Ukwazisa: Ingxaki Esisiseko Yolawulo

Ukulungelelaniswa kwegunya lezobupolitika kuzisa ucelomngeni olungapheliyo kwinkululeko yabantu. Urhulumente osebenzayo uyimfuneko ukulungiselela ukhuseleko, ukunyanzelisa imithetho, kunye nokwakha izibonelelo. Ngaphandle kwayo, ibutho labantu lisengozini yokuhla kwisiphithiphithi. Kodwa urhulumente onikwe amandla okwenza ezi zinto ukwanikwa amandla okucinezela. Umba ophambili wolawulo lomgaqo-siseko yindlela yokunika urhulumente amandla aneleyo okufeza imisebenzi yakhe ngoxa uthintela ekubeni ube sisisongelo kubantu abamele basebenze. Lo mbuzo ufuna inkqubo yemida. Ukulungelelaniso lwamandla, olufikelelwa ngemiqathango yomthetho, imida esemthethweni, kunye nobumi obusebenzayo, kusebenza njengendlela yokuqala yokukhusela amalungelo abantu nokugcina ibutho elikhululekileyo. Ukuqonda indlela le mida esebenzayo esetyenziswa ngayo kunye nemigaqo esemva kwabo kuyimfuneko ngayo ekulondolozeni ulawulo lwe-demokhrasi.

Imvelaphi Yolawulo Olulinganiselweyo

Ingcamango yokulawula igunya likarhulumente ayizange ivele nakancinane okanye kuxwebhu, ngenxa yendaleko yezobupolitika, amava asebenzisekayo nengcamango yentanda - bulumko ephathelele uhlobo lwegunya namalungelo abantu.

Abaveli bamandulo nabaphakathi

Ihlabathi lamandulo lanikela uluvo lwangaphambili ngeengozi zolawulo-mpumlo oluphezulu. UAristotle, kwisifundo sakhe sedemokhrasi yase-Athene kunye nezinye izixeko zamaGrike, walumkisa ukuba uhlobo ngalunye lukarhulumente lungaguqukela ekubeni lulawulo olunzima, i-oligarch, kunye nolawulo lwehlokondiba. Waxhasa urhulumente oxubeneyo, ukudibanisa izinto zokwakha uzinzo. IRiphabliki yamaRoma yaphuhlisa inkqubo entsonkothile yeendibano, i-conuls, kunye ne-senete eyayilwayo yokusasaza igunya nokukhusela nawu ngamnye ekulawuleni. I-Cicero yaphikisa i-omatilo-omatiliti yegunya eqeqeshiweyo umgaqo karhulumente opheleleyo , i-Riphabliki-mthetho olawulwa ngabalawuli abalawuli be-magne. I-Magnayibhin 1215 kuxwebhu olusemthethweni olugunyazisa umthetho osemthethweni oluchazinziswe ngukumkani ukuba uvunyiweyo ukuba uvunyiweyolo olo

Ingcamango Yokukhanyiselwa Kwamalungelo Emvelo Nokwahlukana

Ucwangciso lwangoku lukarhulumente olinganiselweyo lwayilwa ngexesha loKhanyiso. UJohn Locke waphikisa ngelithi abantu banelungelo lendalo lobomi, inkululeko, kunye nempahla ekhoyo ngaphambi korhulumente. Urhulumente, ngokwembono yakhe, sisivumelwano soluntu esenziwe yimvume yokulawulwa ukuze kukhuselwe la malungelo. Ukuba urhulumente ulwelela oku kukholoso, abantu banelungelo lokuxhathisa nokulibeka endaweni yalo. Iingcamango zomntu zicelw'ulawulo lobuthixo zicekelelw'elwa ngokwahlukileyo kwimisebenzi yolawulo lwamasebe amathathu. UBaron de Montesquieu, Umoya woMthetho [FLT: 1], uqhube ufundo olubanzi lwezopolitikitiko kwaye ugqibe kwelokuba indlela yokunqanda ubuzwilalw bokuba lilonke ubuzwilamqeqe. Ubeko oluno olunolwahlulweyo, kwaye uyakwazi ukubonakalisa ukuphatha ngokugweba, ngokugweba amanye amazwe, ngokuqinisekisa ukuba anegunya.

Ukusetyenziswa Kwendlela Ethile EMerika

Abaseki beMerika baququzelela ezi ngcamango zoKhanyiso kwinkqubo esebenzisekayo karhulumente. UJames Madison, edwelisa ngamandla kuMontesquie noLocke, waphikisa kwiManyano yamaPhepha ukuba isakhiwo sikarhulumente sasiyisivikelo saso esiphambili ekulweni nobuzwilakhe. KuFederal u-No. 51, uMadison wabhala ngokudumileyo ukuba ukuba ukuba ukuba abantu babezizithunywa zezulu, akukho rhulumente ubuya kuba yimfuneko. Njengoko zingenjalo, [[FLT:] imfuno mayiyenziwe ukulwa nebhongo . Umgaqo womGawula wadala iRhulumente onamandla aphinda-hlukeneyo, ukwahlulwa kwamandla phakathi kwamasebe amathathu, kunye nenkqubo entsoko elungele ukhuseleko olulungiselelwe iimfanelo zobugcisayo obungabodwa nxamnye norhulumente. Oku kuvavanywa komgaqo-Melikane kwakulimenteni kwakungumgaqo wokuqala wokuzama ukuzama umgaqo omkhulu omthetho omthetho osemthethweni obhaliweyo.

Intsika zokwakha zikarhulumente womGaqo-siseko

Ukulinganisela igunya likarhulumente kufuna okungaphezulu kunokuzibophelela nje kwintanda-bulumko.

Umthetho-siseko noMthetho

Umgaqo-siseko obhaliweyo usebenza njengomthetho ophakamileyo welizwe, ubophelela bonke abadlali borhulumente. Uchaza ulawulo lwegunya likarhulumente, umisela iinkqubo zokwenza imithetho, kwaye uyalela izenzo ezithile zikarhulumente. Umgaqo womthetho uthetha ukuba wonke umntu, kuquka amagosa karhulumente, uphantsi komthetho. Akukho namnye ongaphezulu kwalo. Oku kuthintela ukusetyenziswa kolawulo oluzenzekelayo lwamandla. Iinkundla ze- Independent ziyimfuneko ekunyanzeleni le mida. Amandla okuhlola, amiselwa kumongokwaseMerika [[FLT: 0]. [FLT]] , kuvumela iinkundla ukuba zibethelele phantsi imithetho echasene nomgaqo-siseko. La mandla aqinisekisa ukuba umgaqo womgaqo ophilayo nesenzo solawulo, angamiselwangaqwalathiwenkqubo nje.

Ukwahlukana Kwamagunya

Ulwahlulo lorhulumente kwisebe lowiso-mthetho, elilawulayo, nelokugweba lusikhuselo olungundoqo ekuphathweni ngengcinezelo. Indlu yowiso-mthetho yenza imithetho, igunya eliphetheyo liyayinyanzelisa, kwaye igwebi liyayichaza. Ngokunika le misebenzi icacileyo kwimibutho eyahlukeneyo, le nkqubo ithintela nayiphi na into ekhoyo ekusebenziseni amandla apheleleyo karhulumente. IBhunga alinakunyanzelisa imithetho edlulayo; uMongameli akanakwenza imithetho; iinkundla zixhomekeke kwamanye amasebe ukuze ziqhube imiyalelo yayo. Olu lwahlulo luqinisekisa ukuba igunya lisasazwe kwaye isebe ngalinye limele lilungelelane nabanye ukuze liphumele usukelo lwalo.

Iingqinipho - bume Nokulungelelana Okuqheliselwayo

Ngaphezu kokwahlulwa okulula, inkqubo yeBhunga laseMerika inika isebe ngalinye izixhobo ezikhethekileyo zokumisela amagunya abanye. UMongameli angawubeka umthetho odluliselwe yiBhunga, kodwa iKhomishini inokwenza ukuba loo mthetho usebenze ngokugqithisileyo. UMongameli umisela abagwebi nabaphathi-mikhosi abalawulayo, kodwa iNdlu yeNkulumbuso mayibaqinisekise. IBhunga iyalawula uqingqo-mali kwaye ivakalise imfazwe, inika uhlolo olunamandla kwisenzo solawulo oluphezulu. Iinkundla zelizwe zingavakalisa izenzo zegunya okanye imithetho engamiselwanga. Indlu inokuba amagosa akwisebe elilawulayo, kwaye iNsungulo inokubasusa kwisikhundla. Le nkqubo yegunya elingenalo linye nesolwayo kwaye inyanzele ukuphendula ityala. Iyenza ingasebenzi inkqubo yomthetho kwaye yenza kube nzima ukutshintsha kweso guquko sokwexeshana ukusongela amalungelo.

Umanyano: Imilinganiselo Ephakamileyo Emandlani

Ukongeza kukwahlula amandla athe tyaba phakathi kwamasebe, urhulumente worhulumente wahlula amandla ngokuthe nkqo phakathi korhulumente wesizwe norhulumente. Urhulumente wesizwe unikwa amandla akhethekileyo, adweliswe ngamagunya. Onke amanye amagunya agcinelwe amazwe okanye abantu, njengoko kuqinisekiswe nguMphetho-Mgaqo-siseko weshumi. Oku kubekwa kwegunya kunika uhlolo olunamandla kumandla aphakathi. Amazwe asebenza njenge "ooomashishini bedemokhrasi," ukuzama ngemigaqo eyahlukileyo. Inginginya iyakwazi ukuvota ngeenyawo zabo, ishukushelanisa ukuba nemithetho elungeleleneyo nemilinganiselo yabo. Kwakhona oorhulumente banika umlinganiselo olinganayo kwigunya lolawulo lorhulumente, ukuqhubana ngokuchuliweyo, ukuququzelelana kwentluko, kunye nezenzo zokuzimela.

Iziqinisekiso Ezisemthethweni Zenkululeko Kumntu Ngamnye

Imilinganiselo yokwakhelwa kwegunya likarhulumente iyimfuneko, kodwa ayinele. Ulungiselelo olubanzi lwenkululeko lufuna iziqinisekiso ezithe ngqo ezisemthethweni ezikhusela abantu ekungeneleni korhulumente.

Isiqinisekiso Samalungelo Njengokupheliswa Kwamalungelo

IBhili yamaLungelo imisa ummandla wokuzilawula okungenakuphazamisa urhulumente. IsiHlanzi soQoqo soQoqo-siseko sokuqala sithintela imithetho ephathelele ukusekwa konqulo okanye ukuthintelwa kokusetyenziswa kwalo ngokukhululekileyo. Sikhusela inkululeko yokuthetha, yokushicilela, yokuhlanganisa, nesicelo. Ezi zikhuseli ziqinisekisa ukuba abemi banokugxeka urhulumente wabo, bamisele inkcaso, kwaye bamele balwele utshintsho ngaphandle koloyiko lokuziphindezela. ISindululo seSihlaziyo soMbeko sikhusela ekuphangweni nokuxhwaleka okungekho ngqiqwele. Imithetho efuna isiqinisekiso esisekelwe kwisizathu esilindelekileyo. Umgaqo wesihlanu ukhusela inkqubo efanelekileyo yomthetho, ukhusela ekuzinzisweni kwe-incrincrine, kwaye uyalela ukuthatha impahla yangasetyenziswa ngokusesikweni ngaphandle kwentlawulo nje. Le miqatha imiqatha yomthetho esemthethweni elawula urhulumente.

Inkqubela efanelekileyo nokhuseleko olulinganayo

ISichibiyelo seshumi elinesine sidlulisela uninzi lwale migaqo yokukhusela urhulumente kunye noorhulumente basekuhlaleni kwinkqubo yokubandakanya. Isiqinisekiso saso sokhuseleko olulinganayo lomthetho sifuna ukuba urhulumente aphathe bonke abantu ngokusesikweni nangaphandle kocalulo olungekho sesikweni. INkundla ePhakamileyo iye yasebenzisa eli candelo ukubetha imithetho enyanzela ukuba ucalucalulo lohlanga lunyanzeliswe, lukhanyelwe amalungelo okuvota, kwaye lucalulwe ngokweecalucalucalulo olusekelwe kwisini nakuhlawulwano. Inkqubo efunekayo yokukhusela okusesikweni ikhusela bonke abantu ngokobulungisa bomthetho kunye namalungelo asisiseko asisiseko [[FLT]. .]. La malungiselelo aqinisekisa ukuba urhulumente akanakusebenza ngokulula ngaphandle kobulungisa umntu ngaphandle kobulungisa kwaye amele aphathe bonke abantu bonke abantu phantsi komthetho.

UMthetho wolawulo nokuphendula kwe-arhente

Kule mihla, umsebenzi omninzi karhulumente wenziwe ngabasemagunyeni abalawulayo. La masebe adibanisa imithetho, isebe eliphetheyo, kunye nemisebenzi yokugweba, edala isisongelo kulungelelwano lwamandla. Umthetho woLawulo usebenza njengovavanyo kula masebe. La maqumrhu alawulayo afuna ukuba amaziko anike isaziso sikawonke-wonke semithetho ecetyisiweyo, ukwamkela iingcaciso zikawonke-wonke, kwaye akhupha iingcaciso zezigqibo zesigqibo sawo. Izenzo ze-arhentelligement ziphantsi kohlalutyo, zivumela iinkundla ukuba zibethe imithetho engekho mthethweni, okanye zigqithe igunya lesebe. Ezi zibonelo zimele ukuvela komthetho ezimele ukubonakala nokuphendula kwimeko yolawulo, ziqinisekisa ukuba iingcali neebhulo-bhusayithi aziqhube imigaqo yomthetho.

Uluntu Lwasekuhlaleni: Abantu Baye Bagqibela

Izakhiwo zorhulumente neencwadi ezisemthethweni azinakuqinisekiswa ukuba abemi balapha bayazinyanzelisa. Ibutho labemi, elibunjwe lunxulumano lokuzithandela, amaqela okhuthuzo, amajelo-ndaba, kunye nabemi abatshayelelweyo, linika ingcebiso ebalulekileyo yokuziphendulela.

Umatshini Wokushicilela Ozimeleyo Ofumaneka Ngesisa

Iphephandaba elikhululekileyo lisebenza njengesixhobo sokugada ulawulo lukarhulumente. Intatheli ezingenisa imali zityhila urhwaphilizo, zibhenca ukuziphatha okubi, zixelela uluntu ngendlela ezisetyenziswa ngayo ii-dola zabo zerhafu. Impapasho yePentagon Papers yatyhila inkohliso karhulumente ngemfazwe yaseVietnam. Uphengululo lweWatergate lwakhokelela ekuwisweni komongameli. Uphando lwangaphandle lubaluleke kakhulu ekufikeleleni kwiqondo elifanelekileyo lamandla kangangokuba ludla ngokubizwa ngokuba yi-Gracerd. Xa ucinezelo lusongelwa lusongelo lukarhulumente, ukuchonga, okanye ukuchonga, olunye lwee-chemelwa kwempumelelo kumandla lunqandwa. Ukukhusela ukuzimela kweentantathe kunye nemibutho yeendaba kubalulekile ekuphenduleni uluntu.

Imibutho yobutyala nokuphendula ngokusemthethweni

Amaqela anomdla kunye nemibutho engeyoyangorhulumente yenza indima ebalulekileyo ekubekeni urhulumente obeke ityala. Imibutho efana ne-American Civil Liberties Union (ACLU) izisa ukumangalelwa ukuze ivavanye izenzo zikarhulumente ezichasene namalungelo omgaqo-siseko. Amaqela karhulumente alungileyo afumana intsebenziswano, inkxaso-mali, kunye nenkcazo yemithetho yokuziphatha. Amaqumrhu endalo angenayo imithetho enyanzelisa ungcoliseko. Le mibutho ikhuthaza ubuncwane kunye nobuchule bokulawula izenzo zikarhulumente ezinokuba nzima kuye nawuphi na umntu ukuba avavanyele ngokwawo. Asebenza njengeejaji-the-mikhosi, emisela imiqathango esemthethweni kumandla karhulumente.

Intshukumo ye-Grassroot kunye nokuthatha inxaxheba

Imbali ibonisa ukuba abemi abalungelelanisiweyo banokulungisa ukungalingani kwegunya. Umbutho wamalungelo abantu usebenzise ukuqhankqalaza okungenazidlodlo, imingeni engomthetho, kunye nocwangciso lwezopolitiko ukuchitha inkqubo kaJim Crow Confusion kunye nokukhusela urhulumente kumalungelo okuvota. Umbutho wamabhinqa uchitha amashumi eminyaka ezama ukuchola. Umbutho wabasebenzi wafumana ukhuseleko lwabasebenzi. Le mibutho ibonisa ukuba xa amaziko asemthethweni engaphumeleli ukukhusela amalungelo, abemi bangalungiselela ukunyanzela utshintsho. Ukungenela kukawonke-wonke kwiiholo zedolophu, ukuva ucweyo, unyulo, nemibutho yezentengiso inika umthombo oqhubekayo wamandla olawulo lwedemokhrasi agcina urhulumente esabelayo kunye nokuphendula.

Ucelomngeni Lwanamhlanje Lokusebenzisa Amandla Afanelekileyo

Nangona kwavela amandla amakhulu kangangeenkulungwane, ukukwazi ukuwa kakuhle kuxhomekeke ekuwohlokeni kwezixhobo kule mihla.

Ukuhambela phambili Kwamandla Alawulayo

Isebe elilawulayo liye lakhula ngokuphawulekayo ukususela kwixesha lokusekwa. Abameli baxhomekeka ngokuqhubekayo kwimiyalelo yabalawuli yokufikelela iinjongo zenkqubo ngaphandle kokuvunyelwa yingqungquthela. Urhulumente wolawulo uye wakhula ngobukhulu nangobungakanani, usebenzisa amandla abalulekileyo kwezoqoqosho, ezonyango, kunye nemekobume. Ukusetyenziswa kwezivumelwano zegunya ngokuyintloko kuye kwathabathel ’ indawo izivumelwano ezisesikweni. Oku kukhula kwamandla alawulayo kusongela ukulungelelanisa indima yesebe lemithetho njengomakhi wezomthetho. Ingqungquthela iye yathanda ukungafuni ukuqinisa igunya layo, ukumisela igunya elibanzi kumaziko nokusilela ukulungiselela ukuphatha.

Ukuhlaziywa kwezobupolitika kunye ne-Gridlock yeziko

Ukungalawuleki okugqithiseli kwezobupolitika kuye kwaphelisa izithethe ezininzi ezingacwangciswanga eziye zabangela inkqubo isebenze. I-partisan gerymander iye yadala izithili ezikhuselekileyo, inciphisa ukuphendula kokhetho. Ukwanda kokusetyenziswa kwe-monicbuster kwiNdlu yeQela kukwenze kwaba nzima ukudlulisa umthetho, kukhokelela kwiqhina lokuvala imigca. Le ntambo idla ngokubhiyozelwa njengembonakalo yenkqubo, kodwa ikwathintela urhulumente ekucombululeni iingxaki ezicinezelayo, ezinokuthi zinciphise ukholo lukawonke-wonke kumasebe olawulo-demokhrasi. Ulwando lungakhokelela ekudimazeleni ukudibaniseni intsko phakathi kwamasebe, kunye noMongameli abaphatha ezinye njengeekhesakhesanezo, kunokuba baphathwe njengeentshaba kulawulo.

Izisongelo Zenkululeko Yogwebo

Ijaji ezimeleyo ibalulekile ekunyanzeleni imiqathango emiselwe igunya likarhulumente. Xa iinkundla zijongwa njengabadlali bezopolitiko abalwayo abanobuhlanga kunokuba zibe ngabaxhasi bobundilele bomthetho, igunya lazo liyancitshiswa. Ukuhlaselwa kwegunya leenkundla, ukusilela ukuthobela imiyalelo yenkundla, kunye nezicelo zokwandisa okanye ukusungula kwakhona iinkundla zobupolitika ukuze kungenelwe kusongela ukuma komthetho. Ngaphandle komgwebi onamandla nohlonelwayo, amanye amasebe akanasongelo lungako lokuhlonela imiqathango yemithetho. Ukukhusela ukuzimela kwejaji yejaji kungundoqo wokulondoloza ulungelelwano lwegunya lilo lonke.

Ukungaqondakali Nokungahambelani Kwenyaniso

Idemokhrasi esebenza ifuna ubumi obuneenjongo ezisisiseko ezinxulumene nezibakala. Ukuvela kwamajelo eendaba, amaphulo okusasaza ulwazi, kunye nemithombo yeendaba echaphazelekayo iye yaphazamisa icandelo likawonke-wonke. Oorhulumente bangaphandle nabadlali bamakhaya bangasasaza ulwazi olububuxoki ukuhlwayela icandelo, ukucinezela ukuvota, nokuphelisa ukuthembana ngamaqumrhu. Xa abemi bengenakuvumelana ngezibakala ezisisiseko, kuba nzima ukuphendula urhulumente. Uluntu olungawathembi amajelo eendaba, inkqubo yonyulo, okanye ubuchule benzululwazi lungachanakwa kukusetyenziswa ngabadlali abanamandla. Ukulwa kwe-transportation kunye nokwakha ukuthemba amaziko kungucelomngeni olukhulu kulawulo-democ.

Isiphelo: Umsebenzi Othe Tyhidla Wenkululeko

Ulungelelwano lwamandla asingomatshini osebenza ngokwawo. Yinkqubo ephilayo efuna ugcino oluqhubekayo, ingqalelo, kunye nomgudu. Ukhuseleko lwesakhiwo olwakhelwe kumgaqo-siseko, iziqinisekiso ezingokwasemthethweni zamalungelo abantu, kunye nokusebenza kwengingqi yoluntu zizinto ezifunekayo kwibutho elikhululekileyo. Isizukulwana ngasinye sijongene nomsebenzi wokukhusela la mabutho kwiimeko ezintsha ezisongelayo kwaye siwalungelelanise kwiimeko ezintsha. Imida yamandla karhulumente akhusela inkululeko yethu ayisosososososiphelo. Zingapheliswa ngokutyeshela, ukungakhathali, okanye ukuhlasela. Ukugcina umlinganiselo wamandla ufuna ubuchule obufuna ukuba abemi bawuqonda ukubaluleka kwayo kwaye ukulungele ukuyikhusela. Umsebenzi wenkululeko awuze uphelele.