Ireferendoms zilelinye lamacebo angqalileyo olawulo-demokhrasi, ebeka amandla angqalileyo okwenza izigqibo ezandleni zabemi. Ngokungafaniyo nedemokhrasi yabameli, apho amagosa anyuliweyo evota abantu, amavotentiya acela bonke abavoti-zi ukuba bagqibe umbuzo okhethekileyo /(ukupheliswa kwemithetho-siseko) ngokuhambelana nemigaqo-siseko. Olu hlobo lwedemokhrasi luneenjongo enzulu engokwembali, lufumana umva kweAthematilo-the, apho abemi balapho bebuthelela khona eAra eAgora ukuze bavote imithetho. Kwixesha langoku, iSwitzerland iphuma njengelizwe elisebenzisa ipesenti esetyenziswayo rhoqo, ngokuvota amaxesha amaninzi, nakunyaka onyaka ohlukene, ombalgo, kunye nomgangatho woburhulumente abakhoyo. Ukunyuka kwemeko olubanzi kunye nokungathembana kwe-ondishopuwa kwemi kungene i-Aram kukhokelela kwinzala yemithetho yemithetho yelizwe emhlabeni emhlabeni wonke ethetha ngoManyeneyo, ithetha ngoncedo lwe-uni, isalabango ye-o

Yintoni IReferendem?

I-athentiendum yivoti engqalileyo apho uvotelwa wonke uphela emenywa ukuba amkele okanye angayamkeli izicelo ezithile, umthetho, okanye inkqubo. Eli gama lidla ngokudibana "ne-plebistia," nangona ezinye izazinzulu zezobupolitika ziwahlula ngokomongo: i-plebistiascites zisetyenziswa ngokuqhelekileyo kwimibuzo yolawulo lwesizwe okanye utshintsho lwengingqi, ngelinye ixesha ii-arhenteum zigquma imicimbi yemithetho-mthetho okanye yezomgamgamgam, apho abemi bazimisela khona umthetho omtsha, kwaye bakhumbula, apho uvoti wovoti ususa khona igosa elinyuliweyo kwisikhundla sangaphambili kokuphela kwexesha labo.

Ingcamango engundoqo ilula: endaweni yokuba abantu bavumele abameli bagqibe, bathetha ngqo. Noko ke, uzalisekiso lwahluka-hlukene kakhulu kuwo onke amazwe kunye namagunya. Ezinye ii-astendendum zingu- ezibophelelayo[, ithetha ukuba urhulumente kufuneka amisele isiphumo; ezinye zino igalelo , zisebenza njengedefa loluvo lukawonke wonke olunokukhethwa lulandelwe. Isiseko somthetho sisoloko simisela ukuba ngabameli sinyanzelekile (kutshintsha komgaqo-siseko) okanye ngokuzikhethela (xa kusenziwa sisibongozo okanye ngevoti).

Iintlobo Zee-Referendendom

Ukuqonda ezi ntlobo kunceda ekucaciseni indima eyahlukileyo eziyenzayo kwiinkqubo zobupolitika ezahlukeneyo.

  • [[NTL: 0] Iziphumo ezithi zifakwe kwiReferendendums: Isiphumo masenziwe ngurhulumente. Imizekelo iquka ukutshintshwa komgaqo-siseko eIreland okanye iBrexit ishendendum eUnited Kingdom (ngokusemthethweni i-advisory kodwa ibophelelekile kwezobupolitika).
  • Ivoti ayihlanganisi; indlu yowiso-mthetho igcina ubuchule bokugqibela. Umzekelo, i-United Kingdom ibambe i-endlum engabopheleliyo kwinkqubo ye Vote echaseneyo ngo-2011.
  • I-Constigal Referendems: Kufuneka ukuvumela ukuguqulwa komgaqo-siseko. Amazwe amaninzi, anjenge-Australia neDenmark, agunyazisa i-avensum naluphi na utshintsho lomgaqo-siseko.
  • [[UMTL: 0] I-Referendendiums: isetyenziselwa ukuphelisa umthetho odluliswa yindlu yowiso-mthetho. Ezinye ii-swiss cantons zifuna imvume ethandwayo yemithetho ethile.
  • [[UMTL: 0] I-Facultums (Ocation): Ixhotyiswa sisicelo sommi. ESwitzerland, i-500,000 ityikityo inganyanzela ukuvota okuthandwayo nakuwuphi na umthetho worhulumente.
  • [[Umthetho:0] Imithetho yokulungisa: ifunwa ngumthetho ukwenzela izigqibo ezithile, ezifana nokutshintsha umgaqo-siseko okanye ukudibanisa umbutho wezizwe ngezizwe.

Ezi ntlobo zidla ngokudibana; umzekelo, i-arhendendum yomgaqo-siseko iqheleke inyanzelekile kwaye iyabophelela. Imithetho ethile yemithetho ejolise ekulawuleni isebenza njani.

Ukubaluleka Kolawulo Lwedemokhrasi

Abaxhasi bedemokhrasi ngokuthe ngqo baphikisa ngelithi i-arhendementum ikhulisa inxaxheba yedemokhrasi, ukuphendula ityala, nokubekwa ngokomthetho. Banika abemi indima ecacileyo ekulolongeni inkqubo, ekuphuleni igunya lezikhulu zezobupolitika. Xa izigqibo ezingundoqo zifana nokuya emfazweni, ukutshintsha inkqubo yokunyulwa, okanye ukutshintsha amalungelo asisiseko, i-astendendum ingaqinisekisa ukuba isigqibo sibonakalisa ukuthanda okuthandwayo, kunokuba sibonise izilangazelelo zentlalo okanye ukwenziwa kwemicimbi yangasemva.

Ukuba Ngummi Nokulumka Kwezobupolitika

Ii-Referendondom zifuna abavoti babe nenxaxheba kwiimeko ezintsonkothileyo ngendlela ezingasoloko zingenzeki ngayo. Inkamkelo ezingqongileyo zibangela ingxoxo enkulu kawonke-wonke, ukupapashwa kwenkcazelo, kunye namaphulo okupapashwa kolwazi. Iincwadi zinyanzelwa ukuba zifunde ngemixholo ebezingayihoya, njengomthetho womgaqo-siseko, inkqubo yorhwebo, okanye imigaqo yezentlalo. Ngokwenkcazo, oku kukhuthaza unyulo olunolwazi oluninzi. Uphando lubonise ukuba amaphulo okuthelekelela i-antententengulam anokunyusa ulwazi kunye nomdla wezobupolitika, ingakumbi phakathi kwabavoti abadla ngokudityanisweyo.

Ukuba Nomthetho Nokukholosa

Izigqibo ezenziwa ngokuthe ngqo ngabantu zisoloko zisenza ulawulo-demokhrasi olungaphezulu. Xa urhulumente emisela inkqubo ephikisanayo emva kwe-asendium, isenokukhomba kugunyaziso oludumileyo kwaye iyakwazi ukuphelisa izityholo zokungalawuleki okanye zolawulo olungqongqo. Oku kunokuqinisa ukuthembana kwabantu kwinkqubo yezobupolitika, ingakumbi kumazwe apho ukuthembana kwamaziko abameli kusezantsi. Umzekelo, i-1998 Belfast (Kulungile kuLwesihlanu) i-Northern Ireland yagunyaziswa ngokukhankanyiswa ngokunikwa kwemidaba kumacala omabini omda, ibolekisa ilungelo elibalulekileyo lokuthembananisa inkxaso yoxolo efunekayo kwisivumelwano soxolo esikwi-appliny.

Ukuphendula kukarhulumente

I-Referendendums ingasebenza njengendlela yokuhlola igunya likarhulumente. Ukuba urhulumente ucebisa utshintsho olujongwa ngabavoti lugqithisileyo okanye oluphosakeleyo, i-astendim ivumela uluntu ukuba lulubeke kwi-veto. Oku kuyimfuneko ngokukodwa kwimibandela echaphazela amalungelo asisiseko okanye imimiselo yomgaqo-siseko. ESwitzerland, i-arhenteum engobuqu isebenza njengokhuselo olunamandla: nawuphi na umthetho odluliswa yiPalamente ungacelw'ucelw'imbambano ngabemi ngaphambi kokuba usebenze. Le mikhosi imisela ukujonga kwangaphambili ukusabela nokwenziwa komthetho owamkelekileyo.

Inkqubo Yokuqhuba Inkonzo

Ukuqhuba i-arhendendum ethembekileyo kufuna ukucwangcisa ngocoselelo, imithetho ecacileyo, kunye nokuzalisekisa okusebenzayo. Le nkqubo idla ngokutyhilwa kwimimandla emininzi eyahlukeneyo.

Isindululo Nomthetho

Inyathelo lokuqala kukuchaza umngeni nokulungisa umbuzo. Indlela yokuthetha yombuzo we-arhenteum ibalulekile; kwaneenguqu ezincinci zingalawula iziphumo. Iirhulumente zidla ngokuqhagamshelana neengcali zomthetho, iinkundla zomGaqo-siseko, okanye iikhomishini yokuchola ukuqinisekisa ukuba umbuzo ucacile, awucaciwe, kwaye usemthethweni uyasebenza. Kwezinye iindawo, imibuzo emininzi iyadityaniswa, nto leyo enokubangela ukudideka okanye ukuvota.

Ngokomzekelo, iNkundla Ephakamileyo yaseOstreliya ihlolisisa indlela echazwa ngayo iileta zomGaqo-siseko ukuze iqinisekise ukuba ivisisane nemigaqo esemthethweni.

Ukubhakathiswa nokusingqongileyo kolwazi

Xa i-arhenteendum ibhengezwa, iqalisa iphulo. Amaphulo asemthethweni avela ku "yes" kunye "no" amacala adla ngokudityaniswa namaqela ezobupolitika, amaqela, nemibutho yasekuhlaleni. Umgangatho wengxoxo kawonke-wonke uphenjelelwa kakhulu yimithetho yezentengiso. Ukuba elinye icala lixhomekeke kwelinye, linokugqwetha iziphumo kwaye lijongele phantsi okusesikweni.

Kwakhona oorhulumente bafaka inxaxheba kumaphulo olwazi olungoondilele ukufundisa abavoti. Amaphecana asemthethweni, amaphecana okuchotshelwa kwetyala, neendawo ze-intanethi anikela inkcazelo elungeleleneyo. ISwitzerland ipapasha incwadana enenkcukacha kwivoti nganye, ichaza iimpikiswano ezicacileyo ezisuka macala omabini. Injongo kukunceda abavoti benze ukhetho olunolwazi, kungekhona nje ukunyanzela ukuba bafumane impendulo ethile.

Inkqubo Yololongo Neyokubala

Ulawulo lokhetho kufuneka luqinisekise ukuba i-operation iyazifihla, i-alder, i-oyile i-. Iincwadi zinokuphoswa ebantwini kwizitishi zokuvota, okanye nge-imeyili, kuxhomekeka kwilizwe. Uvotelo lweposi luxhaphakile eSwitzerland nakwamanye amazwe ase-United States. Uvotelo lwe-electronic luye lwaqhutywa e-Estonia ukuze kuqhutywe ii-express kodwa lusaqhubeka lunempikiswano ngenxa yenkxalabo ye-intanethi.

Ukubala kulawulwa ngabasemagunyeni abazimeleyo abalawulayo ukuqinisekisa ucoselelo. Kumazwe amaninzi, imingeni enzima inokwenzeka ukuba umda wephepha uthe wancinanana okanye urhanelwa ngokwesimbo. Kwimida edityanisiweyo, uninzi oluqhelekileyo lusoloko lwanele, kodwa ezinye zifuna uninzi oluphindwe kabini (onke amanani athandwayo okanye adityaniswe ngurhulumente), njengase-Australia naseSwitzerland ukwenzela izilungiso zomgaqo-siseko.

Iintshukumo zeposi

Emva kokuba isiphumo sibhengeziwe, urhulumente kufuneka enze. Ukusebenza okunyanzelisayo, ukuzalisekisa kuyimfuneko/umthetho umisiwe okanye ukhatyiwe ngokufanelekileyo. I-advisory destendums ishiya igumbi ukuze kubonwe, kodwa ukutyeshelwa kwesigqibo esicacileyo esiqhelekileyo kungonakalisa ukuthembeka kwezobupolitika. Kwezinye iimeko, ii-corestendium zilandelwa ziingxoxo zomthetho zokuphelisa ukuphunyezwa kwemiqathango. Umzekelo, emva konyaka ka-2016 Breattendendium, iPalamente ye-UK ichithe iminyaka ithetha ngokurhoxaxaxa.

Iingxaki Nokugxekwa Kwezigwebo

Nangona zibhenela kwidemokhrasi, ii-corendementum zijongene nokugxekwa okubalulekileyo. Ukuqonda oku kubuthathaka kubalulekile ekuhloleni ukuphumelela kwazo nasekuyileni utshintsho olunciphisa iingozi.

Ukuntsonkotha Noqoqosho Lwezixhobo Zokuvelisa Izixhobo

Imiba emininzi ye-arhentelum ichaphazela imibandela enzima okanye enzima kakhulu . "ii-agnome-constitution" yomthetho wezobugcisa, inkqubo yezoqoqosho, izivumelwano zezizwe ngezizwe. Umvoti-manani ophakathi usenokuba akafumani xesha okanye ubuchule bokuqonda ngokupheleleyo oku kuthethwa. Oku kungakhokelela kwizigqibo ezisekelwe kwiimvakalelo, kwiqela lokunyaniseka, okanye kwii-applites ezilahlekisayo kunokuqiqa ugwebo lweziqu ze-computer ye-2014 ibandakanya imibuzo emalunga nemali, amalungu e-EUS, kunye neengeniso ze-oyile `issuessss' ezilwaneni zizama ukufuziselananisa i-modefied .

Inkcazelo Ephosakeleyo Nenkcazelo Engachananga

Amaphulo e-Referendendum asengozini yokufumana ubuxoki okanye ukulahlekisa, ingakumbi kwixesha lenkqubo yezentlalo-ndaba. Iphulo leBrexit lonakaliswe bubuxoki obubalaseleyo, obufana nento yokuba ukushiya iEU kungakhulula irandi ezizigidi ezingama-$350 ngeveki ukwenzela i-National Health Service. Ezo zilahlekiso zingabangela ukuba unyulo lusondele kwaye ziphelise ukuthembana kwiinkqubo zedemokhrasi. Iimpendulo zokulungisa, ezifana nokuzilungisa ngezonophengululo kunye nemithetho yokubhengeza, zisoloko zingakulungelanga ukulwa nomlinganiselo wobuxoki.

I-Verter Engenamdla kunye ne-Turrout

Ujikelezo olusezantsi lungalulaza ukugunyaziswa kwe-arhenteum. Ukuba yiqela elincinane labavoti abafanelekileyo, iziphumo zingangamele uwonke-wonke obanzi. Maxa wambi amatsha-ndlebe acwangciswe ngemposiso kwimihla yokuphuma kweebhayisikile enexesha eliphantsi elilindelekileyo ukuxhasa isiphumo esithile. Umzekelo, amanye amanyathelo e-collet asekuhlaleni eUnited States abona ukujika ngezantsi kwe-20%, ukuphakamisa imibuzo malunga nobuchule bawo bedemokhrasi.

Ingqwalaselo ephambili namalungelo amancinane

Idemokhrasi ethe ngqo ingakhokelela "kulawulo-moya oluthe ngqo loninzi," apho uninzi lwabavoti lumisela khona amalungelo amaqela amancinane. Umtshato weKhalifoniya wesi-8 (2008) owavalwayo ngomgaqo-nkqubo omnye ngevoti ethandwayo, olawula imithetho yangaphambili. Nangona umlinganiselo wapheliswa kamva ziinkundla zikarhulumente, wabonisa ukuxinezeleka phakathi kwedemokhrasi ethe ngqo kunye nokhuseleko lomgaqo-siseko.

Ulungiso lwe Elite

Oorhulumente kunye namaqela anamandla anezimvo angasebenzisa ama-arhentement ukuze asebenze amadinga awo. Urhulumente angabiza i-arhenteum ngokwahlulahlula inkcaso, aphephe ityala lesigqibo esinzima, okanye inkxaso yentlanganiso engqonge ukhokelo lwayo. Ngokomzekelo, i-Erdogan kaMongameli ka-2017 ka-Erdogan i-denderum yomgaqo-siseko eTurkey yagxekwa ngokuba phantsi kwemeko yongxamiseko, ekunokufikelela okungalinganiyo kwizixhobo zekhompyutha zephulo "no". Oku kusingela phantsi kwesithembiso solawulo-demokhrasi esithe ngqo.

Iziganeko Eziphawulekayo Ehlabathini Lonke

Ukuhlolisisa amatyala ehlabathi lokwenene kubonisa imo ezahlukahlukeneyo neziphumo zeziphumo zokusetyenziswa kwezixhobo zokuguqula indalo.

IBreet Referendem (2016)

NgoJuni 23, 2016, iBhodi yaseUnited Kingdom yavotela u-9.9% ukuya ku 48.1% ukuba iphume kwi-European Union. Eli phulo layahlula ngokungaqhelekanga, libangela iingxoxo ezinzulu ngokufuduka, ulawulo, kunye nempembelelo yezoqoqosho. Iintsebenziswano zeli phulo lemali kunye nokusasazwa kwenkcazelo ephosakeleyo zakhokelela kwimingeni engokwasemthethweni kunye nombuzo olandelayo wepalamente. Isiphumo safaka i-UK kwiminyaka yesiphithiphithiphithi-nxaxheba kwezopolitiki, kuquka ulwandiso oluninzi, unyulo olungaqhelekanga, kunye nengxoxo eqhubekayo eqhubekayo ngentengiso. I-Brexipentum yabala umngcipheko wevoti ezimbini kwintsoko entsomi, i-okisa ingxaki eninzi yemithetho-mthetho kunye nobunzima bokuphumelela kwezixhobo ezincinane.

IReferendedum Ezimeleyo EScotland (2014)

NgoSeptemba 18, 2014, iSkotlani yavotela 55.3% ukuya ku 44.7% ukuba ingabi lilizwe elizimeleyo. Iphulo elijoliswe kwimibutho yezoqoqosho, imali, kunye nenkqubo yoluntu, ngokusuka kunyuko oluphezulu kakhulu kuma- 84.6%. Isiphumo sakhokelela ekunyukeni kotshintsho lwamagunya kwiPalamente yaseSkotlani, kodwa kwakhona sakhuthaza iimfuno eziqhubekayo ze-arhente yesibini, ingakumbi emva kokuba i-UK covention ishiye iECOSCON (ethe tlas exhase ngokunamandla). Umzekelo ubonisa indlela i-exterms shapepectrial syl lungalux'ieno "ecala le-Clone" ukuphumelela, nendlela ezinokuyidala ngayo ukunyamezela kwezobupolitika.

IReferendem (208)

I-Ireland yaba ne-arhenteum ngoMeyi 25, 2018, ukuphinda ichazwe iSihlaziyo se-8h Amendment, esasiye sakuvala ngokunempumelelo ukuqhomfa phantse kuzo zonke iimeko. Isicelo sadlula sikholiswa ngama-6,4%, saphelisa ukuvalwa komgaqo-siseko okwathi kwaqhubeka ukususela ngowe-1998. Eli phulo laphawulwa ngokubandakanywa kwemibutho yasekuhlaleni, kuquka ukungqinelana kwamabhinqa okuchaphazelelwe kukuvalwa komsebenzi. Isiphumo sakhokelela ekukhutshweni kwemithetho yokuqhomfa, ibonisa indlela ukusetyenziswa kwemithetho epheleleyo yokuziphatha okunokucombulula ngayo imibandela enzima ekhoyo. Kwabonisa nokubaluleka kwephulo lobuchule boluntu nokuguqula uluvo lwabantu amashumi eminyaka.

IiNtloko ZaseSwitzerland EziseMinarets NezoMkhosi

Inkqubo yedemokhrasi yaseSwitzerland ivelisa izicelo zentengiso ezithe ngqo kwimibandela emininzi. Ngo-2009, abavoti bavuma ukuvalwa komsebenzi we-minarets, umlinganiselo ogxekwa ngokuba kukungagunyaziswa kodwa udluliswe ngenkxaso eyi-57. Ngo-2014, abavoti bafaka izicelo zokuphinda bafumane imiqathango yokufuduka, ephikisana nezivumelwano ze-EU. Ezi meko zibonisa indlela ezinokuthi i-endendums zivelise ngayo iziphumo ezibangela ukucinezela iimfuno zezizwe ngezizwe ngezizwe kwaye ziphakamise amalungelo abantu. Bakwabonisa indima yemibutho e-populist xa besebenzisa imibutho ephambili yezomthetho yesizwe.

Uqheliselo olulunge ngakumbi lokuphucula iinkqubo zokuzilungisa

Ngenxa yeingenelo neengozi ezinokubakho, abaphengululi noogqirha baye bacebisa ukuba kwenziwe utshintsho oluninzi ukuze kusetyenziswe idemokhrasi.

  • [[UMTL: 0] Ucoceko kunye nokusebenzisa umbuzo ngokulungeleleneyo: Umbuzo kufuneka ubelula, ube nobundilele, kwaye uvavanywe ukuze uqonde. Iziqu ezizimeleyo zokhetho kufuneka zivelise amagama.
  • [[NTL:0] Imida yoTshintsho olungundoqo: Ukukhusela amalungelo amancinane nozinzo lomgaqo-siseko, abanye bacebisa ukuba kufuneke unyuko olukhulu (umz., 60% okanye ngaphezulu) ukwenzela ii-assendum ezitshintsha imithetho okanye amalungelo angundoqo.
  • [[UMTL: 0] Imali Ebonisa ngaphaya kunye nemida: imithetho engqongqo kwiminikelo nokuchitha umgangatho woncedo kumhlaba wokudlala kwaye unciphisa ubungozi boncedo lwezityebi olulawula intetho kawonke-wonke.
  • [[UMTHETHO: 0] Oorhulumente kufuneka baxhase amaphulo angengaphakamisi nkcazelo, kuquka amaphecana asemthethweni anempikiswano asuka kumacala omabini nakuhlalutyo oluzimeleyo.
  • [[NTLA] Umqukumbelo odityanisiweyo okanye iVoti edityanisiweyo: kwizigqibo ezintsonkothileyo, inkqubo yeqonga elibini (kuqala ivoti enomgaqo, kwangoko uzalisekiso olunenkcukacha) lungaphucula ulwenziwo lwamavava.
  • [[UMTL: 0] Impinda yokuThelekisa namalungelo: Iinkundla kufuneka zihlole nayiphi na isalathisi esicetyiweyo ukuqinisekisa ukuba ayiphuleli kumalungelo omgaqo-siseko okanye umthetho wezizwe ngezizwe.

Akukho lutshintsho lunye lunokucombulula ingxaki, kodwa ukudibanisa izinto eziliqela kunokuyicombulula eyona migibe iqhelekileyo ngoxa kulondoloza ixabiso elisisiseko lolawulo - melo lokuba nenxaxheba kubemi.

Isiphelo

IiReferendendum zihlala zinamandla . kwaye zididemokhrasi ziphikisana . Zingandisa ukuganana kwabemi ngokuthe ngqo. Zinganika ukumiselwa kwemithetho kwizigqibo ezingundoqo, zize ziphendule oorhulumente. Kodwa ukuthembela kwabo kumntu ongenalwazi okanye onegunya lokuvota, amandla abo okuchasana amalungelo amancinane, kwaye ukukwazi kwabo ukukwazi ukuthatha iingcinga ezinzulu. Isitshixo sokusebenzisa iinzuzo ngoxa befaka imigaqo esekelwe kwimigaqo ecacileyo: imithetho ecacileyo, ukubonakala ngokucacileyo, imfundo yovota, kunye nezixhobo ezisemthethweni zobugcisa bobugcisa bobugcisa bomhlaba wonke ziyaqhubeka zisenza inkqubela yonxibelelwano lwezobupolitika, ngokunokwenzeka ithetha ngolwandiliselo. Abenzi bemithetho yezentlalo-ntle, nabavoti, nabo ngokwabo ngokwabo bamele bazenze imigaqo yokuqinisekisa oko kuthethwa yi-demodemokhrasi.