Ulwalamano phakathi kwegunya likarhulumente nenkululeko yabantu lumela isiseko semfundo ephambili yentanda-bulumko yezobupolitika. Ngumbuzo ohlala ukho wendlela yokudibanisa imfuneko yegunya elisisidibi nenkululeko yomntu ngamnye. Ukusuka kwiingxoxo zamandulo zeRiphabliki kaPlato ukuya kwimilo yale mihla yokuhlola amanani, ibutho labantu liye lazama ukuchaza umgangatho ofanelekileyo wamandla karhulumente. Olu lwalamano alulo mdlalo we-zero-ssum; luyintsonkothile apho impilo yedemokhrasi ixhomekeke ekufikeleleni idemokhrasi enamandla. Xa urhulumente engalawulwayo kwaye egqwebileyo. Xa inkululeko yoluntu iphathwa njengendlela epheleleyo nengenamda, ukupheliswa komthetho, ukutshabalalisa, ekugqibeleni ukutshabalalisa inkululeko efunwayo ukukhusela; ukuqonda oku kuyinto eluncedo kumntu ofundayo; ukugcinelisa nabani nabani nabani na ofunda ngolawulo lwanamhlanje.

Isiseko samagunya karhulumente

Ngaphambi kokuba sihlolisise ukuxabana okukhoyo phakathi kwegunya nenkululeko, kubalulekile ukuqonda indlela intandabulumko ezithethelela ngayo izizathu zokuba kubekho igunya likarhulumente. Igunya leli lizwe lixhomekeke kwiintsika eziliqela eziphambili zengcamango eziye zavela kwiinkulungwane zeengcamango zezobupolitika.

Ingcamango enxulumene neNtlalo

Isithethe sesivumelwano sentlalo sinika eyona njongo inempembelelo ekuqondeni imvelaphi kunye nemilinganiselo yegunya likarhulumente. UThomas Hobbes, ebhala ekwithunzi lemfazwe yamakhaya yamaNgesi, eqhutyelwa phambili [[FLT: 0]] uLeviatan[ [1651] ukuba ngaphandle kwamandla aqhelekileyo okugcina wonke umntu esoyika, ubomi buyakuba "yimfazwe yabo bonke," ebonakala njengeyabodwa, engekho luncedo, enzima, emfiliba. Ngohlobo oluthile, abantu ngabanye bavuma ngokusengqiqweni ukunikezela ngenkululeko yabo yendalo epheleleyo kulawulo olupheleleyo ukwenzela ukutshintshisana ngokhuseleko nocwangco. Amandla olawulo, kanye, agunyaziwe, aphantse ngenxa yokuba nayiphi nayiphi nayiphi na ingozi i-mngeni ibuyela kwimeko yendalo.

John Locke wanikela umbono ophangaleleyo wesivumelwano sentlalo. Kuye Specond Treaunce of Government, Locke waphikisa ukuba abantu banamalungelo emvelo ebomini, inkululeko, kunye nempahla ekhoyo ngaphambi kokumiselwa korhulumente. Injongo ephambili karhulumente kukukhusela la malungelo akhoyo ngaphambili. UCrucily, uLea waphikisa ukuba ukuba ukuba urhulumente ulwaphula la malungelo ngokuqhutywa okanye ngemvume yabaphathi, abemi banelungelo lokuguqula imicimbi. Esi sakhiwo siphembelela ngokunzulu siphembelela ukusekwa kweMelika kunye nesakhiwo somGaqo-siseko we-U.

Jean-Jacques Rousseau wacebisa umahluko wesithathu ongundoqo wentsebenziswano yentsebenziswano yentlalo. IContract yeNtlalo (1762), Rousseau wagxininisa ukuba igunya elisemthethweni lezobupolitika likwi-"gam"""] iqumrhu lobumi liza kukhusela amalungelo asekuhlaleni ajoliswe ekulungeni okuqhelekileyo. Ngokuthabatha inxaxheba ekudalweni kwemithetho, abantu abathobeli kwigunya langaphandle kodwa endaweni yokuthobela imithetho abazinike yona. Oku kugxininiso kulawulo oluqhelekileyo nokuthathi nxaxheba ngqo kukhuthaza imicimbi yedemokhrasi kodwa kwakhona kuphakamisa imibuzo ngokukhuselwa kwamalungelo abantu abambalwa ngokuthanda izininzi.

Ukusetyenziswa Kweziko Ngogonyamelo

Isazi ngentlalo uMax Weber wanikela ingcaciso yangoku, ephicothiweyo yemeko ebalulekileyo kulawulo lwegunya likarhulumente. Ngokudume ngokuchaza urhulumente njengoluntu oluthi ngempumelelo luchaze ngokubhekiselele ekusetyenzisweni okusemthethweni kwamandla omzimba [[ phakathi kwengingqi enikiweyo. Le nkcazelo ibalaselisa uxinezeleko olunzulu kwintliziyo yolawulo. Umbilini wesizwe wenkani yokunyanzelisa ingulo yelizwe yiyo ewuvumela ukuba unyanzele imithetho, ugcine ulungele ucwangco, kwaye ukhusele uhlanga. Kodwa ke, amandla abonisa isisongelo esikhulu kwinkululeko yomntu ngamnye ukuba ayinyanzelwanga kumthetho, ukulawulwa kolawulo lwedemokhrasi, nokukhuselwa komthetho wolawulo lwezomthetho we-othobaljini. Umbuzo [F:2] ojonga kwimo-odvol [FF]

Ukuba Nomthetho Nokuvumelana

Ukuze igunya likarhulumente lizinzise kwaye lisebenze ngaphandle kokufuna amandla ahlala ekholelekile, kufuneka ligqalwe njengelisemthethweni ngabantu. Umthetho wezobupolitika ufumaneka kwimithombo emininzi. Igunya lesithethe lixhomekeke kwisithethe nakumzekelo wembali. Igunya lolawulo-lwazi lolawulo-lwazi oluphezulu lisuka kwiimfanelo ezikhethekileyo zenkokeli. Iinkqubo zolawulo-melo zale mihla, eyona nto ibalulekileyo ligunya elisemthethweni, elisekelwe kwinkqubo yemithetho emiselweyo, iinkqubo zolawulo lwesizwe, kunye nomthetho-siseko. Umthetho-mthetho kulo mongo uxhomekeke kwimvume yabalawulwa, uboniswa ngonyulo oluthe rhoqo nolulungileyo, iziko zabameli, nakwiinkqubo ezicacileyo ezisemthethweni. Xa urhulumente ephulukana olu gunya ligunya, amandla awo aba yinkqubo ebangela ukunqongonwayo, imonzalo yezomthetho, imigaqo-ophothoba okanye i-odola.

Ukwakhiwa Kwenkululeko Engokwesingqi

Inkululeko ye-CPF, edla ngokubizwa ngokuba yinkululeko yasekuhlaleni okanye amalungelo abantu, isebenza njengezona zinto ziphambili zokukhusela abagqwesi bamandla karhulumente. La ngamalungelo nenkululeko esisiseko ekhusela abantu, amaqela namaziko ekungeneleni korhulumente okungekho ngqiqweni.

Imiqobo engalunganga. Inkululeko elungileyo

Umahluko phakathi komahluko phakathi kwenkululeko engalunganga neyakhayo unika uphando olunamandla lwesixhobo sokuqonda iingcinga ezahlukeneyo zenkululeko. Inkululeko ekwamkelekileyo yinkululeko ukusuka ekuphathweni kwesizwe. Iphendula umbuzo: "Kuphi na indawo endishiywe ukuze ndenze oko ndikwazi ukukwenza ngaphandle kokuphazanyiswa ngabanye abantu?" Oku kubandakanya inkululeko yodidi lwabemi: ekuchotshelweni ngokungekho mthethweni, ekuchondweni. ngokwembali, ulawulo-mthetho olupheleleyo luye lwabonisa inkululeko engalunganga, ukuqwalasela umsebenzi wesizwe njengoko ushiya abantu ngabanye bebodwa besukela iinjongo zabo.

Inkululeko epheleleyo, ngokwahlukileyo, yinkululeko ukuya ku ukulawula ubomi bomntu kwaye uphumeze amandla omntu onke. Iphendula umbuzo: "Ngubani olawula izenzo zam?" Abaxhasi benkululeko epheleleyo baphikisa ukuba inkululeko yokwenene ayifuni nje ukungasebenzi kodwa inamandla okusebenza. Oku kungathethelela imeko esebenzayo enika imfundo, ukhuseleko lwempilo, kunye nokhuseleko lwezoqoqosho, eyenza abantu bakwazi ukusebenzisa iingcamango ezinenjongo. Uxinezeleko oluphakathi kwezi ngcamango zimbi zimbi zopolitiki zikwintliziyo yengxoxo emininzi yexesha eliqhelekileyo, kuquka abo bakwintlalo yentlalo, yempilo kawonke, kunye nomthetho wezoqoqosho.

Izizukulwana Zamalungelo Abantu

Umthetho wamalungelo abantu wamazwe ngamazwe uye wahlula-hlula inkululeko esisiseko kwisizukulwana esgentswana. Amalungelo okuqala esizukulwana ngamalungelo asekuhlaleni nangokwezobupolitika: inkululeko yokuthetha, indibano, unqulo, ilungelo lokuvota, nelungelo lokufumana uvavanyo olufanelekileyo. La ngamalungelo angalunganga afuna urhulumente ukuba ayeke izenzo ezithile. [[FLT:] [FLT]] [FLT] ngamalungelo ezoqoqosho, intlalo, intlalo, namalungelo enkcubelo: ilungelo lokuphumelela kwimfundo, ukuthembeka, ukuphatha impilo, ukuhlala, imivuzono entle, imivuzo. La malungelo alungileyo afuna ukuveliswa kolawulo kunye nenkululeko phakathi kwezi intsapho zoluntu. [FLT:] Amalungelo-enzandlalo olulungeleyo, ulawulo olulungileyo lwemeko-ntle, ulawulo lwemeko-ntle, kunye nokuphumelela phakathi kolawulo loluntu olulungelelwano olulungileyo, uluntu olulungelelwano olulungileyo, kunye nolulungeleyo olulungeleyo olu

Ukhuseleko lomGaqo-siseko nolwezizwe ngezizwe

Ukwakhiwa kwemithetho-siseko yolawulo lwenkululeko yoluntu kusetyenziswa njengemithetho-siseko ebhaliweyo, isiqinisekiso samalungelo, kunye nejaji ezimeleyo enikwe amandla okunyanzelisa le mida kwigunya likarhulumente. IBhili yamaLungelo yase-U.S. inika isikhokelo esibalaseleyo, ichaza iimiyalelo ezikhethekileyo kwisenzo sikarhulumente. Kumgangatho wezizwe ngezizwe, iSindululo soMqulu-Sivumelwano samalungelo abantu [ [US]] [USR] imela isivumelwano sehlabathi lonke samalungelo abantu angundoqo. [i-UDHR] ukhuphiwe yiZizwe ezimanyeneyo ngo-1949, i-UDHR iphefumlelwe ngokusemthethweni izivumelwano ezininzi ezigunya kunye nomthetho wesizwe. Ukuqonda la maxwebhu anika isiseko esisemthethweni sokuhlola amandla athelekelelwa kwaye achazwa. [FT] [FF]

Ukulungelelana Okunamandla Kwimbali

Ukungavisisani okukhoyo phakathi kwegunya nenkululeko kuba yinto ecacileyo nengxamisekileyo kwimbali nakumthetho.

Iindawo Ezibonisa Imitha Yembali

IMagna Carta yowe-1215 isoloko ichazwa njengoxwebhu olusisiseko lwesohlwayo sorhulumente olinganiselweyo. Yaseka umgaqo wokuba ukumkani ngokwakhe wayephantsi komthetho yaye yaqinisekisa amalungelo athile okukhulula abantu. IBhili yamaNgesi yamaLungelo ka-1689 ngokubhekele phaya yawanciphisa amandla obukumkani, iqinisekisa ukuba igunya lepalamente linegunya, kwaye ikhusela amalungelo anjengokucela umlawuli kunye nokukhululeka kwisohlwayo esingaqhelekanga. Imvukelo yaseMerika (1775-783) yayilucelomngeni oluthe ngqo kulawo abalandeli-rolikini ayewabona njengolawulo olungenalusini negunya nolulwahlula igunya likarhulumente. Isindululo solawulo sichaza umgaqo okrulalisayo onegunya lokulawula lolawulo oluphezulu, owenziwe ngurhulumente oqhelekileyo nowakhelwenziwe ngokufanelekileyo, nolufuna amalungelo orhulumente oluntu olulawulayo nolulawulayo.

Ingcaciso yezomthetho kunye novavanyo olucacileyo nolukhoyo

Imida ecacileyo yenkululeko yoluntu ichazwa kungenjalo ngabathandi bobulumko kodwa ngabagwebi abalwayo neemfazwe zehlabathi lokwenene. "clear kunye nengozi ekhoyo" uvavanyo, olucaciswe nguJaji Oliver Wendell Holmes Jr. [[FLT: 0]] scheck. United States[[FLT] [1919]] [1919], imela ukuzama ukuchaza imida yokuthetha. [FLT] V[3] [FF]] v [FF] .[FFON] [3] [9] [enye iSiphendulo seNkqulezelo seN] [1] [ethetho] [ngendlela ephakamileyo] iNkusungulwa ngayo iNkuthethela iNku.[19] [engangendlela elula kakhulu] [ekunyukelelwa kuMqulu] [etho] [evu, iNt.[4]

Ukhuseleko lukazwelonke luthintele ukukhululeka kwamakhaya

Mhlawumbi oku kukuzixakekisa nokuzingisileyo kwimithetho yolawulo yale mihla. Emva kohlaselo lwabanqolobi, urhulumente wase-U.S. wamisela uMthetho we-USA PATRIOTT, owandisa ngokuphawulekayo amandla okuhlola, kuquka ukufikelela kwiingxelo zoshishino nethala leencwadi, kunye nokwandisa ubuchule bokuncedisana. Ingxoxo ngokuhlola uquququzelo, ukuqokelela iimetam, nokusetyenziswa kwemiqathango engenaziqinisekiso (njengoko kutyhilwe ngumqhubi wengcingo uEdwano Edward Snowden) kukuqhubekeka okuthe ngqo kwemilo yokhuseleko nenkululeko yeenkulungwane. Imeko engoko ingumthetho "ibhombu yexesha" iyisixhobo esiqhelekileyo esisetyenziswayo ukuvavanyanisa ukuzinikela komntu ekuzibopheleleni kwemisongelo. Oku kunyusa imibuzo engundoqo yenkululeko yokuba sizimisele ukunikela? Yaye kusenzeka kusini nangoko sikhusele?

Imida Yale Nqaba

Ubugcisa obutsha neengxaki ezisandayo zentlalo zibangela ukuba ulwalamano phakathi kwegunya likarhulumente nenkululeko karhulumente lungene kummandla ongakhange ubonwe.

I - panopticon Yamanani

Ubuchule bamaphondo namaqumrhu oluntu oqokelela, ahlaziywe, kunye nogcino-lwazi oluninzi lobuqu luye lwabangela utshintsho oluthe kratya kubuchule bokuhlola. Ukuphikisana ngokuvulwa kwenkcazelo efihlakeleyo (ukunyanzela ukuba uphando lomthetho lungaququzelelwa), ukusetyenziswa kobugcisa bokuphawula ubuso ngamapolisa, kunye nokujongwa kwamajelo eendaba entlalo-ntle ngenxa yezisongelo ezinokwenzeka ziphakamisa imibuzo enzulu ngelungelo lokuba yimfihlo kwinkulungwane yama-21. Oku kubangela uxinezelelelo lwe-General Techly Data Protection Reglection (GR) limela imigudu enamandla yokulawula kwakhona ugcino-lwazi lobuqu, ukunikeza amalungelo anamandla okufikelela kwintlalo-ntle, ukuchananisa, ukuchana, nokucima ulwazi lobuqu. Oku kubangela uxinezelelo lwezentengo yokukhusela imicimbi yoorhulumente kunye nokuvumela zorhwebo zokhuseleko lokhuseleko lokhuseleko lwe-data kunye nenzuzo.

Impilo Kawonke - wonke Nenkululeko Yomntu Ngamnye

Isifo se-COVID-19 sabangela uxinezeleko phakathi kwegunya likarhulumente kunye nenkululeko yobuqu kwinkcazo ekhawulezileyo nekhawulezileyo kumawaka ezigidi zabantu. Ukubekwa phantsi kwemiqathango yekhaya, izigunyazo zokufihla isigqubuthelo, ukuvalwa kweshishini, kunye neemfuno zokungena entweni yokubulala i-odokisi ezibandakanya oorhulumente abasebenzisa amandla angenakulinganiswa nesimilo somntu ngamnye egameni lempilo kawonke-wonke. Oku kwabangela ukuba kubekho impikiswano enzulu engokwasemthethweni nengokokuziphatha emalunga nemiqatha yamandla karhulumente, indima efanelekileyo yobuchule benzululwazi kwidemokhrasi ekulawuleni kwedemokhrasi, kunye nolungelelaniso phakathi kokhuseleko lweqela labantu ngabanye.

Ukuthotywa Kweenkqubo Zedemokhrasi

Kulawulo-mpukane olumiselwe noluvelayo, ulawulo-bume luye lwaqiniswa ngeendlela eziphelisa inkululeko yoluntu ngaphandle kokwaphula umgaqo-siseko osesikweni. Le ngxaki, esoloko ichazwa njengenkqubo yedemokhrasi okanye ukulawulwa kwemithetho-siseko, ibandakanya ukurhoxiswa kwemigaqo-nkqubo yedemokhrasi okungalawulekiyo okuqhubekayo. Iindlela eziqhelekileyo ziquka ukuhlaselwa komaphephandaba abakhulu abakhululekileyo nabazimeleyo, ukwenziwa kwenkonzo yenkululeko yenkululeko yeHouse, ukusetyenziswa kwezixhobo zikarhulumente zokulwa nezopolitiki, ukusetyenziswa kwemibutho elwayo edabini, imiqathango yemibutho engeyo yezoburhulumente neyabantu, imiqathango ekhoyo eyingozi yemithetho yezolawulo, kunye nokusetyenziswa kwemithetho esetyenziswayo ngokuzinziswa kwenkululeko. Inkululeko kuthethwa ngemvume engapheliyo ngenkululeko yehlabathi kumaphepha eqhutywa yinkululeko [FLC.1:1], ukuqwalathisa ngendlela eqhubekayo kwenkululeko ngokuchasene nezo ezo negunya.

Imisebenzi yesakhelo esizii-padgogic yegumbi leklasi

Ukufundisa abafundi ngolwalamano phakathi kwegunya likarhulumente nenkululeko yezentlalo kubalulekile ekukhuliseni ulwazi, ukuganana, nokunyamezela abemi. Ukuphumelela kokungawucingi lo mbandela kucaphula ngokunzulu amalungiselelo omGaqo-siseko okuququzelela uxanduva oluhlala luhleli.

Iisethi zolawulo loburhulumente kunye noHlahlo

Uxinezeleko olululo kulo mxholo lwenza kulungelwe iintlanganiso ze-Socrates kunye neengxoxo ezicwangcisiweyo. Imibuzo ebalulekileyo ingenza uphando olunzulu: Ingaba ukhuseleko luyimfuneko kwinkululeko, okanye ngaba lutshaba lwenkululeko? Ingaba ngaba kukho imida kwinkululeko yokuthetha? Ingaba kukho ibutho labantu elisesikweni elinocwangco okanye inkululeko ephambili? Ngokubandakanyeka kule mibuzo, abafundi bafunda ukuchaza izikhundla ezigqwethekileyo, ukuphulaphula iimbono eziphikisanayo, kwaye basebenzise ubungqina ukuxhasa iingxoxo zabo. Ingxoxo esekelwe kwimibandela yanamhlanje enjengezokuhlola urhulumente, imithetho yokuthiya intetho, okanye izitoliki-zigodlo zezo zinyanze abafundi banyanze abafundi ukuba bamelane neemeko zorhwebo zehlabathi zokwenene phakathi kwamaxabiso aphikisanayo.

Ukufunda okusekelwe kwingxaki kunye nemfaniso

Imfaniso yenkundla yezobugcisa iluncedo kakhulu ekufundiseni ngamandla nenkululeko. Imfaniso yeNkqutyana yemodeli apho abafundi belungiselela umthetho owenzelweyo wogcino-lwazi okanye wokhuseleko lwesizwe bawunyanzela ukuba ube nobunzima bokuguqulela amaxabiso angekho ngqiqweni kwimithetho yekonkrithi. Imfaniso yenkundla yezobugcisa esekelwe kwityala leNkundla ePhakamileyo ifuna abafundi baphikisane namacala omabini embambano yesiseko somthetho, bephuhlisa ukuqonda okunzulu kokuqiqashela okusemthethweni. Inkcitho, njengokusabela kwisiso sentelekelelo sabanqolobi okanye kwisixaso sempilo sikawonke, ivumela abafundi ukuba bafumane iingcinezelo ezikhokelela oorhulumente ekwandilise amandla abo ngexesha lokwenene.

Indlela Yokufundisa Ngetyala Nemithombo Ephambili

Izikolo zomthetho zisebenzise ixesha elide indlela yokuhlola imigaqo-siseko, kwaye le ndlela inokwenziwa ngokunempumelelo kwimfundo yesibini nephezulu. Endaweni yokufunda nje isishwankathelo sencwadi, abafundi bafunda ityala lenkundla yokwenene (njenge [[FLT: 0]] iTinker v. Des Moines[ kwintetho yabafundi, [[FLT:]] [[2]] kwintetho yabafundi, [iii-hazelwood v.] i-Kuhlmeier[ kumaphephandaba esikolo, okanye [[FLT]]] ama-v.[FLT] [ift:5]]] [ift]]), kwiflegi, iziphumo eziphicoko, ichaza iindidi ezikhuphisanayo, ingcaza iingqiqo zeNkucinga, nokuvavanya iimbono eziphikisa iimbono eziphambili. Kwiimbali eziphambili zoluntu ezithelela i-R.[4][4] ukusuka kulawulo loluntu, umba-G.[4][4] ukusuka

Iprojekthi Eqhubekayo Yokulungelelana

Ulwalamano phakathi kwegunya likarhulumente nenkululeko yoluntu aluyongxaki ukuconjululwa ngokugqibeleleyo, kodwa yimeko enamandla ekufuneka iphethwe ngokungapheliyo. Luxinezeleko oluhlala lukho ngokubonakalisa ubunjani bemfuno yokhuseleko nenkululeko yabantu. Idemokhrasi esempilweni asiyonto eye yaphumelela ngokugqibeleleyo ukulwa noku kulungelelana ngendlela yokugqibela, emileyo. Kunoko, yibutho labantu eligcina amaziko anamandla, ulawulo oluzimeleyo, umatshini wokushicilela okhululekileyo, nendlela yokuphila yobumi boluntu abasebenzayo okufuneka ukuze baqhubeke benza amathandazolo amatyala amatsha. Abafundi, abavangeli, nabo bonke abami, injongo ayiko ukufumana impendulo epheleleyo embangowawo urhulumente omele abe nawo. Injongo yokuzilungisa, ukuyiqonda imibuzo enzulu, ukuthatha inxaxheba, nokuzibandakanya iimbopheleleko ezikhoyo zemisebenzi ezintsha.