Iinkqubo ze-Electoral ziyinkqubo yolwenzeko lolawulo lwedemokhrasi. Ziguqulela ivoti nganye kwiqela lomelo lwezobupolitika kwaye zibumba indlela abemi abayiqonda ngayo indima yabo kwinkqubo yezobupolitika. Iyilo yenkqubo yokukhetha ayiphembeleli nje kuphela ukuba baphumelele kodwa ikwayiqondo apho abavoti abafanelekileyo baziva benyanzelekile ukuba babe nenxaxheba. Ukuqonda ulwalamano phakathi kweenkqubo zonyulo kunye nomvoti kubalulekile nabani na ofuna ukomeleza umanyano lwedemokhrasi nokuqinisekisa ukuba unyulo lubonakalisa ngokwenene ukuthanda kwabantu.

Uphando oluqhubekayo lubonisa ukuba umvoti uhlala ekhona nasemva kokuba elawula izinto zentlalo-ntle, ecebisa ukuba ukwenziwa kweprojekti kunegalelo elithe kratya kwinani elipheleleyo. Umzekelo, amazwe asebenzisa umelo olulungelelanisiweyo (PR) aqhele ukukhangela ukujika ngaphezulu kunalawo asebenzisa iinkqubo ezingundoqo ezifana nezokuqala-mva (FPTPP). Lo msantsa uyaqhubeka nasemva kokuba elawula izinto zentlalo, ecebisa ukuba ukwenziwa kwequmrhu kunegalelo elinguququzelelayo. Eli nqaku lihlola iindidi ezingundoqo zenkqubo zokhetho, livavanyaza iziphumo zokujika ngobungqina obusekelwe kwingxelo yovavanyo, kwaye linika ubuchule obusekelwe ekuphuculeni ukuqokelelwa kovoti.

Ukuqonda Iinkqubo Zobuchule

Inkqubo yokhetho yiseti yemithetho emisela indlela ephoswa ngayo ivoti, ebaliweyo, kwaye eguqulelwe kwizihlalo kwindlu yowiso-mthetho okanye kwiofisi yesebe. Ukhetho lwenkqubo luchaphazela inani nohlobo lwamaqela aphumayo, ulwalamano phakathi kwabameli kunye nabaququzeleli, kunye nethuba lokuba abavoti babone abakhethekileyo bephumelela. Kukho iintsapho ezine ezibanzi zenkqubo zokhetho: iquartarian (umlinganiselo we-injiko/i-oyilensi), umelo lolungelelwaniso, uxuluxulu, kunye neenkqubo ze-crices ezithe ngqo. Intsapho nganye ineempawu ezithiye zahlula ukuziphatha kovoti.

Iinkqubo zeMajoni aPhakathi (Inkqubo zePosi yokuqala kunye neeRound ezimbini)

Kwinkqubo yoomatatomkhulu, umvoti ofumana eyona ivoti kwisithili esinye uphumelela isihlalo. Ifomu elula yeyokuqala-phambili (FPTP), esetyenziswa eUnited States, eUnited Kingdom, eCanada, nase Indiya. Inkqubo engqukuva ezimbini (i-ruff) ifuna umvoti opheleleyo kwinginginya yokuqala okanye ngokujongana nomhla wesibini phakathi kwabaqhubi ababini abaphezulu; oku kusetyenziswa eFransi, eBrazil, kunye nonyulo lwenkoliso lwenkokeli ehlabathini lonke.

Iinkqubo zoomatiloshe zidla ngokuvelisa iinxenye ezimbini okanye icandelo elilawulayo, ngokufuthi elikhokelela kwinani elikhulu "lovota" — amavoti aphoswe abo bangabaphumeleleyo. Oku kungadimazisa abaxhasi bamaqela amancinane ukuba bajike ngaphandle, kuba baqonda ukuba ukuvota kwabo akusebenzi. Ngokwe-data evela kwi-International Institute for Democracy and Electoral helpation (International IDEA), umvoti wovoti okhoyo kumazwe asebenzisa i-FPTPP kufutshane iincam eziliqela zamanani aphesenti aliqela kunakumazwe e-PR.

Umelo loPhicotho-zincwadi

Iinkqubo zePR ezihlala kwimimandla emininzi ngokulingana nevoti nganye eyamkelayo. Abavoti baquka uluhlu lwe-PR (ii-PR okanye uluhlu oluvulekileyo), ivoti enye edluliswayo (STV), kunye nelungu elidityanisiweyo (MMP). Iinkqubo ze-PR zivelisa iindlu zowiso-mthetho ezihlukeneyo kwaye zifuna oorhulumente abasebenzisanayo. Ngenxa yokuba phantse zonke izivoti zinegalelo kwisabelo sesihlalo seqela, uvote ulu lwazo luvakalelwa ukuba ukuthatha kwazo inxaxheba kubaluleke ngakumbi, okukhuthaza ukurhoxaza. uphatho lwezifundo ezixubanisayo, ezifana nezithi Blais kunye ne-Arts (2006[FFLT:1], ziqinisekisa ukuba iinkqubo zePR zinxulumene ne-510 ezitheneephesenti ezitheneyo ezitheneyo.

Iinkqubo ze-electoral ezixutyiweyo

Iinkqubo ezidityanisiweyo zidibanisa izihlalo zesithili nezihlalo ezizimeleyo. Kwinkqubo ezixubeneyo ze-angmistialitarian (MMMM), abavoti bavota izihlandlo ezibini: enye yevotisi yesithili (Ngokuqhelekileyo iFPTP) kunye nesinye semida yeqela, kunye nezihlalo zesithili zizimele. Kwizihlalo zesithili zizimele. Iinkqubo ze-MMP ezidityanisiweyo (MMP), ezisetyenziswa eJamani, eNew Zealand, nase South Korea, uluhlu lwevota evotayo encosa iziphumo zesithili, ziqinisekisa ukuba zonke iziquququ ze-styheance. Uphando lubonisa ukuba iinkqubo zivelisa amazinga atheneyo athe kratya athe kwi-PR, ngexesha i-MMMMMMM zivelisa amaqondo aphakathi. Ufundo olupheleleyo

RCV

Uvoto oluvotelwe ngokuphanyazanyisiweyo (lubizwa ngokuba luvotelwa ngokukhawulezileyo okanye ngokuvota okukhethiweyo) luvumela abavoti ukuba bafake abathathi-nxaxheba kwisikhundla esisezantsi ngokwendlela ethandwayo. Ukuba akukho mvoti ufumana uninzi lwevoti yokuqala e-oventiweyo, okokugqibela ukhutshelo lwendawo lucinywe, kwaye amavoti abo athenjiwe kwizinto ezilandelayo. Le nkqubo iyaqhubeka de umvoti afumaneke uninzi. RCV isetyenziswa kwindlu esezantsi yase-Australia, unyusovoti lukamongameli wase-Australia, kunye nokhetho oluninzi lwe-U. [FFFFFF:], isixeko, iSan. Francisco, iDouch York City) ngokusebenzisa i-Fout. Ngokunyusa i-Fout.

Umatshini ongundoqo unxulumanisa iinkqubo ze-ectoral kwi Voter Turnout

Abaphandi baye bafumanisa ukuba zininzi iindlela zokukhetha ezichaza isizathu sokuba ezinye iinkqubo zenkqubo zokhetho ziphumele utshintsho oluphezulu kunezinye.

Ubuchule obucacileyo

Eyona nkcazelo ixhaswe kakhulu kukuba iinkqubo zePR zandisa ukujika kuba abavoti bayayiqonda ivoti yabo ukuba bangabathathi-nxaxheba. Kumphakamo wesithili weFPTP, abavoti abaninzi baphosa abavoti abaphumeleleyo, abakhokelela kumanani aphezulu "ovotiwe" — ngokufuthi 40-50% yesimbuku sipheleleyo. Ngexesha, abaxhasi belahleko okanye abavoti abancinane bangaba nokrwada kwaye bayeke ukuvota. Kwinkqubo yePR, kwanamaqela a 5% evoti anokuwina izihlalo, ngoko uvoti uvoti ujonge unxulumano oluthe ngqo phakathi kokhetho nomelo lwabo. I-empiceric kuboniswa ukuba ulwando lweqela lweqela elinandidityaniweyo lunxulunya kwin 15-122.

Ukhuphiswano kunye neziQulathi zoMda

Ukujija kuphezulu kukhuphiswano lwemijaho apho abavoti bakholelwa ukuba ivoti yabo ingawenza umahluko. Kwinkqubo yeFPTP, izithili ezininzi zibizwa ngokuba zizihlalo ezikhuselekileyo" zilawulwa liqela elinye, zikhokelela kukhuphiswano olusezantsi nokungakhathaleli kovoti. Iinkqubo zePR zidla ngokwakha imimandla eninzi ekhuphisanayo, kwaye ukufakwa kweqela kuqinisekisa ukuba kwanabavoti kwimimandla ekhuselekileyo bangachaphazelelana. Noko ke, ezinye iinkqubo zePR ezineziko elikhulu kakhulu zinganciphisa ngokudidekileyo ingqiqo yonxulumano phakathi komvoti nabameli, ukuphelisa inzuzo yokuvota.

Inani leeNkcukacha noKhetho lweMidlalo

Iinkqubo ze-PR zivelisa iinkqubo ezininzi, zinika abavoti uludwe olubanzi lwendlela zokukhetha. Xa abavoti benokukhetha iqela elivumelana ngokusondeleyo neembono zabo, bashukunyiselwa ukuba babe nenxaxheba. Ngokwahlukileyo koko, i-FPTP inyanzela abavoti ukuba bakhethe phakathi kwamaqela amabini amakhulu, ngokufuthi ishiya iingcinga ezingachazwanga. Oku kungabinako kukhetha kungumqondiso onamandla wokurhoxa okusezantsi, ingakumbi phakathi kwabancinane nabavotiweyo.

Ubhaliso lwezibonelelo kunye nemithwalo yolawulo

Iinkqubo ze-Electoral aziyomeko yomthetho kuphela echaphazela ukujika. Iimfuno zobhaliso lweVoter, imithetho yokwalatha, iiyure zokuvota, kunye neenketho zokuvota. Ngelixesha ezi zahluke kuhlobo lwenkqubo yokuvota, zisoloko zisebenzisana nayo. Umzekelo, amazwe anenkqubo ye-PR (umz., Sweden) athambe ukuba nemiqobo esezantsi yezolawulo, efana nobhaliso oluzenzekelayo kunye namathuba onikezelweyo okuvota, ngelixa amazwe eUnited States ebeka imithwalo ephezulu kuvoti, ecuthe yarhola. Ukulawula ezo meko, isiphumo esizimeleyo senkqubo yokhetho sihlala sibalulekile.

Uhlalutyo oluthelekisayo lwesixhobo sokunyusa nokunyusa isandi esiphumayo ngaphesheya kwenkqubo

Isiqu esomeleleyo sophando lothelekiso sisenza silinganise umahluko wokujika kwiintlobo zenkqubo yonyulo. Isebenzisa ugcino-lwazi olusuka kwi Voter Turnaut Dimagement, singahlola umyinge wojikelezo kwiparamente yesizwe kunyulo lwepalamente ngaphaya kweminyaka emibini edluleyo.

Phakathi kolawulo-lawulo-moya olumisiweyo, amazwe asebenzisa iinkqubo ze-PR (umz., i-Sweden, iDenmark, i-Norway, iNetherlands, iBelgium ngokunyanzelisa ukuvota) anikela ingxelo engaphaya kwama-75%. EBelgium, apho uvota lunyanzelekile khona kwaye inkqubo ye-PR, ihamba rhoqo ingaphaya kwama-85%. Ngokwahlukileyo koko, amazwe eFPTPPPP anjenge-United States, eKhanada, kunye nomlinganiselo woBukumkani base-60/65% kunyulo lwawo lwawo lwasepalamente. I-United States, kunye nenkqubo yayo ye-FPTPPPPP idityaniswe nobhaliso lokuzithandela, ngokufuthi ubona unyulo lomongameli lujika malunga ne-5% kunye no-40%.

Iinkqubo ezixutyiweyo ziyehla phakathi. Inkqubo ye-MMP yaseJamani ikhupha ujiko oluzinzileyo malunga no 70-80%, lo gama inkqubo yeMMM yaseJapan ibone ujiko kumgama wama-50-60%. Ukusuka kwe-FPTP ukuya kwi-MMP ngo-1996 kunika uvavanyo lwendalo oluqinisekisa isiphumo se-causal: i-vatout inyuka ngenqaku eli-3 ngoko nangoko emva kotshintsho kwaye ihlale iphezulu kumjikelezo olandelayo.

Iinkqubo ze-ranki eziqengqelekayo njengee-Australia (ezikwanokuvota okunyanzelekileyo) zivelisa uvotelo oluphezulu, kodwa olunyanzelekileyo ludida uhlalutyo. Kwinkqubo zeRCV yokuzithandela, njengonyulo lukamasipala kwiSan Francisco okanye kwiMinneapolis, uphando lubonisa unyuko olulula lwenqaku elikwi-1/3 qhalo elinxulumene nonyulo lwe-FPTP, ingakumbi kwimijaho engeyoyapartistanti.

Uphando Lomzekelo Ngenkcukacha

ISweden: Umelo lwepropotial kunye noXhakamo lweNkcubeko

I-Sweden isebenzisa inkqubo yoluhlu oluvaliweyo lwe-PR ekwi-29-edictive contituences. Umqobo wokuwina izihlalo ngu-4%. Ujikelezo kunyulo lwepalamente yaseSweden luye lwadlula ngokuqhubekayo kuma-80% ukususela phakathi kwenkulungwane yama-2020, incopho ekwi-87% kwaye ishiyeka ngaphezulu kwama- 84% kunyulo lwakutshanje lwama-20222. Izinto ezininzi zinegalelo kulo mjikelezo ophezulu: inkqubo yePR iqinisekisa ulwandiso oluzenzekelayo, ubhaliso lwe-vota oluzenzekelayo lukwindawo yonke, iibhola zithunyelwa kubo bonke abavoti ababhalisiweyo, kwaye usuku lonyulo luyiholide. Ngaphezu koko, inkqubo eninzi (amaqela amaqela asibhozo akhoyo ngoku) inika umgangatho obanzi weenke amanani evotiweyo. Ukhuphotho lwayo lwengxelo ye-Swedish

IUnited States: IPast-the Post kunye neBroomal Barriers

IUnited States isebenzisa iFPTP yombini kwiNdlu yooMongameli (izithili ezizimeleyo) kunye neElectoral College yayo yonyulo lomongameli. Le nkqubo, idityaniswe nobhaliso olufanelekileyo lwevoti kunye nemithetho engqongqo, ivelisa ukurhoxa okusezantsi. Kunyulo lomongameli wama-202020, ijikele ephezulu kumashumi eminyaka kodwa engaphantsi kwe-PR. i-Midtermort ihlala ngaphantsi kwama-50%, kunye nama-20222. iinkalo ezikhoyo ezingaphaya kwesixokelelwano sovoti — kuquka ii-vota zovota, iintambo ezinde, kunye nokuvota okuncinane kwasekuqaleni kwamanye amazwe — igatya iziphumo zokurhoxa i-flus ezikhuselekileyo zePPP. Inani eliphezulu leemidlhodioksi ezikhuselekileyo licuthe kwi-20%, i-20% kuphela eliqwalalwdioksi yemithetho-Poksi elungele ukuguquka ngokuchatsha.

I-Australia: Imisebenzi yerhanisi eshinyeneyo kunye nokuthatha inxaxheba okunyanzelisayo

I-Australia isebenzisa enye ivoti (engaphakathi-mpumezo) kwiNdlu yayo yabameli ne-STV kwiNdlu yayo yeNdlu yeeNtlanganiso. Ngokungathi kunjalo, ukuvota kuyanyanzeleka kumgangatho wesizwe, kuhlawulwe iifashoni kunyuswe unyulo olungangeniyo. Ukunduluka kunyuko lwase-Australia kushiyeke ngaphezu kwama-90% kamashumi eminyaka, nasemva kokunyanzeliswa kwencophotho. Nangona uvolo olunyanzelekileyo lungumqhubi oyintloko, inkqubo ye-RCV ngokwayo inciphisa ukuvota kunye neziphumo zokuphanga, nto leyo enokuba inyusa ulwaneliseko kwanana phakathi kwabo bangakhethanga ekuvoti. Uhlolisiso lwamazwe apho uvoteko olunyanzelweyo (umz., uMzantsi Australia kwi-1930) lubonisa oko kuthoba kodwa kusekunyusekuhle kunakumazwe e-FTPPP, icebisa ukuba i-RC ngokwawongeze ulwa ngokulungele ukuvolwa.

IJamani: Iprojekthi exutyiweyo ye-Member njengendlela elungeleleneyo yokufikelela

Inkqubo ye-MMP yaseJamani idibanisa izithili ezinamalungu anye nembuyekezo elungelelanisiweyo. IiVoters ziphosa ibhola enye kunyulo lwe-projekthi yengingqi yobulali (yokuqala ivoti) kunye nenye kuluhlu lweqela (yokuvota kwesibini). Uvoti yesibini imisela indawo yokuhlala yonke, iqinisekisa ukuba i-PTP ilungelelanisiwe. iJamani isoloko iphumeza ngokuziphumeza ngaphezu kwama-70%, ngenani lama-76.6% kunyulo lwama-2021. Inkqubo ye-MMP inika uvota nabo bonke abameli bengingqi kunye nesiphumo somlinganiselo, ukuphendula okucingelwa kwe-PTPR. Uphando lubonisa ukuba i-compsa inani lemivhotiso kufutshane, njengoko iqela ngalinye leqela lincedisa ukusasa kokusasa, ukuba i-votilonke.

Icebiso lomgaqo-nkqubo wokuBonga iSijinga-jiko soMkhosi

Ngokusekelwe kubungqina obubukelweyo, abenzi bemithetho abafuna ukwandisa umvoti bangaqwalasela utshintsho kwiindidi ezimbini: utshintsho kwinkqubo yovotelwa ngokwayo kunye notshintsho lolawulo olusebenzisanayo. Kubalulekile ukuphawula ukuba naluphi na utshintsho kufuneka luxoxwe nempucuko yelizwe yezopolitiko nemeko yequmrhu.

Utshintsho lwenkqubo ebanzi

Ukwamkela inkqubo yomelo olulungelelanisiweyo, okanye ubuncinane imodeli edityanisiweyo, inenkxaso enamandla yokunyusa unyuko. Kumazwe apho i-FPTP iqiniswe kakhulu, ulwandiso olufana nokutshintshela kudidi lovoto (njengoko kuninzi lwamazwe ase-U.S. akwenze) inganciphisa ukuvota okulahlwayo kunye nolwandiso lovoti. Olunye ukhetho lukwazisa inkqubo yesithili esineentloko ezininzi kwisakhiwo sombutho (umz., ukusebenzisa ivoti okanye ivoti elinganiselwe) ukuphucula ulwando ngaphandle kokushiya imimandla engamalungu ahlukeneyo.

Ulawulo Notshintsho Olusemthethweni

Ngaphandle kwenkqubo yokhetho, ubhaliso olulula lovoti luyenye yezona zisebenzayo ekungeneleni. Ubhaliso oluzenzekelayo, njengoko lusenziwa eSweden, eJamani, kunye nezinye idemokrasi ezininzi, lwandisa ukuvota umqulu wocotho kwaye lunciphisa imiqobo yokuthabatha inxaxheba. Ubhaliso lwemini enye, ukuvota, ukwandisa ukuvota kwangethuba, kwaye ukwenza unyulo lomhla wonyulo kuboniswe ukunyusa iholide okanye impelaveki. Olu tshintsho lubaluleke kakhulu kumazwe anjenge-United States, apho imithwalo yolawulo ichaphazela ngokugqithisileyo ukufumaneka okusezantsi nokuvota okuncinane, ngokubhekele phambili ukucinywa kokurhoxiswa kwendlela esezantsi yokujika.

Imfundo nentsebenziswano

Utshintsho lwenkqubo yonogada kuphela alwanelanga ukuba abemi abakwaziyo ukuqonda indlela amavoti abo aguqulela ngayo ekumeleni. Imigaqo yemfundo yengingqi ecacisa ukusetyenziswa kwenkqubo yokukhetha, okusesikweni kwayo, nokubaluleka kokuvota kunakho ukwakha isithethe sokuthabatha inxaxheba. Kumazwe anenkqubo yePR, amaphulo okhetho adla ngokubalaselisa ukuba ivoti nganye inegalelo kwisihlalo seqela, iqinisa ingqiqo yokufumana impumelelo. Inyathelo loluntu elisekelwe kwinyathelo lokufumana ngaphandle, ingakumbi abo bajolise kubantu abaselula kunye nabo bavoti okokuqala, kwakhona babonisa iziphumo ezithobayo kodwa ezinentsingiselo.

Isiphelo

Iinkqubo ze-Electoral zingaphezulu kakhulu kunemithetho yobugcisa; zibumba ulwalamano lwemeko yengqondo kunye nolwakhiwo lwedemokhrasi. Ubungqina obuqokeleliweyo benza kucace ukuba iinkqubo zomelo lolwahlulo, iinkqubo ezidityanisiweyo zolwahlulo, kunye nokuvota okudweliswe ngokwemiqathango zonke zibonakala zivelisa umvoti ophezulu kuneyokuqala-phambili yepaseji. Iinkqubo ezisemva kolu nxulumano ziquka ukunyuka komlinganiselo wonyuso, ukuncitshiswa kwevoteko, ukhetho olukhulu, kunye nokusetyenziswa okuphezulu okuqondwayo phakathi kovoti. Izifundo zetyala ezivela eSweden, eUnited States, e-Australia, kunye neJamani zibonisa indlela ezimandla ezidla ngayo ekuqhubekekeni.

Kumazwe afuna ukuthetha ngonyulo olusezantsi, utshintsho lwenkqubo yokhetho kufuneka luqwalaselwe ecaleni kolwandiso oluzenzekelayo olufana nobhaliso oluzenzekelayo kunye nokufumaneka kovotelwa. Akukho sisombululo sinye sisebenzayo kuzo zonke iimeko, kodwa ugcino-lwazi lusoloko lukho ukubhekisa kwimixokelelwano edibeneyo nelungelelanisiweyo njengesiseko sedemokhrasi ephilileyo, equlukileyo. Ngokuqonda impembelelo yoyilo lwenkqubo yokhetho, abenzi benkqubo kunye nabameli banokuthatha amanyathelo aqinileyo ukuqinisekisa ukuba ummi ngamnye unethuba lokwenene lokuviwa kwibhokisi yebhola.