Ukuqonda Iindlela Zokusebenzisa Irhafu Yasekuhlaleni

Inkqubo yerhafu yasekuhlaleni isoloko isebenza kwimiba yerhafu karhulumente neyaseburhulumenteni, ukanti kubaphathi berhafu abancinane, kumashishini omasipala kunye nakumgangatho wengingqi werhafu isoloko inefuthe elikhawulezileyo nelibonakalayo kwingeniso kunye nokuhamba kwemali. Ngokungafaniyo nerhafu yerhafu ebanzi yemali exhaswa ngurhulumente, iinkqubo zerhafu zasekuhlaleni ziqhekekene kakhulu, zisoloko zingena, kwaye zixhomekeke kwiinguquko zequbuliso zemali kamasipala okanye iinkqubo zezopolitilitili — enoba kukutshintsha kwemiba yerhafunxa-mali yempahla, ukwamkelwa kwerhafuthelo enzulu yerhafu exhotyiswayo, okanye ukuveliswa kwesakhiwo semali entsha yemali yeshishini — ngokusisiseko kusenokuguqula ukhuphiso lwemiqatha yemali yeshishini elincinane eliphantsi kolawulo lwemali ephantsi.

Ukuhlolisisa ezi ziphumo ngokufanelekileyo, kuyimfuneko ukuqonda iindidi ezahlukeneyo zerhafu amashishini amancinane ajongene nayo kumgangatho wasekuhlaleni. Ezi ziquka iirhafu zentengiso zokoqobo nezempahla yobuqu, ingeniso yasekuhlaleni okanye irhafu eqeshiweyo, iirhafu ezikrwelekileyo, irhafu yerhafu yeshishini, irhafu yerhafu yasekuhlaleni. Udidi ngalunye luphendula ngokwahlukileyo kwiinkqubo, nomthwalo obekwe ngokwendlela ephawulekayo ngokwemizi - mveliso, iprojective, umgangatho weshishini, nobukhulu bezixhobo zorhwebo. Umzekelo, ukusungula iprojekthi enezixhobo ezithezentengo yobuqu kuxhomekeke kakhulu kwinguquluko yempahla yobuqu kunefemente yomyalelo wenkampani efuna ukunyulwa, nto enokuthi iphenjezwe kakhulu ngexabiso lerhafuthelo-rhafu.

Iinguqu Ezingundoqo Zomgaqo-nkqubo Wasekuhlaleni Neziphumo Zawo Ezingqalileyo Kumthwalo Werhafu

Urhulumente wasekuhlaleni usebenzisa iinguqu zemithetho elungele ukukhuthaza ukuphuhliswa kwezoqoqosho, ukuhlangabezana nokungabi namali, okanye ukuphendula kwiimeko zezoqoqosho ezitshintshayo. Ukuqonda iindlela ezichaphazelekayo ezichaphazeleka ngazo iindleko zerhafu ezincinane zeshishini kubalulekile ekucebeni nasekusebenziseni ingeniso.

Ukukhutshelwa kwerhafu yoMsebenzi nokuHlakulelwa

Iirhafu zepropati zingumthombo oyintloko wengeniso yoorhulumente abaninzi basekuhlaleni. Iinguquko zenkqubo kule ndawo zidla ngokuthatha uhlobo lwemijikelo yokuphinda-phinda iinguqu, okanye ukuqaliswa kweenkqubo zokuhlaziywa kwemiqathango. Xa urhulumente wasekuhlaleni enyusa imijikelo yokuphinda-phinda ukuze afumane amaxabiso empahla, amashishini amancinane anokubona ukwanda okuphawulekayo kweendleko zokusebenza. Ngokungafaniyo nemibutho emikhulu esenokuba nempahla ekhoyo okanye eneemali ezizinziweyo ezizinzileyo, amashishini amancinane asoloko esebenza kwiimida ebhinqi, enza irhafuthelo yempahla engalindelwanga, nto leyo inyusa isisongelo sokusombulula. Ngokuphikisana noko, imigaqo-mthetho yemali yemali ekhoyo isenokunciphisa irhafuthe yomthwalo wobuqu (omatshini okanye ukuqokelela imali), ukukhuthaza ukusetyenziswa kwemali ephathekayo.

Iireyithi zerhafu zasekuhlaleni kunye nerhafu yenethi efunyenweyo

Enye yeengxoxo ezibalulekileyo zasekuhlaleni igxininisa kwinkxalabo ekhoyo phakathi kwengeniso yerhafu ye-nethi ehlawulwayo kunye nemali eninzi. Irhafu yengeniso yomnatha ihambelana nemali yeshishini elithengisiweyo, kodwa inzima kakhulu kwingeniso karhulumente wongingqi. Irhafu enkulu yerhafu yerhafu (GRT), njengaleyo ibonwa kwamanye amadolobha eOhio nasePennsylvania, okanye kumgangatho wephondo eWashington eWashington naseTexanti, irhafuzeko-mali ngaphandle kwexabiso lemali yemali yempahla ethengiswayo, ukuhlawula irhafunxa, okanye inkcitho yomsebenzi. Ukurhoxiswa kwerhafu yerhafu yomnatho werhafu yerhafu kungayitshabalalisa ingeniso encinane ye-GRTRT, okanye ingeniso ephambili kwingeniso ephezulu yerhafu ephambili, okanye ingeniso engcono kakhulu.

Ukuthengisa Irhafu Imisela Imithetho Nolwando

Ngokulandela isigqibo seNkundla ePhakamileyo yaseMzantsi Dakota v. Wayfair, Inc., imithetho yerhafu ye-nexus yendawo iye yaba ngumthwalo omkhulu worhwebo kumashishini amancinci. Utshintsho lomgaqo-nkqubo kumgangatho wasekuhlaleni ludla ngokubandakanya imithetho edanisayo — ukumisela ukuba umthengisi umiselwe kwimvelaphi (apho uthengiselwa khona) okanye indawo (apho umthengisi afumana khona izinto ezintle). Kwindawo encinci e-commerce imashishini, ukutshintsha ukusuka kwimvelaphi-ekhomsterce-e ekusekelweni ekufikeni kwisiphelo, kunokwenza isiphithiphithi-mphithi-m, kufuna ukuba zilandele imiqathango kunye nemithetho yerhafu yasekuhlaleni. Ngaphezu koko, ulawulo olunogonyamelo lwerhafu yerhafu, apho ithumela khona intengo encinane (umphandle).

Ukuhlawula Irhafu Kumsebenzi Owenzelwa Kude

Ukutshintshela ngokukhawuleza kumsebenzi owenziwe mgama nowentlalo-mbini kubangele umngeni obalulekileyo wenkqubo yasekuhlaleni: irhafu yabasebenzi abangengobalawuli. Ukutshintsha kwenkqubo yoluntu malunga "nomthetho womqeshi" kunegalelo elithe ngqo nelikhulu kwiminyhato encinane yerhafu yeshishini. Umzekelo, ishishini elincinane elisekelwe kwiSixeko sama-New York nesinomqeshwa ohlala eConnecticut kufuneka liyiyeke irhafu yomholo we-NY ehlawulwayo kulowo mqeshwa. Ukutshintsha komthetho okuphelisa okanye ukukhubaza lo mthetho kunganciphisa ngokuphawulekayo umthwalo womphathi weshishini kwaye kuchaphazela izigqibo zoshishino. Ngokuphikisana noko, imithetho evumela okanye irhafunxa-mali esekelwe kwindawo apho umsebenzi usenziwa khona (kunonyaka ophantsi komqeshiswayo) irhafu yerhafu emva kwemali yomqesholo womqeshi, i-mali yeshishini lonke, kunye nemali yeshishini lokurhweba.

Irhafu yequmrhu kunye nokusebenza kwe-SALT

Amazwe amaninzi aye amisela iPass - Through Through (PTET) ukusebenza kwicawa ye-SALT. Utshintsho lomgaqo-nkqubo woluntu kule ndawo lusebenzisana nerhafu yomgangatho karhulumente ngeendlela ezintsonkothileyo. Amanye amagunya obulali avumela ityala lePTET elihlawulwayo kumgangatho wesizwe, ngelinye ixesha amanye. Ishishini elincinane eliyilweyo njengeS-Corp okanye i-LLC linokufumana umthwalo walo wonke werhafuthelo oncitshisiweyo yi-mali ye-PTET, kuphela ukuba libe nenzuzo epheleleyo okanye inzuzo yerhafuthelo yasekuhlaleni evumela ukurhoxiswa okanye ukurhoxiswa okanye ukunconywa kwerha. Abaqululeki besixeko nomgangatho wequmrhulu-o-o-okanye ne-ortstial kufuneka baqwalasele indlela abasebenzisa ngayo irhafu nemeko-evoevo ekhuselwayo ngokungaqondakaliyo ngempazamo kwi-ogcoogcooasebu

Ukusetyenziswa kwemiba: Uxanduva lwendlela yobuchule

Kubathengisi nakubathengisi abancinane, iinguqu zenkqubo yasekuhlaleni aziyongxoxo yezobupolitika engaqondakaliyo; ngabaqhubi ababiza imali ekhethekileyo efuna ukusabela ngendlela elungeleleneyo.

Ukufuzisela irhafu kunye nohlalutyo lwe-nexus

Amashishini amancinane kufuneka aqhube uphicotho-zincwadi lwerhafu lwaminyaka le lwezo zimo zentelekelelo yemiba yasekuhlaleni. Umzekelo, yintoni enokwenziwa lunyuko lwe-10% kwirhafu yempahla yengingqi yakho yemali? Kwenzeka ntoni kwintsebenziswano yemali yakho ukuba isixeko simkela irhafu entsha egqithiselekileyo kwiinkonzo? Ngokufanayo, ufundo olusemthethweni lwe-nexus lungachaza apho ishishini linogunyaziso lwerhafu, lihlisa umngcipheko wemiqathango yemiqathango yerhafu nenzala yerhafu eyingozi kumthetho werhafu yasekuhlaleni. Ishishini elixhomekeke kumsebenzi oqeqeshiweyo kufuneka limisele irhafu yerhafu ekhethekileyo yemiqatha yemiqathango yerhafu enxulumene nemithetho yerhafu yentelo yasekuhlaleni.

Uphuhliso lwezoqoqosho oluthe tye

Utshintsho lwenkqubo ludla ngokuquka amaxesha okuguqula, ukukhulula, okanye izihlomelo ezijoliswe kuzo. Abanini-mashishini abancinane kufuneka babandakanye ngokukhutheleyo nee-ofisi zophuhliso lwezoqoqosho zasekuhlaleni ukuze baqonde ii-credits ezikhoyo. Utshintsho lomgaqo-nkqubo oyandisa umlinganiselo werhafu wonke lungapheliswa ngentshukumisa entsha yokuyila umsebenzi, ukuphumelela kwamandla, okanye ukubuyiselwa kwembali. Noko ke, ezi njongo zisoloko zifuna izicelo ezintsonkothile nokuqhubeka zixelwa. Amashishini amancinane angenamandla okulawula ukuphatha ezi ntofoto-mali angafumana ukuba umthwalo wawo osebenzayo werhafuthelo unyuswe ngaphezu koombanoxanduva lwawo olukhulu abanokunikezela kwabo abaxhasi berhafunxa.

Impembelelo Efanelekileyo Ngokusetyenziswa

Amashishini amancinane akanakukwazi ukuyeka ukunikela ingqalelo kwinkqubo yerhafu yendawo. Ngokungafaniyo nemithetho yerhafu karhulumente, ebona iinguqu ezinkulu kanye okanye kabini ngeminyaka elishumi, iinkqubo zerhafu zasekuhlaleni zingatshintsha minyaka le. Ukwakha ulwalamano namagosa onyuliweyo oluntu kwaye uthathe inxaxheba kwimisebenzi yoshishino nokwandisa kunika abanini-shishini abancinane ilizwi kwinkqubo yokwenziwa kwenkqubo. Ukwakhiwa kombutho worhwebo kunye namaqumrhu oshishino kusisixhobo esinamandla sokuchasa imigaqo-siseko yerhafu okanye ummeli wemiqathango yokwandiswa kwerhafu, njengokwamkela isiseko soshishino okanye ukudibanisa iifomu zerhafu yorhulumente ngokubuyisela irhafu.

Imigaqo-nkqubo encomelayo kwirhafu yeshishini lasekuhlaleni

Abenzi benkqubo bajongene nomsebenzi onzima wokuxhasa iinkonzo zikawonke-wonke eziyimfuneko ngeli xesha begcina imeko-bume ekhuphisanayo yezoqoqosho. Iinkqubo zerhafu eziyilwe kakubi okanye eziphunyezwa ngaphandle kokuqwalasela iimpembelelo ezincinci zoshishino zingathintela ushishino, ukukhutshwa komsebenzi, nokudodobala kokukhula kwezoqoqosho okude. Indlela elungeleleneyo yokuhlawula irhafu yezoshishino yasekuhlaleni ixhomekeke kwimigaqo emithathu engundoqo: ukuzinzalo, ukungathathi calathi cala, nokungangeni.

Ukubekwa kwerhafu phambili nokuzimela

Amashishini amancinane asebenza kakuhle ngokuqikelelwa. Ukutshintsha rhoqo kwirhafu, iziseko, okanye iinkqubo zolawulo kubangela iindleko ezibalulekileyo zokuthobela intlawulo kwaye kwenza izigqibo zekomkhulu lemali zibe nzima. Ngophandle kufuneka baqwalasele ukuzalisekisa isantya somkhenkce kwiklasi ethile yerhafu okanye ukunika isaziso sangaphambili ngaphambi kokuba utshintsho olungundoqo lusebenze. Ukusingqongileyo kwerhafu kuvumela abanini-mali abancinci beshishini ukuba bajonge ekukhonzeni nakukwandisa imisebenzi yabo eshukumasa okungalawulekiyo. Ngokutsho kophando olusuka ku- Ifax Foundation , amajelo athe athe ngqo nakuma siseko esikhuphiswayo serha esineyo, kwaye kuqwanemiqatha iprojelo yerhafu ekhusela idla ngokubona imiqatha ngakumbi kwentengo yeshishini noshishino.

Ukuqinisekisa Ubundilele Ngaphesheya Kwezakhiwo Zoshishino

Imithetho-siseko yerhafu yasekuhlaleni ixhasa iprojekthi ethile yeshishini phezu kwabanye. Utshintsho olukhulula i-C-Corporation ukusuka kwirhafu ethile yasekuhlaleni ngeli lixa ukuthobela i-LLCs kunye ne-S-Corporation kuyo kudala intengiso egqwethekileyo. Amashishini amancinane asoloko ecwangciswe njengeenkqubo ezidlulayo, ezibangela ukuba zichaphazele ngokukhethekileyo iirhafu zemali ehlawulwayo esetyenziswa kumnini-yo. Abenzi bezomthetho-ofisi-yo mabaqwalasele ngenyameko iziphumo zenkqubo yerhafu ukuqinisekisa ukuba abasebenzi abancinane beshishini abanxulumene neenkampani ezinkulu okanye iingeniso. Imigaqo-ntela yezentengiso ivumela amaziko ezoqoqosho kunye netalentengo zoshishino ukuqhuba ukukhuthulwa kwerhafu yerhafu, kunokuba baqwalasele imo yolawulo lwe-costalcericcoration.

Impembelelo yeendleko zokhuphiswano kwimiba encinci yoshishino

Mhlawumbi umba wotshintsho lwenkqubo yerhafu olufumana ingqalelo encinane luchaphazeleko lwazo kwiindleko zokuthobela. Uxanduva lolawulo lokuqonda nokugcina irhafu yasekuhlaleni luwa ngokungenakulinganiswa kumashishini amancinci, angenawo amaqela asemthethweni nawabasebenzi abakhoyo kwiifeme ezinkulu. Utshintsho lomgaqo-siseko olungenisa iindidi ezintsha zerhafu okanye izahlulo ezintsonkothileyo zandisa ngokuphawulekayo lo mthwalo wokuthobela.

Iindleko Ezifihlakeleyo Zenkqubo Yerhafu Yasekuhlaleni Entsonkothileyo

Xa isixeko okanye iphondo lisebenzisa inkqubo yokutshintsha efuna uhlobo olutsha, ukubala, okanye indlela yokwabela, umnini weshishini omncinci kufuneka azibekele ixesha elibalulekileyo lokuqonda imithetho emitsha okanye ukuhlawula umgcini-mali ngomsebenzi. Ezi ndleko zingaba zininzi. Izifundo ezisuka kwi- I-ofisi ye-Advocacy[ ibonakalisa ukuba amashishini amancinci ajongene nomthwalo osisithulelo ngemini nganye xa kuthelekiswa neefektha ezinkulu zeefektha. Utshintsho lwemithetho yasekuhlaleni olugcina umlinganiselo othelekelelwayo kwiindleko zolawulo lunganyanzelisa amawaka ee-R3 eedrandimeni efihlakeleyo kushishino oluncinane, ukunciphisa uqoqosho lwezoqoqosho. Abenzi benkqubo kufuneka babonise ukuba "ingqungqulanisa ipropati encinane" phambi kokuba baviseke iindleko ezinkulu zerhafuthelo ezifihlakeleyo.

Ubuxhakaxhaka kunye nezicombululo zoKhuseleko

Ukusebenzisa utshintsho lwenkqubo etshintsha iinguqu zerhafu, njengokwamkela imbuyekezo enye yengingqi okanye ukudibanisa iinkcazelo ezisisiseko nemithetho yerhafu karhulumente okanye yerhafu, yenye yezona ndlela zisebenzayo zokunciphisa umthwalo werhafu kumashishini amancinci ngaphandle kokunciphisa ingeniso yerhafu. Amaqonga obugcisa angakwazi ukunceda amashishini amancinane alawule ukuthotyelwa kwerhafu yasekuhlaleni, kodwa ezi zixhobo zisebenza kakhulu xa ukwenziwa komgangatho wolawulo. Abenzi bolawulo-mthetho kufuneka bafake inkcitho yobugcisa-siqalisi, njengomphakathi we-elektroniki yerhafu, kunye nokuzimisela kwemiqathango yerhafuthelo, njengenxalenye yotshintsho lwerhafu yomgangatho wasekuhlaleni. Izinto ezikhoyo njengemibutho enjenge [FLT: 0] Izikompatho zesixeko/impatho ye-overementation [FFM]

Isiphumo: Ukwakha imeko-bume entle yerhafu

Iinguqu zenkqubo yoluntu zinempembelelo enamandla nengqalileyo kwimithwalo yerhafu ejongene namashishini amancinane. Ukusuka ekuhlaziyweni kwerhafu yepropati yepropati kunye nokufakwa kwerhafu kwemali yerhafu eninzi ukuya kwimithetho entsonkothileyo elawula irhafu yomqeshi, imigaqo-nkqubo yengingqi kunye nemigangatho yengingqi yengingqi yengingqi ibumba ibumba ilungele ukufaneleka kwezoqoqosho zoshishino oluncinci. Kubathengisi, ezi nkqubo zibubuchule bokuphumelela ekusindeni inkcitho yerhafu nokusebenza ngokunelisa irhafu yerhafu, ukuqinisekisa ukuba ingeniso efunekayo kwiinkonzo zikawonke wonke ayiveli kwiindleko zoshishino ezincinane. Ngokuqwalasela ezi ziphumo ezifanelekileyo nokusebenza ngokucotha kolwa kwerhafu, amaqela omabinileyo anokusebenza kwiimeko zerhafu, ukuxhasa ukukhula kwemeko zezoqoqosho, ukuxhasa kwezoqoqosho.