Ukwazisa

Iinkqubo zolawulo jikelele zibonakalisa umahluko onzulu wentanda-bulumko malunga nokusasazwa nokusetyenziswa kwegunya lezobupolitika. Phakathi kwemizekelo eyahlukileyo yi Democratic Centralism kunye nePluralist Democratic Democratic Democratic Democratic. IDemocratic Centralism, esekelwe kwingcamango yentlangano yakwaLenin, ibeka umanyano kunye noqeqesho kwiqela labangeni, ngelixa iPrulist Democracy, ikhuthazwe kwingcinga-demo-demokhrasi ekhululekileyo, igxininisa ukhuphiswano phakathi kwamaqela ahlukeneyo abantu abanomdla, iinkqubo zemfundo, iindlela zokwenene, amandla, kunye nobuthathaka bemodeli nganye, ithelekiswa ngokucotha kwabafundi kunye nabasebenzi benzululwazi yezobupolitika.

Yintoni Inkqubo Yolawulo - melo?

IDemocratic Centralism ngumgaqo wombutho wangaphakathi ocaciswe okokuqala nguVladimir Lenin kwiphecana lakhe lo-1902 Yintoni emele yenziwe? Yaseka isiseko seQela leBolshevik kwaye kamva yaba ngumgaqo wokulungiselela amaqela amakomanisi ehlabathini lonke. Le ngcamango ixhomekeke kwizinto ezine ezingundoqo: inkululeko yokuthetha phambi kwesigqibo, umanyano lwesenzo emva kwesigqibo, unyulo lwazo zonke iziqu ezikhokela ezikhoyo zisuka ngezantsi, kunye nokuphendula kwemizimba kuzo. Ngoko ke, “icandelo lobukhompukalbelo-democratic ngokuqhelekileyo liphantsi kolawulo oluphakathi, ngokukodwa phantsi kolawulo oluphakathi.

Kuhlobo lwayo olufanelekileyo, iDemocratic Centralism ivumela amalungu ukuba athethe ngokukhululekileyo ngenkqubo yomgaqo-nkqubo ngexesha lokwenza izigqibo. Xa ivoti ithathiwe, noko ke, abambalwa banyanzelekile ukwamkela isigqibo soninzi nokusizalisekisa ngaphandle kokuphinda kuphikisane. Oku kuqinisekisa ukuba inyathelo elikhawulezayo, elidityanisiweyo qha, luncedo lwamaqela ajongene noxinezelelo lukarhulumente. Imodeli ifuna ukuba onke amalungu eqela, ukusuka kwiiseli zasekuhlaleni ukuya kwikomiti esembindini, anyuswe ngamalungu, ngokucingelwa ukunika iintambo zotyani.

Ngokwembali, iDemocratic Centralism yaqaliswa eSoviet Union, iRiphabliki yaBantu yaseTshayina, eCuba, namanye amazwe anecandelo elinye. Kule meko, lo mgaqo usoloko uguqukela kwinkqubo yolawulo oluphezulu, uphikiswa ngokukhutshwa kwezocotho, uhlalutyo, okanye ukuvalelwa entolongweni. Abahlalutyi baphikisa ngelithi “i-democratic" iba libala xa ukhokelo lweqela lilawula iinkqubo zokungalawuleli kwaye licinezela ezinye iimbono.

Iimpawu Eziyintloko Ekuqheliseleni

  • Ukwenza isigqibo esitshintshiweyo: iinkqubo ezinkulu zigqitywe yikomiti esembindini okanye i polituro, enomgangatho osezantsi olindelekileyo ukuhambisana.
  • [[Umthetho:0] IParty Disciption: Amalungu kufuneka axhase ekuhleni izigqibo ezikhe zenziwa; i-corionism iyathintelwa.
  • [[Umthetho:0] Owokuqala wobuKhala, phezu kwalona nonyulo, amandla atyekele ekunikeni ingqalelo kwiqela elincinane lokhokelo, njengoko kuchazwe nguRobert Michels.
  • Inkcubeko edityanisiweyo: kuphela iqela elilawulayo elivumelekileyo, kwaye amazwi enkcaso acuthelwe phantsi.

Yintoni Ulawulo - melo Lweenkqubo Zolawulo - melo Ezingalawulekiyo?

Ulawulo-mpukane lwedemokhrasi lungumzekelo wokulawula apho igunya lezobupolitika lisasazwa phakathi kwamaqela amaninzi akhuphisanayo . Quka namaqela eentlalo, amaqela ezobupolitika, imibutho, amaqumrhu okusebenza, nemibutho yoluntu. Iziseko zengcamango zabekwa ziingcali njengoJames Madison (Federalist No. 10), owathi waphikisa ukuba irepublic enkulu enamaqela amaninzi inokuthintela naliphi na iqela elithile elilawulayo. Ingcamango yalexesha lanamhlanje ye-i-i-injiko yaveliswa nguRobert Dahl, osebenza ngo-1961 ngubani uMlawuli wemikhosi? wabonakalisa ukuba igunya kwizixeko ezininzi zaseMelika lasasazeka kumaqela amaninzi kunokuba liphakanyiswe kwilungu elinye.

Kwinkqubo yobuni, abemi banenxaxheba ngokuvota, ngokudibanisa amaqela abantu abanomdla, ngokuqhankqalaza, nangokuba nenxaxheba kwintetho yesidlangalala. Iziphumo zomgaqo-nkqubo zivela ekuthengeni nasekulalaneni phakathi kwamaqela, urhulumente esebenza njengomxhasi. Lo mzekelo uqikelela ukuba zonke izilangazelelo ezibalulekileyo zinelungelo lokulungiselela nokuphembelela izigqibo, zithintela izikhulu okanye izikhulu eziziintloko ezisisigxina zingalawuleki.

Ulawulo-demokhrasi olulawulwa ngabantu luphawulwe ngokuhlola nokulinganisela komgaqo-siseko, imibutho yejaji ezimeleyo, unyulo lwesisa, kunye nemigaqo-nkqubo yokukhusela inkululeko yabemi. IUnited States, iUnited Kingdom, iJamani, neIndiya zidla ngokukhankanywa njengemizekelo, nangona nganye ibonakalisa ubuninzi obungalinganiyo.

Umatshini wokubala

  • Owona khuphiswano lweqela: Amaqela amila kufutshane nezoqoqosho, intlalo, izithethe, okanye unqulo kunye norhulumente okhuthaza imigaqo-nkqubo elungileyo.
  • Ingxelo yobutyala: unyulo oluthe rhoqo luvumela abemi ukuba bathathe indawo yabameli, baqinisekise ukusabela.
  • Ukwahlula amagunya: ulawulo, uwiso-mthetho, kunye namasebe okugweba ajongana, ethintela uxinezeleko lwamandla.
  • ICivil Society: Yinethwekhi echukumisekeyo yeentlangano, i-media, kunye namaqela oluntu anceda ukuthabatha inxaxheba.

Uhlalutyo lothelekiso lweemodeli zolawulo

Ukuqonda umahluko phakathi kweDemocratic Centralism kunye nedemocracy yoluntu kufuneka kuvavanywe imilinganiso emininzi: iinkqubo zokwenza izigqibo, ukuthabatha inxaxheba, ukusasazwa kwamandla, ukuphehlwa koxanduva, nokuthand ’ ityala. I tafile engezantsi ishwankathela umahluko ongundoqo, kodwa kulandela uphando olunzulu.

Ukwenza isigqibo: Phezulu- ezantsi vs. Decentralzed

Kulawulo-modemoc Centralism, ukwenza isigqibo kungumlawuli olawulayo. Imigaqo-nkqubo enkulu ibekwa ngumphathi-phambili osembindini, ngokufuthi emva kwengxoxo elinganiselweyo yangaphakathi. Isikhundla kunye nefayile kulindeleke ukuba kuzalisekiswe imiyalelo ngaphandle kokubuzwa. Le mizekelo iyaphumelela xa kuyimfuneko isenzo esikhawulezayo, umzekelo, ngexesha lovukelo okanye ngexesha lemfazwe. Noko ke, ithintela ukutshintsha kwengxaki yokudala kwaye ikhokelele kwiimpazamo eziyintlekele xa iinkokeli zigqunywe kwingxelo. Impendulo yeSoviet kwintlekele eChernobyl ngo 1986 ingqina ukungaphumeleli okunjalo, njengokuba amagunya asekuhlaleni ayengenayo i-Implase ukuze enze ngokukhawuleza.

Ngokwahlukileyo koko, ulawulo-lwazi lobuGawulayo olukwizigqibo ezisasazwa kwiindibano-malungu ezininzi. Imithetho iphuma kwiingxoxo phakathi kwamaqela entsalo, iikomiti zowiso-mthetho, amaqumrhu alawulayo, yaye ngamanye amaxesha ivoti yabemi abachaphazelekayo. Le nkqubo ilungelelanisiweyo iyacotha kodwa ivumela inkqubo yotshintsho olubanzi nolwandiso lwezonyango lwaseMelika. Ukuqhubeka kwamashumi eminyaka engxoxo phakathi kwabaxhasi, amaqela abaguli, nabepolitiko, babonisa ukuntsonkotha kokwenziwa kwesigqibo sobuninzi.

Ukuthatha Inxaxheba Kuwonke-wonke: Ilawulwa. Vula

I-Democratic Centralism ithintela ukubandakanyeka kwamalungu eqela, kwanaphakathi kweqela, impembelelo enenjongo ilinganiselwe kwiqela eliphezulu. Abemi abaqhelekileyo balindeleke ukuba baxhase iinkqubo zeqela ngemibutho eninzi kodwa abanikwa gunya lokuzicel ’ umngeni. Ku Soviet Union, unyulo lwalungaqhubi nxaxheba, lunelungu elinye kuphela elingeneleyo kwisihlalo ngasinye. Le ndlela inciphisa ukuchasana kodwa ikwabahluliwe nabemi ekulawuleni, nto leyo enegalelo ekuthobeni ulawulo oluphantsi.

Ulawulo-mpukane olunoburhulumente lukhuthaza ukuba kubekho inxaxheba esasazekileyo ngemijelo emininzi. Abami bangavota, bathelele amaqela ezobupolitika, baququzelele amaqela enzala, bangene kwiiholo zedolophu, izibongozo, okanye babaleke kwisikhundla. Intelekelelo kukuba abemi ababotshelelweyo bagcine ityala likarhulumente. Noko ke, ukuba nenxaxheba kusukelo olugqithisileyo nolungcono kungenelele kwimiqathango ebhaliweyo ngakwabo batyebileyo, nto leyo ekhokelela ekubeni nengcungela ebhaliweyo [[FLT:]

Unikezelo lwamandla: ubhekiso phambili v. Ukutshintsha

IDemocratic Centralism inike amandla kwiqela elinye okanye iqela lokhokelo. Eli qela lilawula urhulumente, umkhosi, uqoqosho, kunye netheminali. Olu hlomelo lungenza ushishino olukhawulezileyo okanye ukuqokelelwa kwesizwe qha, njengoko kubonwa kwizicwangciso zikaStalin zeminyaka emihlanu eTshayina okanye eStalin. Kodwa ukungabikho kwamaziko azimeleyo kuthetha ukuba kumbalwa ukuxilonga ukuxhatshazwa.

Ulawulo-mpukane lobushicilele luchitha amandla phakathi kwamaqela amaninzi namaziko. Urhulumente wahlulwe waba ngamasebe, kwaye abadlali babucala (amashishini, amaqumrhu, iNGO) baba noovimba abazimeleyo. Oku kusasaza kwenza kube nzima naliphi na iqela ukulawula, kodwa kungakhokelela ekulawuleni inkqubo okanye ekufumaneni ngokusemthethweni okanye ekuphathweni ngamaqela amancinane. Ingqiqo yemancur Olson yesenzo sombutho [[ ichaza indlela izilangazelelo ezimandla ezisoloko ziphumelela ngayo, ezityebileyo ezininzi eziye zanwenwa ngamaqela.

Ukulungelelaniswa Nokuzivumelanisa

I-Democratic Centralism ingqongqo ngokwendlela ekhiwe ngayo. Ukuqeqesha kudinga ukunyaniseka kwizigqibo naxa zingqineke zilahlekisiwe. Oku kubambelela kumgaqo-nkqubo kungathintela utshintsho; umzekelo, ukunamathela okuqhubekayo kweSoviet Union kucwangciso lwasembindini emva kokuba i-ifficiencies icace yinxalenye ngenxa yokunyanzeleka kwengqiqo. Ngokwahlukileyo, iinkqubo zokuzibandakanya ezizininzi zivumela utshintsho oluthe ngcembe ngokulungelelanisa. Noko ke, ukutshintsha-jikelezo lwezimvo kusenokuphumela kwimigaqo engookhotho xa ininzi itsalela kumacala awahlukeneyo.

Uhlolisiso Lwetyala Lembali

IDemocratic Motialism ESoviet Union

ISoviet Union yafuzisela iDemocratic Centralism ukususela ngowe-1917 ukuya kunyaka ka-1991. Phantsi kweLenin, le nkqubo yavumela ingxoxo enzima kakhulu kwiminyaka yokuqala, kodwa uStalin waphelisa konke ukungavumelani yi-1930. IQela lobuKomanisi leSoviet Union (CPSU) lalawula zonke iinkalo zobomi, kunye nePolituro yenza izigqibo ezazisetyenziswa yironabhabha neqela elisezantsi le-echelons. Ngowe-1963 “umGaqo-siseko we-Stalin” ngokusemthethweni uqinisekisa amalungelo, kodwa ngokuqhelisa, iqela lazilawula ngokupheleleyo ngenkqubo ye-nomenkalatura, amapolisa asese, kunye nokucinezelwa kwenkcaso. Imodeli yanikela kwimpumelelo yangaphambili kwimpumelelo yemfazwe yehlabathi kunye noloyilo II kodwa kwana kwinkcubangcuba, kwana ukuwohloka kwezoqoqosho, kwanamsinga.

Ulawulo - melo Olungalawulekiyo EUnited States

I-United States isoloko ibekwa njengomzekelo ophambili wedemokhrasi ye-frecial No. 10 i-James Madison’s Federalist yaphikisa ngelithi irepublic enkulu enamaqela amaninzi iyakuthintela ubundlobongela bamagunya amaninzi. Ukwahlulwa komGaqo-siseko, urhulumente, kunye neBhili yamaLungelo yakha iingongoma ezininzi zokufikelela amaqela abantu abanomdla. Ngeenkulungwane, amaqela amela ukubulaleka, amalungelo abantu, ulawulo lwemekobume, nezinye izinto ezibangela ukuba kubekho inkqubo ethile. Kodwa abaphengululi abanjengo- Gilens kunye nePagens imbambano yezoqoqosho nezilangazelelo zeshishini zinempembelelo engalinganiyo. Noko ke, inkqubo ibonise ukuguquka nokuvuselelwa kwemithetho ye-oknst.

Ulawulo - melo Olungalawulekiyo EIndiya

IIndiya, eyona migangatho yedemokhrasi iphambili ehlabathini, isebenza phantsi kwemigangatho eninzi ekwiqela ezahlukahlukeneyo lamaqela ezobupolitika, imibutho esekelwe kumaqela eehlelo, amaqela onqulo, kunye nezilangazelelo zengingqi. Isakhiwo sorhulumente, oorhulumente abamanyeneyo, kunye nabantu abanamandla bavumela ukunxibelelana phakathi kwamaqela aphikisanayo. Noko ke, iingxaki ziquka ukungalingani okunzulu, ukunganyaniseki, kunye nogonyamelo lwamaqumrhu oluvavanyanisa imigaqo yezobuninzi. Amava eIndiya abonisa ukuba ubuninzi bungasebenza nakwiintlanganiso ezinkulu, kodwa ukuphumelela kwawo kuxhomekeke kwimigaqo yezeko.

Iingenelo Neentswelo Ziyaphinda Zityelele

Iingenelo Zolawulo - melo

  • Ubuchule bokuphumeza inkqubo ngaphandle kokuthethana ngokugqithisileyo.
  • [[UMTL:0] Ubunye: Ulawulo olunye lwezobupolitika lunciphisa ukwahlukana kunye nonxunguphalo lukawonke-wonke.
  • [[UMKHL:0] Ulungiso: ubuchule bokulungelelanisa ubuncwane besizwe ukwenzela imisebenzi emikhulu yesikali (umz., iinkqubo zesithuba, iziseko).
  • Ubuchule bokwahlukanisa, ingakumbi kwiimeko zentlekele.

Iingxaki Zolawulo - melo

  • Uxinzelelo lokungavumelani: Abagxeki bajamelana nentshutshiso, nto leyo ekhokelela ekulahlekelweni kokuhlaziya nokuziphendulela.
  • [[UMTL: 0] Iphepha lomelo: abemi abaqhelekileyo banelizwi elilinganiselweyo; inkqubo ingazibetha ngoyaba iimfuno zasekuhlaleni.
  • Ukusetyenziswa kwamandla agqithisiweyo ngaphandle kokulawula okuzimeleyo kubangela ubuqhophololo kunye nokuphatha kakubi.
  • Abantu bangarhoxa kwinkqubo yezobupolitika, nto leyo ekhokelela ekuphambukeni.

Iingenelo zolawulo-lawulo lolawulo-lawulo lobuPhulu

  • [[UMTL:0] Ugcino-lwazi: Amaqela amaninzi angaxhasa intsebenziswano ezahlukeneyo, akhuthaza umelo.
  • Ubalo lwemali: unyulo kunye nocofo olukhululekileyo lokukhangela amandla karhulumente.
  • I-Picies ingalungiswa ngokulungelelana nokutshintsha.
  • Ukhuphiswano lweengcamango lukhuthaza izisombululo zokwakha kwiingxaki zentlalo.

Iingozi Zolawulo - melo Lolawulo - melo LobuPhulumane

  • Icala le-'FLT':[[FLT'] Incopho ezigqithisileyo zeveto zingawuvingca umthetho ofunekayo.
  • [[UMTL:0] Ukulingana kwempembelelo:[ amaqela afumileyo alawula iziphumo zenkqubo, edanisa ukuthatha inxaxheba okulinganayo.
  • Ukujolisa kweqondo lomgca-maxesha: imijikelo ye-Electorive ingenisa iinkqubo ezivelisa iingenelo ezikhawulezileyo kugcino lwabiwo-mali lwexesha elide.
  • [[Ukwahlulwa komthetho: 0] Ulwandiso oluninzi kakhulu lungadala ukhuphiswano olungenayo kunye nophawu lwesizwe olubuthathaka.

Isiseko: Lenin vs. Madison

I-Democratic Centralism ifumana kakhulu kwingcamango kaLenin yeqela labagcini-majoni. Yintoni ezakwenziwa?, uLenin waphikisa ngelithi abasebenzi, abathintelwe “yingqondo yokumanyana,” babefuna iqela lemvukelo eliqeshiweyo elikhokelayo kwi-soshiyalizimu. Eli gunya lisekomeleziwe nengqeqesho eqinileyo. Kamva lagunya eligunyazisiweyo lagunyaziswa nguStalin kwi-“The Foundations of Lenicienism" kwaye lamkelwa ngamaqela obukhomanisi emhlabeni wonke.

Ulawulo-mpukane lolawulo-mpuma lobuGawulayo, ngokwahlukileyo, lusekelwe kwisithethe esikhululekileyo. UMadison walumkisa ngemeko kodwa wabona irepublic enkulu njengeyeyona ingcono njengekhambi leengozi zayo. Abaninzi banamhlanje njengoRobert Dahl (]] umboniso ophambili kwi Democratic Theory[] [FLT]]]) igxininisa ukuba idemokhrasi ifuna ipolysy à njl, ngokunjalo ngemeko efana nenkululeko yokuchaza ezinye iimvelaphi, kunye nobumishiqela obudileyo. Bobabini uLenice kunye noMagnessa babene babenento ekwahlukeneyo: ulawulo lwecawamacalalism; uogbon, ugonyamelo oluninzi nogonyamelo.

Iintlobo Zemikhwa Yangaphambili Nezamakhazikhazi

Kule nkulungwane yama-21, zimbalwa iintlobo ezinyulu zohlobo oluthile. Iimeko ezininzi zecandelo (iChina, iVietnam, iLaos) zisanamathele ngokusemthethweni kwiDemocratic Centralism kodwa zizise ubuninzi obusikelwe umda bezoqoqosho (ooomatiloshe abathelekisayo) ngexesha lokugcina igunya lolawulo-siseko lwezobupolitika. Idemokhrasi yeTshayina “yonke yentsebenziswano" ichazwa njengendlela yokulungisa, kodwa eqheliselayo, ukwenza izigqibo kuhlala kulawulwa ngokungqongqo yiKhosi.

Idemokhrasi esekwayo ijongene nocelomngeni lolawulo-mpuku oluziziintlobo ngeentlobo ezidityanisiweyo olusuka kwipopulist, ukunyuka kobungani, kunye nokungalingani kwemivo egqwethekileyo ephazamisa ukhuphiswano lwentlalo-ntle. Abanye abaphengululi baphikisa ngelithi idemokhrasi yaseNtshona iqhubela “kwidemokhrasi yolawulo-moya olulawulayo” okanye“ impembelelo yobuzwilane bokuzibhokoxa,” apho intlobo-zininzi ziqhubeka kodwa zikhuphisana. Okwangoku, uvavanyo lwedemokhrasi yolawulo-melo oluphezulu (umz. iindibano zabemi) zizimisele ukunyusa ubuninzi ngokuphengulukupheka, ziphembelela impembelelo ephakamileyo.

Imizekelo elawulayo ngamanye amaxesha idibanisa iziqalelo: umzekelo, iSingapore idibanisa unyulo lokhuphiswano nolawulo olunzima nokukhululeka okusikelwe umda, okusoloko kuchazwa “njengedemokhrasi.” Uxinezeleko phakathi kokuzinza nokukhula kobuninzi lusasoloko lusengundoqo kwinkqubela yezobupolitika ehlabathini lonke.

Isiphelo

IDemocratic Centralism kunye nePururalist imela izithintelo eziphikisanayo zolawulo. Ezokuqala zimisela umanyano, uqeqesho, kunye nokusebenza kakuhle, ngokufuthi ngokuphulukana nenkululeko yomntu ngamnye kunye nokuthatha inxaxheba okubanzi. Amaxabiso alandelayo ahlukeneyo, ukuphendulana, nokhuphiswano, kodwa anokuchaphazeleka kubuthathaka kunye nempembelelo engafaniyo. Zombini ezimo zedemokhrasi ziye zavelisa impumelelo ephawulekayo kunye nokungaphumeleli okunzulu. Izazinzulu zezobupolitika ziyaqhubeka ziphikisana enoba isynthesis inokwenzeka kusini na (inkqubo edityalwayo nokuthabatha inxaxheba ngokunyanisekileyo nokuhlola okunyanisekileyo.). Kubafundi bolawulo, ukuqonda le mifuziselo inika intelelo ecacileyo yokuhlolisisa amandla nokungalinganiyo kunye nokunganyani kobucala kwemigaqo-mthetho zobupolitika.