Urhulumente wesizwe wase-United States uphethe iinguqu zamagunya achaphazela ubomi bemihla ngemihla babemi bakhe. Ukuqonda la mandla ngemizekelo yobomi bokwenene kunganika intsingiselo ecacileyo kwintsingiselo kunye nokusetyenziswa kwawo. Eli nqaku liza kuhlola iindawo ezininzi ezingundoqo apho amagunya orhulumente esetyenziswa khona, kuquka irhafu, ukhuseleko, nezinye.

Isiseko somGaqo-siseko samaGunya oManyano

UMgaqo-siseko wase-U.S. unika urhulumente okhethekileyo odweliswe ngokwecandelo kwicandelo I, iCandelo 8, lo gama ephinde agcine amagunya okulawula kumazwe phantsi koLawulo lweshumi elinamashumi asibhozo. Eli candelo lidala inkqubo yolawulo olubini, kodwa ulawulo lukarhulumente luye lwakhula ngeminyaka emininzi kuhlengahlengiso lweziko lomgaqo-siseko, ukucaciswa kweNkundla ePhakamileyo, kunye nezinto eziyimfuneko zokulawula uhlanga lwangoku. Ukhuselo olungundoqo, olunjengele 16 (lufumana irhafuthelo olufanelekileyo kunye nenkqubo efanelekileyo), luye lwandisa igunya lombutho lorhulumente. Ukuqonda elingumthetho osemthethweni kunceda kucace kutheni kwaye kusingeniswa njani imimandla efana nerhafu, intlalo, intlalo-ntlalo, kunye nentlalo-ntlalo-ntle.

Ukuhlawulwa kwerhafu: Imisebenzi yoRhulumente ebonelela ngenkxaso

Amandla erhafu ye-levy angomnye weyona mithetho isisiseko yesizwe, echazwe kwiCandelo lesi-8, iCandelo lesi-1. Ingeniso ephuma kwirhafu yonke eminye imisebenzi karhulumente, ukusuka kwizibonelelo ukuya kukhuseleko lwesizwe. Ngapha koko zintlobo eziphambili zerhafu karhulumente ezinemizekeliso yehlabathi lokwenene.

Irhafu

Ngonyaka we-1913, uMbekelo we-16 wanika iNgqungquthela amandla okuqokelela irhafu kwingeniso ngaphandle kokwahlulwa kwamazwe. Namhlanje, i-Interntion Revolution Service (IRS) inika inkqubo yerhafu eqhubekayo.

Ukuhlawula Irhafu

Ngokwahlukileyo kwirhafu ehlawulwayo, ukuhlawula irhafu yerhafu ebhatalwayo yeNtlalo-ntle neMedicare phantsi koMthetho weNkundla yeInshorensi kaMazwelo eManyange (FICA). Abaqeshwa nabaqeshwa kunye nabasebenzi ngamnye unikela nge 6,2% we-assource yoKhuseleko lweNtlalo (kuyamali ehlawulwayo ye-R36,600 ku-2024) kunye ne-1.45% ye-Medicare (engenayomgqomo). Le ngeniso yerhafu yenyanga yemihlala phantsi kwabaqeshwe abaqeshwe kunye nabasebenzi abakhubazekile, kunye ne-inshorensi ye-inshorensi yemali ye-ast yasebe. Ngaphandle kokuhlawula irhafu ye-mali, iNg.

Irhafu

Ingeniso yerhafu yequmrhu lorhulumente elingurhulumente kumlinganiselo othe tyaba wama-21% (semva koMthetho ka-2017 weThululo neMisebenzi). Iinkampani ezinkulu ezifana no-Apple kunye neMicrosoft zihlawula amawaka ezigidi minyaka le, nangona ezininzi zisebenzisa irhafu kunye neetyala ukucutha umyinge osebenzayo. Irhafu ikwaphelela izigqibo zeshishini . //irhafu isenokutshintsha ikomkhulu okanye ivelise uphando kunye nenkqubela-phambili ukuze inciphise iimfanelo zazo. Umthetho wakutshanje, njengoMthetho we-Inflation Reduction Act, wazisa uMthetho we-15% werhafuthelo kwimibutho emikhulu ukuqinisekisa ukuba igalelo elinguququ

Iirhafu ezongezelelekileyo zemali ehlawulwayo ziquka irhafu yepetroli, utywala, necuba, kwakunye nerhafu yefa lefa kunye nezipho ezichaphazela abantu abanomsebenzi ophezulu. Zonke ezixeliweyo, urhulumente wengingqi uqokelele ngaphezu kwee-$.9 ezigidi zezigidi ngonyaka wama-2023 ngenxa yezi nkqubo, ixhasa yonke into ukusuka kwiindlela ukuya kwiipaki zesizwe. Funda okungakumbi ngokuwohloka kwerhafu kwi- i-Creferional Bal Balks Office[

Ukhuselo: Ukukhusela ukhuseleko lwesizwe

Ukhuselo lwesizwe mhlawumbi lubonakalo lokusetyenziswa kwamandla karhulumente, lugunyaziswa linqaku I lokunyusa imikhosi, ukubonelela nokugcina imikhosi yamanzi, nokubhengeza imfazwe. UMongameli usebenza njengoMthetheli-iNkulumbuso. Imisebenzi yehlabathi yenene inkulu kwaye ijikelele.

Imali yomkhosi kunye nabasebenzi

ISebe lokhuselo (DoD) lingumqeshi omkhulu ehlabathini, onamalungu asebenzayo enkonzo angaphezulu kwe-1,3,zigidi zezigidi kunye namalungu asebenza karhulumente angama-800,000. Uqingqo-mali lwaseburhulumenteni lunikezela malunga nama-R886 ezigidi zezigidi nge-2024, imivuzo, ingqeqesho, izixhobo, kunye nemisebenzi. Umzekelo, inkqubo yenqwelo-moya yemfazwe yeF-35 (ebiza ngaphezu ko-R1,7-zigidi zezigidi zobomi) yindawo yokufumana inqwelo-moya evelisa ukulwa nomkhosi wamanzi, kunye neenqanawa zokulwa. Imithambo edityanisiweyo enjenge-RIMPAC kwi-Pasifiki ibonisa umanyano lwamasebe oMkhosi.

Imicimbi yezentlalo

Ngaphandle komkhosi osebenzayo, urhulumente wesizwe unika amava eenkonzo zempilo, imfundo, kunye neziphene kwiSebe leMicimbi yeVeterans (VA). IVA isebenza eyona nkqubo inkulu yonyango oludityanisiweyo eUnited States, inceda amavavaleji azizigidi ezisithoba ngonyaka. Imfundo inceda ngaphantsi kwePost-9/11 GI Bill ukuba incede ama-izigidi ezi-2 eziya ekholeji ukususela ngo-200. Ezi nkqubo zixabisa ngaphezu kwamawaka ezigidi ezingama-$300 ezigidi ngonyaka kwaye zingumthwalo omthetho othe ngqo.

Ukhuseleko Nengqiqo Zasemakhaya

Ukususela kwi-9/11, iSebe loKhuseleko lwaseHomeland (DHS) linokhuseleko lomda, ukunyanzeliswa kwabantu abafudukayo, ukhuseleko lwekhompyutha, kunye nokusabela kwentlekele. I-Federal Bureaudition of Investigation (TSA) ihlola abakhweli abangaphezu kwezigidi ezibini ngemini ngemini, ngelixa iCybersecurity kunye neInfturastrust Security Agency (CISA) isebenza ngeefektha zobucala ukukhusela isiseko sombane esinenkcenkcengengengeko njengeegragragrags kunye neenkqubo zamanzi. I-FOFLD [FLD:].

Umgaqo-nkqubo worhwebo lweInterstate

IChoode Claus (Icandelo 8, Classicle 3) inika iNgqungquthela amandla okulawula ushishino phakathi kwamaphondo. Oku kuye kwachazwa ngokubanzi ukususela kwiNew Deal, nto leyo eye yenza ukuba urhulumente akwazi ukuphatha phantse onke amacandelo ezoqoqosho.

Umgaqo-nkqubo worhwebo nowoshishino

IKhomishini yeFederal Trade (FTC) inyanzelisa imithetho echasene nokuthembeka ukukhusela ii-monobupolic kunye nokhuphiswano. Umzekelo, ngo-2020 i-FTC yafaka ityala elisigxina ngokuchasene noFacebook (Meta) ngenxa yehambo yokulwa nokhuphiswano, kwaye ngo-2024 yavala ukudityaniswa kwee-fromagrafikti ezinkulu ze-Krogger kunye no-Albertsons. IKhomishini ye-Securities kunye ne-Exchange (SEC) ilawula ukuthengiswa kwezitore-masko, ifuna iinkampani zikawonke wonke ukuba zikhuphe ulwazi lwemali ngaphandle kwale mithetho yesebe, abangenisi beza kujoliswe kumngcipheko omkhulu wokuqhatha.

Ukhuseleko lwezothutho

ISebe lezothutho (DOT) limisela imilinganiselo yeenqwelo-moya, iziporo zoololiwe, kunye neendlela. I-Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) inceda abaqhubi beenqwelo-moya kunye neenqwelo-moya, iqhuba ulawulo lwenqwelo-moya, kunye nemigaqo yokukhusela inqwelo-moya. Umzekelo, emva kokubetha iBoegar7 MAX ngesantya esibulalayo ngo-20182019, iFAA ikhuphe umkhosi weenyanga ezingama-20 kwaye icebise utshintsho. I-National Higray Traffray Safety Ulawulo lwezorhwebo, kunye nolawulo lwezente ezifayo zikhumbule iBoebag echaza iimoto ezizizigidi ezingama-6.

Ukhuseleko lwabathengi

Amaziko okukhusela iLisumer Financial Protection Bureau (CFPB) kunye nomthetho weFTC ovala inkohliso. ICFPB ibuyisela ngaphezu kwee-R35 zezigidi zezigidi zemali kubathengi ebenzakalayo, njengokubolekisa ngemali engekho mthethweni. I-Food ne Drug Administration (FDA) ijongene nokukhuseleka kokutya, amayeza, kunye nezixhobo zonyango zezamayeza .

Ukhuseleko lokusingqongileyo

Abaphathi bemekobume bavela kuMphathiswa kaClaus kunye namandla empahla yomgaqo-siseko. Umthetho omkhulu owiswe kwii-1970 wadala inkqubo eyomeleleyo yowiso-mthetho.

Umthetho womoya ococekileyo

I-Ceac Air Act (1970, ilungisiwe ngo1970) iyalela i-EPA yeNkathi yokuKhuselwa kwe-Azimu ePhakamileyo ye-National Ambeent Moole Ser Servement (NAAQS) ukwenzela ungcoliso olufana ne-ozone kunye nomba wecandelo. Ama-United States kufuneka azalisekise iinjongo zokufikelela le migangatho. Umzekelo oqinileyo: umthetho we-EPA ka-2023 ofuna ukuncitshiswa kwetyhefu yetyhefu kwizityalo ezinetyhefu kwi-oyile ye-Louisianaiana “Cancer Alley” ebeke ungcoliseko oluthe ngqo lwemizi - mveliso. Lo msebenzi uthobe utho lunciphisa ungcolise ungcolise ungcoliseko lomoya ngo- 78% ka-197070 kususela emva kokuhamba kwe-GDP.

Isenzo Samanzi Acocekileyo

ICeac Water Act (1972) ilawula ukukhutshwa kwezinto ezingcolisayo emanzini anokusetyenziswa. IEPA kunye nomkhosi wamajoni e-Engineers igqiba ukuba yeyiphi indawo ehlala kuyo efaneleka “njengamanzi eUnited States.” Ngonyaka wama2023, iSackett yeNkundla ePhakamileyo . i-EPA elawula ulawulo olumxinwa lwe-ovel, kodwa i-EPA iyaqhubeka inyanzelisa imvume yokuphuma kwemizi - mveliso. Umzekelo, ukuchitheka kwe-oyile ye-Deeaterpingle ekhokelela kwinkozolongo zezigidi zezigidi zezigidi phantsi kwe-Ceoc Water Act, ixhasa ukubuyiselwa kobutheko.

Izilwanyana Nezityalo Ezisengozini

I-Estengered Species Act (1973) inika amandla i-U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service ukuba idwelise iintlobo-ntlobo zezilwanyana njengezisengozini okanye ezisongelwayo nezinobungozi kwaye zijolise kwindawo yokuhlala. Umthetho uye wanceda ukubuyisa iintlobo zezilwanyana ezifana nempandla (ezisuswe kuluhlu ngo- 2007) kunye nengcuka engwe engwevu. Noko ke, iyakwazi ukuvala umhlaba wokusebenzisa ``umzekelo, ukumisa ukuphuhliswa kwezindlu eCalifornia ukukhusela i-San Joaquin bit fox. Iinkundla zomanyano zidla ngokudisana phakathi kokulondoloza indalo nezilangazelelo zezoqoqosho. I-Explote EPA'epas systems sylse [FLT

Iinkqubo zentlalo-ntle

Iinkqubo zoluntu zoluntu, ezisungulwe kwiNew Deal neGreat Society, zilungiselela ukhuseleko kwizigidi. Zibonisa amandla karhulumente okusasaza ubuncwane kunye nokuxhasa abemi ngokuthe ngqo.

Ukhuseleko

Ngo-1935, uKhuseleko lweNtlalo-ntle yeyona nkqubo inkulu karhulumente, ihlawula ngaphezu kwee-R2,2 zezigidi zezigidi ngonyaka kubasebenzi abadla umhlala-phantsi, abantu abakhubazekileyo, kunye nabasindileyo. Ixhaswa ngemali ngerhafu ehlawulwayo eqeshiweyo kwaye ibonelela ngengeniso eqinisekisiweyo, elungiselelwe ukunyuka kwexabiso lemali. Malunga nama-90% amaMelika aneminyaka engama-6+ afumana iinzuzo. I-Social Security Administration (SA) ikhupha iingxelo ezingaphezu kwama-50 ezigidi ngonyaka.

IMedicaid Nenkqubo Yabantwana Ye - Inshorensi Yezempilo (CHIP)

IMedicaid (1965) inikela ingxelo yempilo emalunga nama-80 ezigidi zemali efunyenweyo ephantsi amaMelika, kuquka abantwana, amabhinqa akhulelweyo, abalupheleyo, kunye nabantu abakhubazekileyo. Ixhaswa kunye ngurhulumente kodwa isebenza phantsi kwemithetho karhulumente. IAffordcable Care Act (2010) yandisa uMdicaigration kumazwe angama-40, igquma abantu abadala abafumana umgangatho ophezulu ukuya kutsho ku-138% wobuhlwempu obungurhulumente. I-CIP ifihla abantwana eziintsapho ngengeniso ephezulu kakhulu kuMédid kodwa ingaphantsi kakhulu kwe-inshorensi. Zonke ezi nkqubo zinyule umyingeno othe ngqo kwimiqobo.

Inkqubo yoncedo lokutya eyongezelelweyo (SNAP)

SNAP (iitembu zokutya zangaphambili) zinika uncedo lokuthenga ukutya olufunxayo abantu abangaphezulu kwama-40 ezigidi abafumana imali ephantsi. Ngo-2023, inzuzo e-avareji ngenyanga ibimalunga ne-R36 (R36) kumntu ngamnye. Iingenelo zisasazwa ngoncedo lwe-Electronic Benefit Transrection (EBT) amakhadi ahlawulelwayo kubathengi abagunyazisiweyo. Urhulumente wesizwe uhlawula ikhulu elinamakhulu amabini eeeeeeeeeeeemali zokuphatha kunye namaxabiso okulawula. Ucwangciso lunciphisa ukunganqabiseki kokutya ngo-30% yabamkeli.

Imfundo neNkxaso yoManyano

Nangona imfundo ingumsebenzi oyintloko karhulumente nowasekuhlaleni, urhulumente wasekuhlaleni unikela imali ephawulekayo, imithetho neenkqubo ezijoliswe kuwo ukuze kuqinisekiswe ukuba zikho izinto ezilungelelanisiweyo.

Isihloko I neK-12 INgxowa-mali

Isihloko I soMthetho weElementary and Secondary Education Act (1965) sithumela ngaphezu kwee-R34 zamawaka ezigidi ngonyaka kwizikolo ezikhonza uluntu olufumana imali ephantsi. Izikolo kufuneka zihlangabezane neemfuno zobuzwe ukuze zifumane imali. Umzekelo, isikolo esisemaphandleni eMississippi esikwiSihlomelo Ndingasebenzisa imali ukuqesha iingcali zokufunda ezongezelelekileyo okanye abahlohli abasemva kwesikolo. IStandard Seevect (20) yanika umgaqo othe bhetyebhetye ngakumbi ngoxa inyamekela ulawulo lwabafundi abasweleyo.

Uncedo lwabafundi abamanyeneyo

Urhulumente wesizwe ungoyena mnikezi mkhulu woncedo lwabafundi, enika uPell Grants (iimali ezimeleyo, ezifikelela kwii-$7,395 ngo-2023-24), i-Loans eKhonkile (engalawulekiyo kwaye engalawulwanga), kunye ne-PILUS ebolekiweyo kubazali. Ababoleki abangaphezu kwezigidi ezi- 43 babolekisa imali yomfundi ebolekwayo epheleleyo ye-$1,7, 000-zigidi. Ngemali ehlawulwayo kunye nemali ebolekisiweyo yokuhlawulela inkonzo kawonke-wonke, urhulumente ulungele ukufikelela kwimfundo ephezulu. Ifomu yeFAFISA inxibelela abafundi kwimali engaphezulu kwi-R4 000 000 000 000 (R1,1,1,1,000) ngonyaka.

Imfundo Ekhethekileyo

Amalungu eSikolo anesiGunyaziso soMthetho wemfundo (IDEA) aqinisekisa ukuba imfundo kawonke-wonke efanelekileyo kubantwana abaneziphene. Umanyano lunika igalelo malunga ne-15% yexabiso eligqithisileyo leenkonzo ezikhethekileyo. Isithili kufuneka senze iinkqubo zemfundo ezi-Andifixed Education Programs (IEPs) kumfundi ngamnye ofanelekileyo, ukulungiselela unyango, ubugcisa bokuncedisa, okanye iindawo zokuhlala zasegumbini lemfundo. Oku kugunyaziswa ngurhulumente kuqinisekisa ukuba abafundi abasisi-7,5 lezigidi abaneziphene ezinokukhubazeka bafumana inkxaso elungeleleneyo. Kwiinkcukacha zocwangciso, batyelele kumaziko eMfundo .

Isiphelo

Ukuqonda amagunya karhulumente ngemizekelo yobomi bokwenene — ukusuka kwiintlobo zerhafu yengeniso kunye nokusetyenziswa kwemikhosi ukucoca imimiselo yomoya kunye neemboleko zabafundi − kutyhila indlela ezinzulu ngayo iimeko zorhulumente osembindini wobomi bemihla ngemihla. La magunya awami; ayasuka azimele; abhencwa ngomthetho, ingxubusho yomthetho, kunye nengxoxo kawonke-wonke. Ngokuhlolisisa iindlela ezicacileyo zolawulo lwezwe, abemi bangayiqonda kakuhle iingenelo lwalo kunye nokungaqiniseki kwalo, kwaye babe nenxaxheba kwintetho yedemokhrasi echaza ulawulo lwesizwe. Imizekelo echazwe apha isuka nje kwimpembelelo yempilo, yokufuduka, yokungalungisi, ulwaphulo-mthetho, kwaye ngaphandle, isoloko isekelwe kwimigaqo yomgaqo-siseko kunye nomgudu oqhubekayo wokulungele ukulungelena ukumanisa inkululeko.