzi wesizwe wenza ube nentsingiselo; umsebenzi wesizwe yimbopheleleko yobuqu enika amalungelo abo okuvota. Umntu akanakho ngokupheleleyo ngaphandle komnye. Njengoko sijamelene nocelomngeni olutsha — ukusuka ekungachazini kwemiqathango ye-minutal ukuya kwimiqathango yomthetho — lo mgaqo uyaqhubeka ungatshintshi: ulawulo-demokhrasi olufanelekileyo lufuna amalungelo neembopheleleko zomntu. Ngokufundisa oku kudibaneka, sixhobisa isizukulwana esilandelayo kungekuphela nje ukuqonda idemokhrasi kodwa nokuyixhasa.