Unxulumano: UMthetho womgangatho namalungelo abantu

Ulwalamano phakathi kokulingana namalungelo abantu alukho nje kwimbali, luyinto ephilayo, luyinkqubo esekelwe kulawulo lwedemokhrasi yale mihla. Esona siseko salo lwalamano, luthetha ngendlela imithetho ebonakalisa ngayo kwaye ibumbe ukuzinikela kwebutho labantu ekuphathweni ngokufanelekileyo. Ukuze uqonde olu nxibelelwano, umntu kufuneka ahlolisise ukuxambulisana okungokwembali okwabangela ukuvela kwemithetho ebalaseleyo, iingxoxo zentanda-ntanda-bulumko eziqhubeka ziyicombulula, kunye neengxaki ezingapheliyo ezifuna iimpendulo ezintsha zemithetho yowiso-mthetho.

Ukulingana, ngendlela elula, kuthetha ukuba wonke umntu ufanelwe ngamalungelo asemthethweni kunye nokhuseleko. Umthetho wamalungelo oluntu uguqula loo mbono ingekho ngqiqweni ibe yimithetho enyanzelekileyo. Ngaphandle kwemithetho, ukulingana kuhlala kuyinto enqwenelekayo; ngaphandle kwenjongo yokulingana, imithetho iba ziinkqubo ezingenantsingiselo. Eli nqaku lihlolisisa ukuba umanyano olungenazimboleko ngembali ye-United States kunye neengxaki zanamhlanje, ukunikezela ngemaphu yendlela yabafundisi, abaxhasi, kunye nabemi abasebenzela ibutho elinobulungisa.

Isiseko Samalungelo Abemi Embali

Umbutho wamalungelo abantu wale mihla eUnited States awuzange uvele ungenanto. Wavela kwiinkulungwane zobukhoboka, ukwahlulwa kohlanga, kunye nocalulo olusemthethweni olwakhaba isidima soluntu lwaseAfrika namanye amaqela aphantsi. Inkulungwane yoo-20 yaphakathi yaphawula inkqubela-phambili xa iingca ezizingca zisebenzisa ubuchule obusemthethweni, kunye nokuqokelelwa kwabantu abaninzi befuna iinguqulelo yenkqubo.

Imvelaphi Yokungalingani Kumthetho WaseMerika

Phambi koo1950, inkqubo yomthetho yase U.S. yayakhiwe ngokulinganayo. uDred Scott v. Sandford isigqibo [1857] savakalisa ukuba abantu abantsundu babengengobemi. Emva kwemfazwe yabemi, [[FLT:] 13th, 14th, kunye ne15 zonyuso-mnyaka zaphelisa ubukhoboka, ubumi, kwaye zalela ukuchola ngokusekelwe kuhlanga. Kodwa ezi zithembiso zakhawuleza zaphenjelelwa phantsi [[FLT:] imithetho [[FLT][FLT:] [5] [enyaka emi-19], exhobisayo kunye ne-cola i-transchrance. [FT] [f6] [brgne]

Esi singqino somthetho samisela isiqalo songquzulwano olungqalileyo phakathi komgaqo wokulingana kunye nenyaniso yocalulo olukhutshwe ngurhulumente. Umlo wamalungelo abantu, kwasekuqaleni, yayingumlo wokwenza umthetho ungqamane nentsalela elinganayo yokhuseleko loMgqomo we-14.

Iziganeko Ezingokwesibhaka- bhaka Ezabumba Umthetho

Ngoxa iziganeko ezininzi zaqhubela phambili le ntsebenziswano, amaxesha ambalwa abalulekileyo abangela uxinzelelo lukawonke-wonke olufunekayo ukwenzela ukuhlanganisana. Ezi ziganeko zabonisa ungxamiseko lokuziphatha lokulingana nokuvuma kwabaxhasi ukubeka ubomi babo esichengeni ukuze batshintshe.

  • iMontgomery Bus Boycott (195-1956): [[FLT] Ixhotyiswe nguRosa Park ukungavumi kwakhe ukunikezela esihlalweni, le nkwenkwana yosuku lwe 381 ilungelelaniswe nguMartin Luther King Jr. kwaye iMontgomery Reconstment Association yaphelisa ibhasi ekhutshwayo kwaye yangqina amandla okuqhankqalaza kwequmrhu elingenabukhali.
  • UMatshi eWashington we Jobs and Freedom (1963): Abantu abangaphezu kwama-250,000 abahlanganisene kwiSikhumbuzo se-Lincoln. Intetho kaKumkani ethi “Ndinephupha” yaba yintetho echaza ukulingana. Uhambo lwanyanzela ngqo uMongameli Kennedy ukumisela amalungelo abantu ukuba amisele umthetho wesizwe.
  • ICawa kunye neSelma ukuya eMontgomery Matshis (65): [ Xa abahambi ngenqanawa bahlaselwa ngenkohlakalo ngamajoni karhulumente kwi Edmund Pettus Bridge, inkxaso yesizwe evuselelweyo yoMthetho wamalungelo abantu. Umongameli Johnson wanika idilesi yembali ebiza umthetho.
  • Inkululeko kunye neSit-ins (1961): amaqela ancedisayo acel ’ umngeni ooduladula basemasimini kunye neendawo zokulahlela isidlo sasemini, anyamezela ugonyamelo kunye nokubanjwa. Ezi zenzo zavavanya ukunyanzeliswa komthetho wesizwe kwaye zabangela ukuba intelekelelo ye-media isasazeke.

Ezi ziganeko, kunye namaphulo angaziwayo angephi nangaphi na kummandla welizwe, zadala umnqweno wezopolitiko wokufumana ii-filbusters zasemazantsi kunye nenkcaso ehlala ihleli. Zigxininisa ukuba umthetho awuveli kwintsebenziswano kuphela, ifuna ukuphazamiseka okuqhubekayo kwemiphakathi.

Umthetho wamalungelo abantu basezweni kunye nomgangatho wawo

Phakathi kowe - 1964 nowe - 1968, iBhunga lawisa uthotho lwemithetho eyatshintsha ibutho labantu baseMerika. Icandelo ngalinye lomthetho labalaselisa umlinganiselo othile wokungalingani, limisela umgaqo wokuphatha ngokulinganayo kwizindlu, ekuvotelweni, emsebenzini, nakwindawo yokuhlala kawonke wonke.

UMthetho wamaLungelo ka-1964

Uthe waqwalaselwa ngokubanzi njengowona mthetho ubalulekileyo wamalungelo abantu ukususela ekuvuselweni kwakhona, uMthetho wamaLungelo ka1942 othintelweyo wocalucalulo ngokusekelwe kuhlanga, umbala, unqulo, isini, okanye imvelaphi yesizwe.

  • Ukwahlukaniswa kwabantu kwiindawo zikawonke wonke (isikolo, iipaki, imidlalo yeqonga, iivenkile zokutyela).
  • IKomiti eLingeneyo Yokhuthuzo (EOC).
  • Imali karhulumente efunyenweyo kwiinkqubo ezazicalula.
  • Ukomeleza amalungelo okuvota.

Okuphawulekayo kukuba, ulwandiso lwe- “sex” njengodidi olukhuselweyo lwaziswa njengolungiso lokugqibela lweminete ngokuchaswa kuthemba uloyiso lomthetho ``yadlula kwaye yaba sisiseko somthetho olinganayo wesini samva, kuquka iSihloko se-IX. Isivumelwano saqinisekisa ukuba ukulingana phantsi komthetho akuthethi nje ukulingana kokhuseleko kodwa ukufikelela kobomi basekuhlaleni.

ISivumelwano saMalungelo sowe-1965

Ngeli xesha i-Civil Rights Act ithetha ngeendlela ezininzi zocalulo, ukuvota kwahlala kusedabini. UMthetho wamaLungelo oKhusela uthintelo lwamalungelo [[FLT: 1] ujolise kwimiqobo yenkqubo ```irhafu yerhafu yerhafu, iimviwo zokufunda nokubhala, ukoyikisa , usoyikiso--ukugcina abavoti Black bekuvotelwa. Amalungiselelo angundoqo aquka:

  • Icandelo 2: Uhlanga lonke aluvumelekanga ukuba lukhethe uhlanga ekuvoteni.
  • Icandelo 5: Imithetho efunekayo nembali yocalulo “ukuze kuvele "clear” naluphi na utshintsho lokuvota kurhulumente worhulumente.
  • Abahloli bakaFederal babenokubhalisa abavoti apho amagosa asekuhlaleni ayengavumi.

UMthetho wandisa ukubhaliswa komvoti ngokuphawulekayo phakathi kwama-Afrikaan aseMelika, ingakumbi kuMzantsi 1960. Ekupheleni koo-1960, amawaka amatsha abavoti abantsundu ayenenxaxheba kunyulo, ikhokelela kunyulo lwabameli bokuqala abantsundu kunye nabaquzeleli abamnyama ukususela ekuvuselweni kwakhona. Amandla omthetho aqinisekiswa xa iNkundla ePhakamileyo yaxhasa ukuma komgaqo-siseko wayo kuMzantsi Carolina v. Katzenbach [196]. Kodwa, County [7] u-Shelby v.Haverer Icandelo 5, uphuhlisophuhliso oluye lwahlaziya ukuvota okulingana.

Funda okungakumbi ngembali yoMthetho wamaLungelo kunye nemeko yangoku kwiSebe leJaji leJava.

Imithetho Yobulungisa Yezindlu yowe - 1968

Ukwahlulwa kohlanga lwezindlu kwanyanzeliswa ngokusetyenziswa kokuhlaziya, ngokungqongqo kweminqophiso, nokungavumi ngokungqalileyo ukuthengisa okanye ukuqesha kwiqela elincinane. UMthetho weFair House (Isihloko VIII seSivumelo saMalungelo esinguNontlalo-ntle yowe-1968) salwalela ucalucalulo ekuthengisweni, ekuqeshweni, ekuxhasweni kwezindlu ezisekelwe kuhlanga, imibala, unqulo, isini, okanye imvelaphi yesizwe. Kamva ukupheliswa kwemiqobo kwandisa ukhuseleko kwiintsapho kunye nabantwana kunye nabantu abaneziphene.

Lo mThetho wadala isiseko sokwenza uvavanyo lokufuna ulwaphulo-mthetho, kodwa ukunyanzelisa ukungahambelani. Ukungalingani kwezindlu kuyaqhubeka: uphando lubonisa ukuba iintsapho ezimnyama neziya eSpeyin zisenokungavunyelwa ukuthenga izindlu okanye zinyanzelelwa kwimimandla enganqwenelekiyo. I-Fair Howation Act isesisisixhobo esinzima, kodwa amandla ayo axhomekeke ekunyamekeleni urhulumente nokuzimela ngasese.

Ngaphaya Kwezi Nto Zithathu: Ulwando Lwamva

Umiselo lwemithetho yokulingana lwaqhubeka lukhula. AmaMelika anoMthetho weNkcitho (ADA) ka-1990] wokwandisa ukhuseleko lwamalungelo abantu abaneziphene, ukuthintela ucalucalulo emsebenzini, iinkonzo zikawonke-wonke, kunye neendawo zokuhlala zikawonke-wonke. Yaqonda ukuba ukulingana kufuneka ngamanye amaxesha indawo yokuhlala efanelekileyo ukuqinisekisa ukuba nenxaxheba. Ngokufanayo, [[FLT:] Lilly Bealivenual Fair Pay Act [200]) yathetha ngocalucalulo, iqinisekisa umgaqo wokuba ukulingana kubandakanya intlawulo olulinganayo lomsebenzi.

Le mithetho yamva ibonisa indlela ekuqondwa ngayo oku: Ukulingana asiyondawo emileyo kodwa kukwanda okuqhubekayo kwamalungelo kumaqela awayengasamkelekanga ngaphambili.

Intliziyo eqiqayo: Ukulingana okuchaseneyo. Ukulingana kwiMithetho

Imithetho yamalungelo abantu yenzelwe ukulingana, kodwa ukuyifumana kufuna ukucinga ngokulingana. Ukuqonda lo mahluko kubalulekile ekuhloleni enoba umthetho udlulisela okusesikweni ngokwenene kusini na.

Ukulingana: Unyango Olufanayo Kubo Bonke

Ukulingana kufuna ukuba umthetho uphathe umntu ngamnye ngendlela efanayo. Akukho namnye olahliweyo ilungelo elisekelwe kwisiqu sakhe. Lo mgaqo ngunobangela weSikhuseli Somlinganiselo se-14 soMgaqo-nkqubo kaClaus we-Experimente kwaye uboniswa kwimithetho elwaphula ucalucalulo. Ukuphatha wonke umntu ngokufanayo kulula kwaye kukhuthaza ingqiqo yokusesikweni.

Noko ke, abahlalutyi bathi ukulingana okusesikweni akunamdla kukhuseleko lwembali kunye nolwakhiwo. Ukunika wonke umntu izinto ezifanayo akuncedi abo baqalayo kwingxaki enzulu. Umzekelo, ukuvalwa kohlanga lwasesikolweni akuzange ngokuzenzekelayo kunike abafundi abantsundu iziphumo ezifanayo zemfundo----------artless ithathe amashumi eminyaka enkqenkqeza phambili yodula-bhaso olulungelelanisiweyo, ukuxhasa inkxaso-mali, kunye nenyathelo lokuvuma ukuvala umsantsa.

Ulungelelwano: Iindlela Ezisetyenziswa Ngethala Leenqwelo - mafutha Zokuvelisa Imali Elungileyo

I-Equity iyaqonda ukuba amaqela ahlukeneyo asenokufuna imigangatho eyahlukeneyo yenkxaso ukufikelela kwisiphumo esinye. Le ngcamango yavela kumalungelo abantu ngokubhekiselele kwingcamango “yokungagqibeki kwempembelelo” .Uqheliso olungondileleyo ebusweni bayo kodwa ngokungenakuthelekiswa nanto lwenzakala iqela elikhuselweyo lusenokungavumelekanga. [[FLT: 0]] Griggs v. [12] isigqibo saqinisekisa ukuba iimvavanyo zemisebenzi ngempembelelo yediski yomlomo kufuneka zichazwe ngokusemthethweni.

Imigaqo emiselwe ngokulinganayo iquka ukwamkela inyathelo lokuya ekholejini nokufumana, ukuvota okujoliswe kuko, umlinganiselo wokuchola ophantsi kwabantu abacinezelweyo, kunye neenkqubo zokuqinisekisa indawo yokuhlala ezinceda iintsapho zihambe ziye kwimimandla ephakamileyo ephakamileyo. Le migaqo ayingqubani nemigaqo yokulingana ngenxa yokuba izimisele ukucombulula imiqobo ethile. INkundla ePhakamileyo iye yabambelela kwinkxalabo yohlanga kwaye ilungisekelwe ngokucinezelelayo imilinganiselo eqingqiweyo esekelwe kumongomo.

Ukuze ufumaneke ngokunzulu kwingxoxo yokulingana, bona i yeSikhululo saBami saseMelika kumamanyano eeNtlanga. ubuncwane kubulungisa bobuhlanga.

Ukuqhubeka Kucelomngeni Lokulingana Ngokokwenyaniso

Phezu kwako nje ukoyisa okusemthethweni kwiminyaka yee-1960, ukulingana kuhlala kungenamfezeko. Iintlobo ezintsha zocalulo ziye zavela, yaye ezisele zikhulile ziyaqhubeka zisebenzisa iindlela ezichuliweyo ezichuliweyo. Imibutho yakutshanje yoluntu iye yanyanzelisa ukuba kubhalwe ngendlela imithetho yamalungelo abantu engaphumeleli ngayo.

Isidima Nobulungisa Bezaphuli - mthetho

Ukubulawa kukaGeorge Floyd, Breenna Taylor, kunye nabanye abaninzi babangela imibhiyozo yehlabathi ngokuchasene nobuhlanga obulawulwayo epoliseni. Ngelixesha uHlaliso lwe-14 luqinisekisa ukhuseleko olulinganayo, uphando lubonisa ukuba abantu abamnyama nababhila-bhabhabhayo bayamiswa, babanjwa, bavalelwe kwinani eliphezulu ngokungenakulinganiswa. Umthetho we-Regeonyde Floyd kumthetho wePolicist Act (okwakungaphumelela ukudlula ngo-202] ukrustrands, ukuvala ityala, nokungalungisi komthetho.

Ucinezeleko Lwezinto Ezininzi Ngenkulungwane Yama - 21

Emva [[NTLT:0] kwesigqibo seShelby County urhulumente omninzi omisele imithetho engqongqo efuna i-ID yokuvota, elinganisela ivota kwangoko, kwaye akhuphe iirolorho ezikhethiweyo. La manyathelo ngokungenakuthelekiswa nanto achaphazela ivoti yombala, ingeniso ephantsi, ivoti, kunye nabafundi. [[FLT] [FLT] John Vocting Act Act [ [rentroedientsss] (unganciphiswe ngo-2023)) aya kubuyisela kwaye ayenze i-usuku lwe-Vontration Active, kodwa i-colletletle ibambe inkqubela phambili. Oku ngumzekelo othe ngqo wendlela yokuqengqela i-octivessssssss.

Ukungalingani Kwezoqoqosho Nemfundo

Umthetho wamalungelo oluntu wawungaze uphelele ngokulingana okusemthethweni, ``Ikhaya elimnyama nelaseLatino' lalikwakumathuba ezoqoqosho. UMthetho wamaLungelo wobuCivil uthetha ngemisebenzi, kodwa izithuba zomrhumo, ubutyebi, kunye nemali engafaniyo yesikolo ishiyekile. Iintsapho ezimnyama nezingumGawulayo ziphethe iqhekezamfa yobutyebi bezindlu zabamhlophe. Isikolo sinyuke kakhulu kwiminyaka engama-30 edluleyo, ngokwee-data evela kwi-UCUCLAGARY Amalungelo e-RC [[. Ngaphandle kokuthetha ngezi zibonelelo zokwakha, ukulingana okusemthethweni kungaziva kungenamsebenzi.

Ikamva Lomthetho Wamalungelo Abemi: Ukwandisa Isangqa

Abenzi bomthetho nabameli bayaqhubeka benyanzelisa umthetho omtsha othetha ngokungalingani kwabantu. Umlinganiselo wamalungelo abantu uye wakhula ukuquka ukukhusela i-LGBTQ, abantu abakhubazekileyo, nabaphambukeli. Imigaqo yokulingana nokulingana ihlala ikhokelwa ziinkwenkwezi.

ILGBTQ+ Amalungelo noMthetho

[[NKT.0] UMthetho wobungangamsha , oye wadlulisa indlu amaxesha amaninzi kodwa wagcinwa kwindlu yendlu, uza kuphelisa uMthetho waMalungelo oMsebenzi wesiZwe ukulwalela ngokucacileyo ucalulo ngokwezizizinziso ze- ngokwesondo kunye nobufanasini. Ngelixesha iNkundla ePhakamileyo iBostock v. County [2020] isigqibo esiguqulele isiHloko VII ukugquma imbonakalo yesondo kunye nokuzichaza kwesini ngokwesini emsebenzini, umthetho obanzi uya kukwandisa ukukhuselwa kwizindlu, iindawo zokuhlala zikawonke-wonke, kunye neenkqubo ezixhaswa ngokusemthethweni. Lo mthetho uqululela umbono wokulingana okuquka iLBTQt+ eMelikana.

Ubulungisa Obungalinganiyo Nobulungisa Bobuhlanga

Bambi abaxhasi bathi ukulingana ngenene kufuna ukuhlangabezana nelifa lobukhoboka ngokuphindaphindwa. H.R. 40, eqaliswe ngokuphindaphindiweyo kwiBhunga, iza kumisela ugunyaziso lokufunda izindululo. Nangona ikhomishini ingengomthetho ngokwayo, ingakhokelela kwiinkqubo ezinika unyango olusekelwe ngokulinganayo olufana nenkxaso yemfundo, uncedo lwezindlu, kunye nokufuduswa kobutyebi. Ingxoxo engqonge i-acestions inyanzelisa umbuzo onzulu: ingawufikelela na umlinganiselo wokulingana kwamalungelo abantu ukuba ayilunganga kwiinkulungwane zemali?

Ubuxhakaxhaka namanani amalungelo

Njengoko imithetho-mithetho ilawula ngokukhulayo uMthetho wokusebenza, ityala, indawo yokuhlala, kunye nomthetho wamapolisa, umthetho wamalungelo abantu kufuneka ulungelelanise. Imithetho-mithetho-siseko yokulawula i-algoritime ingaqhubekisa ucalucalulo kwisikali. [[FLT: 0]] I-Algalithmithmubility Accounting Act [ (egunyazisiweyo ngowama-2022]) iyakufuna iinkampani ukuba zihlole iinkqubo zazo ezizihambela ngokwazo. Le ndawo ivelayo yamalungelo abantu amanani ibonisa ukuba ulwalamano phakathi kokulinganisa nomthetho alukho kwimbali.

Isiphelo: Ukulingana njengomgaqo ophilayo

Ulwalamano oluphakathi kokulingana namalungelo abantu lunamandla kwaye alugqitywanga. Imithetho yephawu ukusuka kuma-1960 yenza izibonelelo ezisemthethweni zonyango olulinganayo, kodwa aziphelisanga ucalucalulo. Okubaluleke ngokufanayo, indaleko ebangelwa kukulingana ngokusesikweni nokulingana. Icandelo ngalinye elitsha lomthetho (i-ADA, i-Fair Pay Act, okanye uMthetho we-Enity Sect //isiseko esibekwe ngabo bahamba, baphikisa, batshintsha umthetho.

Kubafundisi-mfundo, abafundi, nabaxhasi, ukuphuma kucacile: ukulingana akusiso isipho somthetho kodwa kukuphumeza okuqhubekayo. Umthetho wamalungelo abantu unika inkqubo, kodwa uthanda ukuyisebenzisa kufuneka ivele kubemi abanolwazi. Ikamva lixhomekeke ekulahleni ukungakhathali nasekuqondeni ukuba zonke izizukulwana kufuneka zihlaziye ukuzinikela kokusesikweni okulinganayo phantsi komthetho. Uhambo olusuka ku lubonisa inkqubela engaze ilwelwe ngenxa ye-' Brown[FLT][FL:3] ku [FLT:] Iphondo [FLT:][FLT]] [5]]