I-odoli yedemokhrasi yabameli, inkqubo yokuba abemi banike igunya, inkqubo yokubumba, kunye neenkokeli ezinokuphendula. Kwiinkulungwane ezininzi, ibutho labantu liye lazama iindlela ezininzi zokufaka ibhola, nganye ibonisa ubuchule bobugcisa, izinto eziphambili, kunye nokungaqiniseki okukhoyo kwixesha lalo. Ukusuka ekuphakamiseni izandla ku-Athene yamandulo, ukubeka imigaqo enzima yanamhlanje, ucelomngeni olungundoqo lusahlala: indlela yokuyila inkqubo yokuvota efikeleleka ngexesha elinye, ecacileyo, ecacileyo, esebenzayo. Akukho ndlela inye egqibeleleyo yobugcisa, kunye nokungagqibekiyo ngexesha layo.

Eli nqaku linikela uhlolo olucokisekileyo lweendlela ezintathu zokuvota ezisetyenziswa ehlabathini namhlanje, ngokuvota, ngokuvota, nangokuvota ngeposi. Siza kuvavanya amandla nobuthathaka bendlela nganye, sizivavanye ngaphaya komsebenzi obalulekileyo, kwaye siqwalasele indlela eyahlukileyo imo yemo-mongo yokhetho enokuthi ikhethe ngayo enye kunenye. Ngokuyiqonda le ndlela, abemi, amagosa onyulo, kunye nabenzi bemithetho bangenza izigqibo ezinolwazi malunga neenkqubo ezilawula ulawulo lwedemokhrasi.

E- Person Voting

Uvoto olusuka kwi-asel-ne-lives--. apho abemi beya kwindawo yokuvota emiselweyo baze baphose ivoti yabo ngomhla wonyulo (okanye ngexesha lovota lokuqala)] ihlala iyinkqubo eqheleke kakhulu nesekelwe kwimbali kwidemokhrasi ezininzi. Ngumgca osisiseko apho kudla ngokubalwa khona ezinye iindlela ezintsha.

Iiprojekthi ze-In- Person Votion

  • Uqinisekiso kunye nokuthembeka kovoti. Abavoti bafumana isiqinisekiso esikhawulezileyo sokuba ibhola yabo ibhalisiwe kwaye ibekwe kwi-reyithi. Akukho lixhala malunga nolibaziseko lweposi okanye iiglits zobugcisa. Kwabaninzi, isenzo esiphathekayo sokufaka iphepha ibhola yevolute sinika ingqiqo engokwasengqondweni yokuvala nokuqinisekisa ukuba ivoti yabo ibala.
  • [[UMTL:0] Kuncedo olungenazintlu zabavoti. Abasebenzi beplagi bakhona ukunceda ngoguqulelo lolwimi, izixhobo zokufikelela, kunye nemibuzo nge-colot. Oku kunciphisa umthwalo kubavoti abasenokuba abaqhelana nemibandela entsonkothileyo okanye abaneziphene ezenza kube nzima ukuzivota ngokwabo.
  • uphawu lobungqina. Uvotelo olukwi-person lufuna ukunikwa uchazo olusebenzayo lukarhulumente olukhutshelweyo, olusebenza njengesithintelo esinamandla sokuthintela ukuqhatha. Abasebenzi abasebenza ngokukhangela utyikityo, iidilesi, kunye novota ngexesha lokwenene, ukunciphisa ubungozi bokuzifaka okanye ukuvota okuphindaphindiweyo.
  • [[NTL: 0] Umngcipheko wobunyani bekhompyutha. Ngenxa yokuba ibhola ziphoswa kumaziko eendaba aphathekayo kwaye zibalwa phantsi kojongo oluthe ngqo, ukuvota okukwi-person akukhuselekanga kakhulu ekuhlaseleni kwe-intanethi ekude. Kwanaxa oomatshini be-elektroniki besetyenziswa, iinkqubo ezisekelwe kwikhompyutha zinzima ukulalanisa kukhulu kunemigangatho ekude kwi-intanethi.

Imiqolo yePerson

  • Imiqobo yokufumana. Imiqobo ekhubaza umzimba, abo bangenazo izinto zokuhamba ezinokuthenjwa, okanye abantu abanocwangciso olufuna umsebenzi olufuna intsebenziswano basenokukufumanisa kunzima ukufikelela kwindawo yokuvota ngexesha lomsebenzi. Iingingqi zasemaphandleni zisenokuba nohambo olude, ngeli lixa imimandla yasedolophini inokuba nokungabikho kwezixhobo.
  • [[FLT: 0] Imigca ede kwaye ulinde amaxesha. Kunyulo oluphezulu, imigca inganwebeka kangangeeyure, idimaza inxaxheba nento echaphazela ngokugqithisileyo abasebenzi abahlawulwayo, abasebenzi abasebenza ngezithuba, kunye nabagcini abangenayo imali yokulinda.
  • Izizathu zokoyikisa okanye ukungcungcuthekisa. iindawo zokubhijabhija zingaba ziindawo zongquzulwano lwezopolitiko. Kwanakwimithetho echasene nonyulo, abavoti bangaziva benyanzelekile okanye boyikiswe ngabachongi, abavukeli, okanye ababukeli bobundlobongela.
  • [[FLT: 0] Isebenzo lolawulo lwendawo. Ukuphatha iindawo zokuvota ngokoqobo kufuna abasebenzi ababalulekileyo, izixhobo, kunye nocwangciso lobuchule. Iimpazamo ekusebenzeni, oomatshini abaphazanyisiweyo, okanye utshintsho lwendawo lokugqibela lungasusa abavoti.

Utshintsho olufana nokuvota kwangethuba, ukuchitha iiyure ezingakumbi, ukuvota kwicala elisecaleni, kunye neeyunithi zokuvota ezihambayo ziye zanceda ekunciphiseni ezinye zezi ngxaki, kodwa imiqathango yezobubonelelo kunye nokuncitshiswa kwezobupolitika kuyaqhubeka kumisela ukusetyenziswa kwazo kwimimandla emininzi.

Ukuhambisa iposi

Uvoto lweposi . Ngokufuthi lubizwa ngokuba luvotelo olungekhoyo xa luceliwe, okanye ivoti-endi xa iqhutywa emhlabeni wonke, "ivumela abemi ukuba bafumane ibhola yokuvota ngeposi, bayigqibelise ngokulula, kwaye bayibuyise ngeposi okanye ngebhokisi yokulahla. Indlela ibone ulwando oluphawulekayo kwiminyaka yakutshanje, ingakumbi ngexesha lesifo sovotooto, kwaye ngoku yinkqubo yokuqala yokuvota kwi-U.S. amazwe namazwe afana neSwitzerland neNew Zealand.

Imisebenzi yokusebenza ye-imeyili

  • Imali kunye nonyuso. Ngokususa imfuneko yokuhamba ukuya kwindawo yokuvota ngosuku oluthile, ukuvota isusa umqobo omkhulu kwiintsapho ezixakekileyo, abafundi, abasebenzi beshenxisi, kunye nabantu abahlala kwiindawo ezikude. Uhlolisiso lubonisa ukuba lonke unyulo lweposi lukhuthaza ukuvota, ingakumbi phakathi kwamaqela akhoyo embalini.
  • Isigqibo esiphakanyisiweyo sokwenza ixesha. Izixhobo zingathatha iintsuku okanye iiveki kubahloli-lwazi, izifundo imilinganiselo, kunye nokuxoxa nentsapho phambi kokuphawula ibhola yabo yokuvota. Oku kunciphisa ubungozi bezigqibo ezingxamayo okanye ezingamiselwanga kakuhle ezenziwa kwidokodo lokuvota.
  • Inzuzo yempilo ye-Public. Ngexesha lezifo ezimandundu okanye ezinye iingozi zempilo, ukuvota iposi kuphelisa ukuxinana okuphithizelayo ngaphakathi kwaye kunciphisa ukudluliselwa kwezifo. Kukwakhusela abantu abafumana inkxaso-majoni omzimba kunye nabakhulileyo abasenokubeka engozini ukuchanabeka.
  • Umthwalo wolawulo ophezulu wobalo. Ngelixesha ucwangciso lwangaphambili lunzima, imimandla etshintshela kwi-posi-ngaphakathi yokuvota isoloko iqinisa iindawo zokuvota kumaziko afikelelekayo ambalwa, ukucutha abasebenzi kunye nezixhobo ezixabisa ixesha elide.

Umbutho weposi

  • [[FLT: 0] Izibambezelo zendlela yokungena nokulahleka kwebhola. Ukuthembeka komsebenzi weposi kuyahluka ngokubanzi. Iibhola zingalibaziseka, zilahlekile, okanye zinikelwe kwidilesi engalunganga. Kwimigqabano eqinileyo, iibhola ezikhawulezayo ezifikayo zingagqiba iziphumo xa kuqalisa iimpikiswano ezisemthethweni. Abaxhasi kufuneka bazimisele ukucela iibhola zomqeshwa kwangoko nangokuzibuyisela ngexesha elaneleyo.
  • [ Inkxalabo yokuqhatha okuqhutywa ngamavolontiya (nangona inqabile). Abachasi bachaza iingozi zokuvuna ibhola, utyikityo oluyinkohliso, okanye ukuvota kwabantu abafileyo. Ngelixesha uphando lwemfundo kunye nophicotho-zincwadi lusoloko lufumana ukuba ukuqhatha kwenzeka ngomlinganiselo osezantsi, ukuqondwa kwabantu ngokubanzi kokunganqabiseki kungonakalisa ukuthemba ngokweziphumo.
  • Ufako lobungqina. Imimandla emininzi ithelekisa utyikityo lomvoti kwimvulophu yokubuya nefayile enye. Kodwa utyikityo lungatshintsha ngokuhamba kwexesha, kwaye uhlolo lomntu olunolwazi lungakhokelela ekulahlweni ngokungenasiphelo kweebhola ezivela kwabancinane, abadala, okanye abavoti abambalwa.
  • Isantya esiphezulu semposiso zebhola. Ngaphandle koncedo lwe-28person, abavoti bangenza iimpazamo ezinjengokugqithisa, ukungaphumeleli ukusayina imvulophu, okanye ukusebenzisa inki engafanelekanga. Oku kukhokelela kwinani eliphezulu lokulahliwa kwebhola xa kuthelekiswa nokuvota kwe-projekti, nangona ngoku amaphondo amaninzi enika “inkqubo” yokuzikhusela.

Ukuphucula ukhuseleko nokubonakala, amagunya amaninzi onyulo azalisekisa iinkqubo zokufumana imibala ebhaliweyo, afuna utyikityo ngebhodi yohlolo lwe-bipartisan, kwaye anikezele iibhokisi zolahleko ezikhuselekileyo njengenye indlela yokubuyela kwiposi. uphando oluvela kwi Brennan Center yeJaji lubhale ukuba ukuvota iposi kukhuselekile kwaye kuyasebenza xa kusetyenziswa kakuhle.

Ulongiso lwe-elektroniki

Uvota ngombane kubhekiselwa ekusetyenzisweni kwenkqubo ye-elektroniki ukushicilela nokuvota. Olu didi luquka oomatshini abalungisa ngqo be-elektroniki (DRE) abasetyenziswa kwiindawo zokuvota, iinkqubo zokuhlola ezifunda iibhola eziphawulweyo, kunye namaqonga okuvota avumela ukujulwa okukude kwesixhobo sobuqu. Ngoxa amazwe amaninzi aye amkela izixhobo ze-elektroniki zokusebenzisa i-precinc, ukuvota okupheleleyo kwi-intanethi kuhlala kunqabile ngenxa yeengxaki zokhuseleko ezingalungiswangalungiswanga.

Iprojekti yokusebenza ngombane

  • Ubalo oluthe ngqo noluchanekileyo. ulungiso lwesixhobo sombane lungavelisa iziphumo kwimizuzu okanye iiyure emva kokuvala, xa kuthelekiswa neeyure okanye iintsuku kwivoloti yephepha elibaliweyo ngesandla. Le santya siluncedo kakhulu kulawulo olunemilinganiselo enzima okanye ukuvota okucetyiweyo.
  • [[NTL: 0] Izixhobo ze electromacki ezinikezelweyo. zinokuxhotyiswa ngesandi, amaqhosha ombane, iifonti ezandisiweyo, kunye nezinye iindlela zongeno, zibangela ukuba abavoti abakhubazekileyo bakhuphe ibhola ezimeleyo. Ezinye iinkqubo zixhasa iilwimi ezininzi.
  • Ukulahlwa kwephepha kunye namaxabiso (ngengcamango). Ngokupheleleyo ukuvota okungenaphepha kuphelisa imfuneko yokushicilela, ukuthutha, nokugcina iphepha elininzi. Ekuhambeni kwexesha, oku kunganciphisa iziphumo zemeko-bume kunye nexabiso lezinto ezisetyenziswayo, nangona ukuqokelelwa nokugcinwa kwe-hardware kubaluleke.
  • [ Ngokusebenzisa umbane we-odoli kubemi abathile. Abancinane abavoti baqhelile ukusetyenziswa kwamanani abanokufumana ithuku lokuvota nge-elektroniki kunye nokusebenza kakuhle, okunokwenzeka ukunyusa ukubotshwa kwesivumelwano phakathi kweli qela.

Izixhobo Zokukhupha i - elektroniki

  • I-Cybersecurity vulneribility. Iinkqubo zombane zinomtsalane kumaxhoba omatshini bombane abakhandi abachopheli-okanyekileyo belizwe, abaphakathi abanobungozi, kunye nocwangco. Ngaphandle kokhetho lwephepha lophicotho-zincwadi (VPAT), akukho ndlela yokuqinisekisa ngokuzimeleyo ukuba oomatshini babhaliwe ngokuchanekileyo. I-VLT Foundation i-Voctive iced Foundation [ ixhasa ngamandla ugcino-zincwadi olusekelwe kwisixokelelwano sombane kuzo zonke iinkqubo zombane.
  • [[UMTL:0] Ukungasebenzi kakuhle kwe-software kunye neempazamo. Ii-bugcus ze-software, ukungaphumeleli kwe-hardware, ukuphelelwa kwamandla, kunye nemibandela yokukhupha i-olibha ingakhokelela ekulahlekeni kwevoti okanye iziqu ezingalunganga. Kwanomatshini abavavanyiweyo abalungileyo bangangqubana ngaphantsi kwemithwalo engalindelwanga, bebangela imigca emide kunye nokuhlulwa.
  • Ulwahlulo olumanyeneyo kunye nokudilika. Abemi abakhulileyo, amakhaya angenazintlu-mali, kunye noluntu lwasemaphandleni lusoloko lungenayo intlawulo ethembekileyo kwi-intanethi kunye nokubhalwa kwamanani aphantsi. Ukuvota kwe-elektroniki. Ingakumbi kwi-intanethi-8] i-i-intshi encinci enokuthi ingabikho la maqela, nto leyo idala umsantsa wokuthabatha inxaxheba ongakumbi.
  • Iphepha lokubona ngaphaya kwabavoti. Ngokungafaniyo ne-parkot yephepha ephawulwe ngesandla, irekhodi ye-elektroniki ayibonisi ngqindilili. Abashicileli kufuneka bathembe umatshini, i-software, kunye neqhina lokugcina ugcino-lwazi lwamanani. Oku kwenza isiqhubi soyikiso-qhinga kwaye kunciphisa intembelo kunyulo olusondeleyo.

Ukuqinisa ukuvota nge-elektroniki, iingcali ezininzi zokhuseleko lonyulo zicebisa indlela edityanisiweyo: iibhola ezifakwe kwimisongo yephepha ezisetyenziswa ngabahloli bekhompyutha, kunye nophicotho-zincwadi lwezandla olusetyenziselwa ukuqinisekisa amanani omatshini. Oku kudibanisa ukusebenza kakuhle kobalo lwe-elektroniki kunye nokusetyenziswa kwephepha. Iqela lophando lweziko lekhompyutha i-Stanford] Specurity [iecentity] iqela lophando lwasemgangathweni ye-khompyutha lipapashe uphando olubanzi kwimingcipheko kunye nolwelo lweenkqubo zokuvota ze-elektrovo.

Uhlalutyo lwentelekelelo

Le ndlela yokuvota ilandelayo ihlolisisa eyona nto ibalulekileyo amagosa onyulo nabavoti abafanele bayiqwalasele xa beqwalasela iindlela ezahlukeneyo zokukhetha.

Ufikeleleko

I-Mail 88in uvota kunye novoto lwezeelektroniki oluyilwe kakuhle lunako ukunikezela ufikelelo olubanzi. Iposi ikhupha imiqobo yokuhamba; i-elektroniki iyakwazi ukuthwala izimvo kunye nokungasebenzi kakuhle komzimba. Noko ke, iinkqubo zeposi .Ii-imeyili .Iinkqubo ze-posi .in .in .Iindlela ze-elektroperson zingenza ukuba kungeneke ngakumbi ngokukhetha ezinokusetyenziswa kwimiqobo, kodwa zisekho oko kusemgangathweni. Imigaqo yendalo iyakwazi ukuvelisa izinto ezinokusetyenziswa ngabantu abakwazi ukukwazi ukuzenzela izinto ezininzi.

Ukhuseleko nengqibelelo yokhetho

Kwi-2003person ukuvota kwisixhobo sokuchola i-collets kugqalwa njengegolide yokhuseleko kuba ixhathisa uhlaselo lwekhompyutha ekude kwaye ivumela ukuba ibhalwe ngezandla. IMail juin ithwala umngcipheko ophezulu kodwa wokwenyani wothintelo okanye wezomgunyathi, umngcipheko onokulawulwa ngenkqubo yokukhangela, utyikityo lwe-steensic, kunye netsheyina le-cnethistions. Uvotation ye- electrocle, ingakumbi ngaphandle kwe VVVPAT, ibeka umngcipheko ophezulu wenkqubo: uhlaselo olunempumelelo lwe-software lungaguqula amawaka evoti ingakhangelwanga. [[FLT:] Iziko lophando lophando oluqhelekileyo luye lwave ukunyuka kwe-vota ngokuthembeka, ngendlela nganye ebonwa ngokwahlukileyo kumaqela amaqela amaqela amaqela ahlukeneyo.

Ubuchule

Ulungiso lwesixhobo sombane lukhawulezisa ukuvelisa ubalo lokugqibela, nangona ucwangciso lokuqala kunye novavanyo luthatha ixesha elininzi. Ukuvota kuthatha ixesha elithe tye, njengokuba iibhola zingafika iintsuku okanye iiveki emva konyulo, lilibazisa iziphumo ezisemthethweni. I-in 04person ihlela phandle phakathi, neziphumo zisoloko zichazwa ngobusuku bonyulo ukuba oomatshini nabasebenzi abaneleyo bakhona. Ngoko, ubuchule abufanele ukuba bube yeyona nto iphambili; ucoselelo nobuchule bubaluleke kakhulu ekulawuleni kwedemokhrasi.

Ixabiso

Uthelekiso lwexabiso lunzima. Ukuvota okukwi-infumba kufuna ukuqeshwa kweendawo ezininzi zokuvota, imivuzo yamawaka abasebenzi bovolo, kunye nokugcinwa kwezixhobo. I-Mail juin ihla kwexabiso lokuvota kwiposi, ukushicilela, kunye nokulungisa imvulophu, kodwa inganciphisa inani lamanxuwa okuvota. Oomatshini bombane bokuvota bathengelwe phezulu kunye nexabiso le-software elidityanisiweyo, kodwa banganciphisa iindleko zokhetho ukuba zisetyenziswe kwimijikelezo emininzi. U. Ufundisiso ngu-ofisi ye-.[FLT]

Ukuthemba Nolwaneliseko

Ukuthembana kusekelwe kwimibandela. Abaxhasi abanelisekileyo ngobugcisa bathanda iindlela ze-elektroniki; abo baxabisa isithethe kunye nokuthandwa kwephepha lokubona ngaphaya. Ukuvota kuye kwaziwa kakhulu, kunye neengxelo ezikhuthazayo ezinika ulwandiso malunga nobuqhetseba obungaxhaswa bubungqina. Imfundo kawonke-wonke exhasweyo, ujongo olungelulo lwamalungu okhuseleko, kunye nonxibelelwano olucacileyo malunga nomlinganiselo wokhuseleko lunganceda ukuthemba kwiindlela ezithile. Ekugqibeleni, inkqubo enika ukhetho oluninzi(inàperson, email, kunye nenkxaso ye-elektroniki--acconelisa umngcipheko wokurhoxanduswa kobucala.

Isiphelo

Akukho ndlela yendalo iphela “elunge ngakumbi” yokuvota; ukhetho olulungileyo luxhomekeke kubungakanani belizwe, izibonelelo, ubunzima babemi, ukukhula kobugcisa, nesimo sengqondo senkcubeko ngasese kunye nokuthemba. Kwi-23person uvota kuhlala kuqinile kwaye kuqhelekile kodwa kulwa nofikelelo lokufumana kwaye kulinde. Uvotelo lweposi luphucula ngokuphawulekayo ulungiso nokujika kodwa lufuna ulawulo lobuchule kunye nenkqubo yeposi enamandla. Umatshini wokuvota unika isantya kunye nempumelelo enzima kodwa ufuna ukhuseleko olungqongqo kunye nomzila wephepha lokugcina ingqibelelo.

Abenzi benkqubo kufuneka baxhathise isilingo sokusebenzisa nayiphi na indlela ebanzi. Endaweni yoko, kufuneka bayile iinkqubo ezidityanisiweyo ezidibanisa amandla eendlela ezininzi ngezantsi, umzekelo, ukunikezela ngomvoti weposi jikelele, ii-posi 76in, kunye nee-collets ezixilongwe kwimimandla yokuvota, zonke ezixhaswa zii-'pications' ezizimeleyo. Kubalulekile ukuba abemi bafanele baqonde indlela nganye yokuvota, okokuba kukhuseleka kuphi na, nendlela yokuthatha inxaxheba ngokunempumelelo.

Idemokhrasi luvavanyo oluqhubekayo, kwaye iindlela zokuvota kufuneka zitshintshele kwibutho labantu. Ngokuvavanya iziphumo neengozi zendlela nganye ngobungqina nangokuthobeka, singakha iinkqubo zokukhetha ezingasebenzi kuphela kodwa ezifanele ukuthenjwa.