Ukwazisa: Igalelo Lomanyano Nokwahlukana Kwamagunya

Isakhiwo sikarhulumente waseMerika sisekelwe kwintsika ezimbini ezisisiseko: urhulumente worhulumente kunye nolwahlulo lwamagunya. Ngeli xesha lufundwa ngokwahlukeneyo, le migaqo mibini isoloko isebenza, ibumba indlela esenziwe ngayo imithetho, inyanzelisiwe, kwaye itolikwa. Féderalism[ ulwahlulo phakathi korhulumente wesizwe noorhulumente abaninzi. Ukwahlula-hlula-hlula amagunya [[[FLT]]] amagunya phakathi kwe-witrogi, i-graferity, namasebe e-calathisi kumgangatho wesizwe. Ukuqonda indlela ulawulo lwamazwe abalulekileyo ekuqondeni ukuntluphala okulawula kweMelika. Le ngxelo inkcums, engoko yembali, kunye neentsingiselo zaleekhozi, ukulungiselela nayiphi nayiphi nayiphi nayiphi nayiphi nayiphi nayiphi nayiphi nayiphi nayiphi nayiphi nayiphi nabenzo yezopolitiki.

Yintoni Umanyano?

Embilinini wayo, urhulumente yinkqubo yolawulo apho amandla ahlulwe ngokwesiseko somGaqo-siseko phakathi kwegunya elisembindini kunye neqela lezobupolitika elizii-"in United States, aba ngoorhulumente besizwe. Ngokungafaniyo nenkqubo yeyunithi apho onke amandla ehlala kurhulumente ophakathi, okanye ukuhlanganiswa apho amagunya ahlala phantse onke, urhulumente udala umhlaba ophakathi ovumela umanyano nolwahluka-hluka.

UMgaqo-siseko wase-U.S. waseka olu lwahlulo ngamaziko amaninzi. Icandelo 8 libala amandla eBhunga, kuquka amandla erhafu, ulawulo lwezorhwebo, kunye nokubhengeza imfazwe. IsiHlanzi soMmiselo-Mdathi [ sigcina ngokuthe ngqo onke amagunya anganikezelwanga kurhulumente worhulumente worhulumente okanye angavumelekanga kumazwe kuwo ngokwawo okanye kubantu. Lo mgaqo-siseko udala ulawulo oluphindiweyo oluye lwavela ngexesha elithile ukutolika nokuqheliswa komthetho kunye nokwenza kwezobupolitika.

Ababhali - mbali nezazinzulu zobupolitika bachaza iinkalo eziliqela zoburhulumente baseMerika:

  • IFederationism (c. 1789-1933): Isoloko ichazwa njenge "layer makeism," eli xesha ligxininisa imida ecacileyo phakathi kolawulo nolawulo lorhulumente. Urhulumente wesizwe wagxininisa kwimicimbi yamanye amazwe, ukhuseleko, kunye norhwebo lwamazwe ngamazwe, ngoxa urhulumente wayephethe imicimbi yasekhaya enjengemfundo, impilo, kunye nomthetho wasekuhlaleni.
  • Ifekta yoMbutho woMbutho woLawulo (c.-1960s): Ikhuthazwa kukuDongophala Okukhulu kunye ne-New Development, le modeli ifinyeza imigca phakathi kwemisebenzi yorhulumente norhulumente. Urhulumente wesizwe wanika inkxaso-mali kunye nezikhokelo kwiinkqubo ezinikezelwe ngurhulumente, edala i-"makeke" ipateni yoxanduva olwahlulelweyo.
  • I-New Federalism (c. 1970s-presente): Ukuqala noMongameli Richard Nixon kwaye uqhubekeke kulawulo lwamva, imigudu yokususa amagunya athile emva kumazwe ilungelelene neengxoxo zale mihla. Izibonelelo zomqobo neziqhubi zivumela ulungelelwano olukhulu ekuphumezeni iinkqubo zezwelonke.

Ukuqonda ezi zinto kusinceda siqonde indlela urhulumente asoloko eqhelana ngayo nocelomngeni olutsha, yaye ukuqhelana nalo kuchaphazela ngayo ukulungelelana kwamandla phakathi kwamasebe amathathu karhulumente.

Ukwahlukana Kwamagunya: Imvelaphi Nezakhiwo

Imfundiso yokwahlulwa kwamagunya isekelwe kwintanda-bulumko yezobupolitika ekhanyiselweyo, ingakumbi umsebenzi we Montesquieu ku uMoya woMthetho[. Abaqalisi baseMerika, ingakumbi uJames Madison, bafaka le ngcamango kwimiGaqo-siseko njengendlela yokukhusela ekusebenziseni igunya. [[FLT:]] Federalist No. 51, Madison wabhala ngodumo, "Izikhundla kufuneka zenziwe ukuba zilwe ukulwa kwephulo." Injongo yayikukuqinisekisa ukuba akukho sebe elinye lingalawula abanye.

UmGaqo-siseko wahlula urhulumente wengingqi ube ngamasebe amathathu alinganayo:

  • Isebe elinobuchule (Ingcebiso I): Ekhiwe kwindlu yabameli neBhunga leNtlanga, elisebe lenza imithetho, livakalisa imfazwe, lilawula urhwebo, kwaye lilawula uluhlu lwezikhwakhwa zemali.
  • Isebe eliphumelel'endle (Artle II):[[FLT] Ihonjiswe nguMongameli, elisebe linyanzelisa imithetho, liqhuba inkqubo yelizwe lasemzini, liyalela umkhosi, kwaye limisela amagosa orhulumente.
  • Jodicial Branch (Article III): INkundla ePhakamileyo kunye neenkundla ezisezantsi zezwe zichaza imithetho, zihlola ubugqeba bazo, kunye nokusombulula iimpikiswano phakathi koorhulumente okanye phakathi korhulumente noorhulumente borhulumente.

Isebe ngalinye linamagunya ahlukileyo, kodwa inkqubo ye iqinisekisa ukumiswa komongameli, kwaye iinkundla ziyakwazi ukubeka imithetho njengengekho sigqeba. Umzekelo, uMongameli angawubeka umthetho odluliselwe yiBhunga, kodwa iKhomishini ingawuyeka lo mcimbi kunye noninzi lwabathathi- ntathu ababini. IBhunga liqinisekisa ukubekwa komongameli, kwaye iinkundla zingabetha imithetho njengengalawulwanga. Oku kuthintela naliphi isebe ekufumaneni igunya elingathintelwanga.

Indlela Umanyano Olukuphembelela Ngayo Ukwahlukana Kwamagunya

Umanyano alupheleli nje kukwahlulwa kwamagunya qha, ilawula indlela esebenzayo nesebenzisana ngayo namanye. Ulwahlulo lwamandla phakathi koorhulumente besizwe norhulumente longeza umaleko owongezelelekileyo wokuntsonkotha kwinkqubo esele intsonkothile yovavanyo nolungelelwano.

Isebe loMthetho Kwinkqubo Yomanyano

Igunya leKhomishoni lokwenza umthetho lilinganiselwe ngumgaqo wamagunya adwelisiweyo. Phantsi kolawulo olubini, iKhomfama i-odole inokuba ngqongqo kuphela kwiindawo ezidweliswe ngokucacileyo kwinqaku I. Noko ke, ukukhula kwentsebenziswano yomanyano yomanyano olubanzi ngamandla anwenwesiweyo ngokucaciswa okubanzi [] Commerce Claus [[[FLL:1]] [iiiindawo yolawulo] kunye [i-[FLT:] ne-[FLT]. Namhlanje, imimiselo ye-omatiliti isoloko iphelisa imithetho xa ingquzula, idala uxanduvano phakathi kwegunya nolawulo.[5]

Isebe Elinolawulo oluphezulu Nomanyano

Indima yoMongameli njengentloko-mikhosi ibandakanya ukunyanzelisa imithetho karhulumente, kodwa emininzi yaloo mithetho iphunyezwa ngamasebe karhulumente. Umzekelo, i-Ndevironmental Protection Agency (EPA) imisela imilinganiselo yongcoliso, kodwa ithetha ukuba isebenzisa iinkqubo zemvume kunye nokunyanzelisa. Eli lungiselelo lentsebenziswano linika abalawuli besizwe impembelelo ebalulekileyo, ukanti uMongameli uyakwazi ukuvala inkxaso-mali karhulumente okanye ukunyanzelisa ukuba amagosa angayithobeli. Uxinzelelo oluphakathi kwamandla olawulo oluphezulu nombuso luye lwabonakala ngokukhethekile kumashumi eminyaka akutshanje amalunga nokugcinwa komthetho ohlalisa umba, ukunyanzelwa komchaphazelo olusemthethweni, kunye nokuthintelwa kwemiqatha kwezelo yempilo. Inkundla ekwakungamele iphinde ivume ukugunyaze iwiswe ngumthetho wolawulo lolawulo lolawulo lomthetho.

Isebe Eligwebayo Nomanyano

Ijudiary yephondo, ingakumbi iNkundla ePhakamileyo, inendima ebalulekileyo ekuchazeni imida phakathi kwamandla orhulumente naworhulumente. Ngokucaciswa, iNkundla igqiba enoba imithetho karhulumente idlula amagunya eBhunga akhankanyiweyo okanye ukuba imithetho karhulumente iyangqubana nemimiselo okanye umGaqo-siseko. Iimeko ezifana [[FLT][1]] MCloch. Maryland[[FLT][185]] [18] [18] [iiindlela] yokumisela umgaqo wobukhulu borhulumente kunye namandla athathiweyo, ngexesha [[FLT:] [[4] [5] [iiiiiiiiiiiimeko] mandla athenjiweyo, [iiiimeko-mond , izigwebo zobuzwe].[FLT6].[FFLT6] [ip] [ip] [ip] [ig.95] [ig.95] [ii, i-G

Amandla Ahlukeneyo Negunya Elikhoyo

IFederalism idala amagunya amathathu amagunya akhoyo: aquka onke amagunya orhulumente (umz., enika imali, eqhuba ulwalamano lwamanye amazwe), azimeleyo amagunya ombuso (umz., ukuqhuba unyulo, ukulawula intengiso, ukuphatha intengiso yezoshishino), kunye [[FLT:]] [[FLT]] amandla okhoyo [[FLT]] [5], irhafutheliso, ukugcinwa komthetho, ukwakhiwa kwemithetho ephantsi, izinyuko). Xa omabini amagunya akhoyo, kufuneka alungelene. Umzekelo, womanyeneyo kunye noorhulumente angenisa irhafuthelo, kodwa ingcelelo lungahluka komnye lomthetho.[F]

Iingqikelelo nolungelelwano kwinkqubo yomanyano

Iindlela zovavanyo eziqhelekileyo kunye nolungelelwano phakathi kwamasebe amathathu zongezelelwa zii-checks zolawulo lukarhulumente. Oorhulumente banokubuyisela emva ukuphandwa kwemithetho-siseko ngokuphambana, ngokuququzelela iKhontekoste, okanye benqabile ukuzalisekisa iinkqubo zesizwe (icebo elaziwa ngokuba "kukhuphisana," nangona umgaqo-siseko walo ukhuphiswano. UMongameli kunye neKhomishini ingaphembelela ukuxhasa ngemali ekhoyo. [i-FLT] i-emperensis-mali-mali-ezinika inkxaso efuna ukuba kwamkele imigaqo ethile. Iinkundla zithelela ukuba ezi meko zixhomekeke kwiimeko zisemgangathweni okanye zivunyelwe. [[FLT:][FLT][1] i-Active Coast Coast Coast Counting wistion inguecencesting transcelcer) isebe ngalinye elinonelwa phantsi kwegunya lorhulumente.

Uhlolisiso Lwembali Lwetyala LobuFederalism Nokwahlukana Kwamagunya

Ukwenziwa Okutsha nemvukelo yomgaqo-siseko

INew Deal Agement ephantsi koMongameli Franklin D. Roosevelt yandisa ngokuphawulekayo indima karhulumente wesizwe kumgaqo wezoqoqosho. Ingqungquthela yawisa umthetho okhubazayo njengomthetho weNational Indumasi Yokuphucula Ukhuseleko kunye noMthetho we-Agriculture Lungiselelo, owanika isebe eliphetheyo igunya elingenakuthelekiswa nanto kwezoqoqosho. INkundla ePhakamileyo ekuqaleni yaphelisa iinkqubo ezininzi ze-New Developt njengegunya leChunga loMlawuli likaNompela-Cystem, nto leyo eyakhokelela kwinkcaso phakathi kweNkulwano yeNkundla noMongameli. Lo mbutho wacebisa ukuba "umqulu-pacce" ucekelwe ngecebo lokudibanisa ulawulo olungaphezulu, isenzo esiza kukuzilawula kwesebe lenkundla. Ekugqibeleni, iNkuhlela yeNkuhlela yavumela ukulawulwa kwayo, kunye negunya elitsha le-justicelde yaza elilawulayo. Elinye iBhunga lorhwebo elikhoyo lorhwebo.

IQumrhu lamaLungelo aBami kunye noNcedo

Ngexesha leminyaka yee-1950 kunye nowe-1960, umlo wokulingana kwe-Ofisi yohlanga nowahlula amagunya. Amazwe aseMazantsi asebenzisa imfundiso yamalungelo karhulumente ukuthethelela ukuhlaliswa kwesizwe nokuchasa imiyalelo karhulumente. Isebe lemithetho yowiso-mthetho laphendula ngemithetho efana nemithetho yeSivumelwano samaLungelo sama-19649 kunye neSivumelwano samaLungelo samaLungelo soMbutho we-Onkcelele, ebekwe phantsi komthetho weKhomplathi yeKhompathiso-mali kunye noMlawuli woLawulo lwezikomhlala-zwe, lasebenzisa izikolo ezilawulayo kunye nemikhosi yesizwe ukuba inyanzelise imiyalelo yenkundla yenkundla yezomthetho. Inkundla ephakamileyo, kwityala elinjenge [FLT:] Brown. IBhodi yemfundo yemfundo yezemfundo yezemfundo yezemfundo yezemfundo yezemfundo yesizwe [Foct:1] (1954), ivakalise isaziso somthetho somthetho somthetho wesizwe sesizwe.

Iimbambano Zangexesha Elidluleyo Kumanyano Lwamagunya Nokwahlukana Kwawo

ISebe leMicimbi yeNkcubeko neNkxaso

IAffordicuble Care Act (ACA) ka-2010 ingumzekelo ophambili wexeshana wendlela urhulumente olawulayo nokwahlula amagunya. IBhunga elilawulayo layidlulisa ngayo iACA phantsi kwe-Choodential Claus kunye namandla ahlawulwayo. Isebe eliphetheyo, ngeSebe leSebe lezeMpilo nezoluntu, lakhupha imimiselo ezalisekisa umthetho. Isebe lezomthetho lazigcina ngokunzulu: [[FLT: 0]NFIB v. [[FLT][1], iNkuphakamisa iNkundla ePhakamileyo, iphakamisa igunya lomntu ngamnye kodwa lawisa irhafuthe ulwano lweMedidid njenge-cone. Eli tyala ligcinwe indima kumazwe (ayi-Mdid okanye aliyifuni) kunye neenkqubo zoburhulumente zoburhulumente. [12]

Ukutshintsha Kwemeko - bume Nokutshintsha Kwemozulu

Umthetho wokusingqongileyo unikela enye indawo apho uburhulumente buphembelela ukwahlulwa kwamagunya. Umthetho ococekileyo we-Air noMgaqo-nkqubo Wamanzi oGcweleyo uvumela i-EPA ukuba imisele imigangatho yesizwe, kodwa uthe uthelela ukuyenza ize inyanzelise. Xa urhulumente ungayithobeli, i-EPA ingangena. Noko ke, ulawulo lweTrump lwemimiselo yemo yezulu lukhokelela kwimiqathango eqinileyo ekwimimandla/imeko-meas, ebangela ukuba isantya sokukhupha umbane esiphezulu, esibizwa ngokuba yi-[[FLY:[FFF:1] njengendlela yokuhlola isenzo solawulo. I-California, umzekelo, isebenzisa i-Trump elungele ukubeka i-athoba yolawulo lwezithuthi, i-Erption i-E.[4] I-FFUTP.[4] kunye ne-grounice i-E.[4] I-E.[4] I-E.000 i-E.0004] I-E.I.I

Ukufuduka noxinezeleko lwephondo

Ukuthatyathwa kwetyala ngokwesithethe kungulawulo olupheleleyo lwamazwe, kodwa ngokuya kuvunywa ukuzama ukwenza indima ethile, kodwa amaphondo aye afuna ngamandla ukusebenzisana nomthetho worhulumente (njengoko kunjalo kwi-SB 1070) okanye ngokumisela intsebenziswano (njengoko kumthetho wengcwele yaseKhalifoniya). INkundla ePhakamileyo, Arizona v. United States[FLT] [202], ngokuwisa phantsi amalungiselelo amaninzi karhulumente okufuduka, ngokuqinisekisa ubungangamsholo besizwe, ukuqinisekisa ubungangamsha bolawulo besizwe. Noko ke, imvume yesebe eliphetheyo ekubekeni umthetho wokulawula ukuma komthetho. Ukuvalwa komsebenzi wolawulo lweziko lweziko-Brump kusoloko kucelwe uvikelo lwemithetho yokufuduko lwelizwe kwinkundla yemfazwe, isala imo-Bhredia.

Ikamva LobuProtestanti Nokwahlukana Kwamagunya

Njengokuba iUnited States ijongene neengxaki zenkulungwane yama-21 ezifana nokutshintsha kwemozulu, ukusabela kobhubhani, umgaqo wobuchule owenziweyo, nokungalingani kwengeniso, imidlalo ephakathi korhulumente kunye nolwahlulo lwamandla iza kuqhubeka iguquka. Izimo eziliqela zifanele ukuqwalaselwa:

  • Ukwenziwa kubenolwahlulo kunye nomanyano: ulwahlulo olunzulu lwezopolitiko lukhokelele kuvavanyo oluphezulu lwenkqubo yesizwe, kunye namazwana abomvu naluhlaza amukela iindlela zomahluko ekukhutshweni kwesisu, amalungelo okuvota, ulawulo lwemipu, kunye nemfundo. Oku kudityaniswa kwemimandla ephangaleleyo kungakhulisa uburhulumente njengovavanyo kwimiqathango yesizwe, kodwa kwakhona kubeka umngcipheko kwimiqathango yentso kunye nokungaqiniseki okusemthethweni.
  • Amandla aSebenzileyo kunye nesenzo sobuGcisa: Oomongameli abavela kuwo omabini amaqela baye basebenzisa ngokukhula imiyalelo yegunya elilawulayo, i-tatranda, kunye nomthetho wombutho wokubumba inkqubo ngaphandle kweBhunga. Ukumangalelwa kwelizwe kuye kwaba ngumatshini ophambili wokucel ’ umngeni ezi zenzo, ukuguqula iinkundla ze-ovential zolawulo zibe ngabagqeba abagqebayo. Ukwahlulwa kwamandla ngamandla . . . . .Njengokuba kusoloko kukho umqathango wolawulo wesizwe.
  • Ubugcisa kunye neCommerce Claus:[FLT] Urhwebo lwangaphakathi, ugcino-lwazi, kunye ne-inthaneti enqamlezene nemigca karhulumente, kuphakamisa imibuzo yokuba umthetho wesizwe ufanele ucime imimiselo karhulumente kusini na. IiBhunga ziye zazama ukudlulisa umthetho wemfihlo opheleleyo, zishiya amaphondo njengeKhalifoniya ukulungiselela imithetho yazo. Inkundla ePhakamileyo isenokufuna ukucacisa imida yegunya likarhulumente ngexesha lamanani.
  • Isigqibo sezeMpawu kunye nokuchithwa kweMali: ukusetyenziswa korhulumente worhulumente wokusebenzisa amandla okuphembelela inkqubo karhulumente kuyaqhubeka kukhula. INFIB[ isigqibo sibeke imida kwiimeko zomjelo, kodwa iimeko zexesha elizayo zingachaza imida. Le ntsingiselo ibandakanya ngqo onke amasebe: iimeko zenkomfaketho, ulawulo lwequmrhu, kunye nohlolo lweziko lolawulo lwezikomkhulu lunika inkxaso, kunye nohlolo lwemiqathango yomgaqo-siseko.

Abafundisi nabafundi kufuneka bahlale benolwazi ngezi nkqubela. Ukudibana nemithombo engundoqo enjenge- i-Constitution Annotive kunye nezigqibo zeNkundla ePhakamileyo zibalulekile ukuze kuqondwe indlela uburhulumente nolwahlulo lwamagunya oluziqhelanisa ngayo ngexesha.

Isiphelo

Ulwalamano phakathi kolawulo lwamasebe amathathu orhulumente kunye nolwahlulo lwamagunya alumi nje kuphela, yingxoxo ephilayo ethintela nayiphi na into ekwinkqubo yomgaqo-siseko we-United States. I-Federalis inikela icandelo elithe nkqo legunya phakathi koorhulumente besizwe norhulumente, ngelixa ukwahlulwa kwamagunya kudala ulwahlulo oluthe tyaba phakathi kwamasebe amathathu karhulumente. Zombini, zibumba icandelo elintsonkothile leweendlela kunye nolungelelwano oluthintela oluthintelayo oluthintela ukuqokelela amandla agqithisileyo. Ngokufunda imizekelo embali efana ne-New Ireal Arealstions, kunye nexesha loburhulumente boluntu, kunye nokuhlola imicimbi yanamhlanje enjenge-ograviortical, imiqatha yemeko-morea, kunye nokufuduka, sizuza uxabiso olunzulu ngendlela lemigaqo esebenzayo ngayo ekuqhubeleni komsebenzi. Kumntu waseMelikani, ukuqaphela ukusetyenziswa kwesizwe kunye nakuwongawahlulwa kwamandla amaqela amanani azimele-omi.