Ukuqonda Utshintsho: Isiseko Nomahluko

Utshintsho oluqhelekileyo lutshintsho olucwangcisiweyo kumgaqo-nkqubo wenkqubo wenkqubo nowokuvota olulawula indlela owenziwa ngayo unyulo. Olu tshintsho lungaphinda lufikelele kwivoti, umelo, kunye nokuthembeka jikelele kweenkqubo zedemokhrasi. Ngenxa yokuba imithetho yolawulo-mgam-mgamshelwano elawula ukuba ngubani othatha inxaxheba nendlela abala ngayo amazwi abo, kwanotshintsho oluncinane kwiinkqubo zokuvota lunokuba neziphumo ezingaphaya kweso sivumelwano soluntu. Kubafundi, abafundisi, nabenzi beenkqubo, ukuqwalasela ukuchasana kwezi inguqulelo kuyimfuneko ekukhuthazeni idemokhrasi esempilweni.

Abaphengululi batshintsha indlela abasebenzisa ngayo imibala ehlukeneyo yokukhetha iinguqu kwimimandla emininzi ebanzi, nganye ijolise kwinqanaba elithile lomjikelo wonyulo. Indlela yokuguqula indlela ye- iguqula indlela abemi abaphosa ngayo iibholas, umzekelo, ukusuka kwindlela elula yokuvota okanye yokulinganisa. [FLT:] ukubeka iprojekthi yonyuko. [FLT:] intengiso yobhaliso [ iguqula inkqubo yokuba abantu abafanelekileyo bafumane imigca, njengokusebenzisa ubhaliso oluzenzekelayo okanye ubhaliso olunye. kunye nenkxaso yohlobo ngalunye.

Iintshukumisa eziphambili zotshintsho lokhetho zisekelwe kwiinjongo zokusesikweni, ukufumaneka, nokubonakala. Noko ke, ulwamkelo lwezopolitiko apho zamkelwe khona ``ukhuphiswano loluntu, intsebenziswano, okanye imimiselo yenkundla'. Ngokufuthi kufumana iziphumo zazo zokwenene zehlabathi. Umzekelo, iinguqu ezixhaswe liqela elinye zingachaswa, kwaye ukuvelisa imingeni kungadambisa iinzuzo ezicetyisiweyo. Ukuqonda ezi zixhobo kunceda ukucacisa isizathu sokuba unxulumano phakathi kotshintsho lokhetho kunye nomanyano lwelizwe lungalula okanye lungahambelani namaqela.

Ukubaluleka Kokubandakanyeka Kwidemokhrasi

Ukuganana kwe-CUBIC kubandakanya okungaphaya kokuvota. Kuquka ukuya kwiintlanganiso zikawonke-wonke, ukujoyina amaqela alawulayo, ukusebenza ngokuzithandela kumaphulo, ukuqhagamshelana namagosa anyuliweyo, nokuba nenxaxheba kwimibutho yoluntu. Umgangatho ophezulu wokubotshwa kwequmrhu lingurhulumente wesizwe uluphawu lwedemokhrasi enamandla kuba iqinisekisa ukuba ulwahlulo lwamazwi lunceda ukumila komgaqo-siseko. Abemi abathenjiweyo batyekela ekubeni bafunde ngakumbi, bathembe ngakumbi amaziko edemokhrasi, yaye bakulungele ngakumbi ukuphendula kwiinkokeli. Uphando lusoloko lubonisa ukuba abantu abanamava angakumbi okulawula okulungileyo, ukusuka kwiinkonzo ezinika intlawulo oluphantsi.

Kubafundi, ukubotshwa ngolwazi lwezentlalo kungumsebenzi wokuqala wokuba ngabemi abakhutheleyo. Izikolo zinendima ebalulekileyo ekukhuthazeni imikhwa yokuthabatha inxaxheba, njengokuxubusha iziganeko zangoku, ukukhuthaza iinkqubo zowiso-mthetho, kunye nomsebenzi wokuzithandela okhuthazayo. Xa iinguqu zonyulo zibangela ukuba kube lula ukuba nenxaxheba, banokunyusa inzuzo yemfundo yezentlalo-ntle. Ngokuchasene noko, iinguqu ezithintela ukuba nenxaxheba zingenza umgudu ongcono weklasi wokwakha ubuchule bolawulo lwedemokhrasi.

Indlela Utshintsho Oluyintlupheko Oluyiyo Oluyiyo

Iindlela Ezifanelekileyo Zokuba Nenxaxheba

Iziguquli ezininzi zokhetho zenzelwe ngokucacileyo ukwandisa ukubhalisa okuzenzekelayo. ubhaliso lwevoti oluzenzekelayo (AVTR) lunye lwezona zingenelo zisebenzayo. Amazwe aphumeze i-AVR, njengo-Oregon kunye no-Georgia, aye abona imigangatho yobhaliso inyuka ngamasuntswana aphindwe kabini. Xa abemi bengakwenzi ukubhalisa amaphepha anzima okanye imihla, baqheleke kakhulu ukubhaliswa nokuvota. Ubhaliso-manani osuku olunye, anikezelwa kumazwe afana no-Minnesopeta no-Wisconsian, kwakhona anyuselwayo, ingakumbi phakathi kwabancinane, abanokuphoswa ngokunjalo abasebenzi abangakwazi ukubhalisa.

Uvota olunendawo engqukuva--i-RCV [RCV: 1] lungakhuthaza amabala athe gqolo kwaye lunciphise iphulo elithabathayo, elithi ngokulandelayo lenze unyulo lube nomtsalane ngakumbi kubavoti. Izixeko ezinjenge San Francisco neMinneapolis zisebenzise iRCV ukuchola i-Ropera ngokuchanekileyo ababonisa umahluko woluntu. Xa abavotethisi bevakalelwa kukuba ibholaot yabo izakubala nokuba i-choce ilahleka (ngokuba inokuba ikwisigaba esisezantsi sokhuselo------* azinakali kangako ukuhlala ekhaya. Ezinye izifundo zicebisa ukuba i-RCVCV i-colletates ngokungaphezulu kunyulwa kwemibalwano, nangona isiphumo sichaziwe kakuhle ngendlela elungeleyo kwindlela echazwa ngayo kuwonke-wonke-wonke-wonke-wonke.

Ikhomishini ezimeleyo yokuziphindezela inganciphisa ukukhuphisana kwe-volution, yenza iziphumo zonyulo zikhuphiswane kakhulu. Ingingqi zengingqi zinika ivoti ukhetho olunentsingiselo, oluyandisa intshukumisa yokuba nenxaxheba. I-Citizens Redigaligilliing Commission, esungulwe ngo-2008, inconyelwe ngokudala intlalo eninzi yokhuphiswano kunye ne-actick ethoba kwi-votick. Xa abemi baqonda ukuba ivota yabo ingenza ukhetho olunentsingiselo, banokuchitha ixesha elininzi ekufundeni ngabavoti kunye nokujika ngaphandle.

Imiphumo Emibi Nemiqobo Engacetywanga

Asizizo zonke iziguqulo eziluncedo ekugananeni. Strict imigaqo ye-ID yevoti , ephunyezwe kumaphondo anjenge Indiana neTexas, ngokugqithisileyo ichaphazela amacandelo amancinane esizwe, amavoti akhulileyo, kunye neengeniso eziphantsi zabantu abatyekele ekubandakanyeni kwezobupolitika ukuba baqale. Umthwalo wokufumana urhulumente owenziweyo, ngokufuthi obandakanya uhambo lweeofisi ngeeyure ezisikelweyo kunye neendleko zokuxhasa amaxwebhu, wenza isiphumo esihla nesiphumo esingaqhelekanga esivela kumthetho wevoti ye-ID yaseNtla Carolina (ngoku ebesihla njengedekhi yomthetho) ebonisa ukurhoxiswa kwe-ombhulo-om.

Ukufakela kwisixokelelwano sokuvota kungakwathintela ukuthatha inxaxheba. Xa ulawulo lutshintshela kwiindlela ezintsha njengomatshini bokuvota ngombane okanye zonke iiposi ngaphandle kokufunda ngokwaneleyo, udideko lungakhokelela ekumoneni ibholatisi okanye ukuthembana okuncitshisiweyo. Ngokufanayo, [[FLT:] utshintsho oluthe rhoqo lokucombulula iindawo okanye imida yeqonga iphazamisa ukuvota komkhwa. Unyulo 20202020 yabona iinguqu ezininzi zokugqibela ngenxa yesifo esimachiza; ngelixa amazwe amaninzi elungele ukutshintsha, amanye abona kuguqukile kumazwe awayengaziswangalungisi kakuhle ngenkqubo ezintsha.

[[NTLT: 0] Ukungabi namdla kweNkundla ePhakamileyo kunokwenzeka xa utshintsho luthathwa njengoluncinci okanye lungaphelelanga. Ukuba abemi babukela imithetho yezemali ihlala ibuthathaka phezu kwako nje ukukhalaza kukawonke-wonke, bangagqiba kwelokuba inkqubo ixhotyiswe ngokuxhasa izityebi ezinikelayo kwaye ihlulwe. Isigqibo seNkundla ePhakamileyo ye-2010 i-Citizennns United. FFEC[FLT[:3] ikhupha uphuphutho lwemali ezimeleyo ezimeleyo, kwaye izama ukuguqula izinto ngokulandelayo luye lwafak'uk' ingqiqo yokugxeka phakathi kwabathile abavoti-voti, ingakumbi abavakalelwa kukuba nenxaxheba kwimpembelelo enkulu.

Kwisifundo setyala lotshintsho lwe-Electoral kunye nempembelelo yayo

Isifundo semeko 1: Inkqubo esisiseko yeKhalifoniya Ephezulu- Kwisibini (Procento 14)

IProposition yaseKhalifoniya 14, eyadlula ngo-2010 yaza yasebenza ngo-2012, yathatha indawo yeqela eliphambili ngenkqubo “ephezulu-2”: bonke abathathi-nxaxheba kwiofisi enikiweyo bavela kwisixhobo esiphambili esifanayo, kungakhathaliseki ukuba badityaniswe namaqela, kunye nabavoti ababini abaphezulu baqhubela phambili kunyulo jikelele. Abaxhasi baphikisa oku babeza kukungqina ngokufanelekileyo, kunciphise ukwenziwa kwe-Rhoverseantia, kunye nokhetho lovoti.

Ubungqina bokuganana kwezentlalo budibene. Uphando lwangaphambili lufumanise ukuba inkqubo ephezulu-2 yakhokelela kunyuko oluncinci kumavoti kwezinye iindawo, kodwa isiphumo asizange sifane. Kwizithili ezinxilisayo, eziphambili ziphela zingukhuphiswano kuphela, ngelixa unyulo ngokuba luphawulo oluqhelekileyo olubonisa abavoti ababini abathathi-nxaxheba kwiqela elinye. Ngokubhekele phayaaaa, utshintsho aluzange lwandise iinguquko ekwahluka-hlukeneyo ngokweendidi zohlanga okanye ubufana. Kodwa ke, lwakhuthaza abanye abathathi-nxaxheba ukuba babhenele kwicandelo elibanzi labavoti kuneqela labo bangenayo. Kubafundisi, amava eKlifoni, abonisa ukuba kwaneenjongo yokuzitshintsha aziphumele ngokweemeko zezobupolitika zasekuhlaleni.

Amakhonkco angaphandle: [[Nkqutyana:0] Icandelo lomgaqo-nkqubo weCalifornia kunye ne-[FLT]League of Women Voters chaza yeKhalifoniya[.

Isifundo Setyala 2: Ubhaliso Lwezigalo - moya Oluzenzekelayo LwaseOregon

I-Oregon yaba ngurhulumente wokuqala kuhlanga ukuzalisekisa ubhaliso oluzenzekelayo lwevoti (AVR) xa isebenza ngo-2016. Phantsi kwale nkqubo, abemi abafanelekileyo abasebenza neSebe le-Oregon le-Mur Vehicles babhaliswa ngokuzenzekelayo ukuba bavote, ngaphandle kokuba bakhethe ngokuzenzekelayo. Inkqubo ikwaquka ukuqhubana kwee-data ezinamandla phakathi koomeli ukuqinisekisa ucoselelo. Iziphumo bezisothusa: i-Oregon ngoku iqhayisa elinye lamanani aphezulu ombhali-vota kwilizwe, elinabemi abangaphezulu kwama-90% abafanelekileyo ababhaliswe. UTurnout uphinde wandisa, ngokukodwa phakathi kwabaselula abaneminyaka eli-1824, ababona isisuntluvoti - 7% ekungeneni kwinxaxheba kunyaka wama-201818,218,22, ebona isisuntluvotezi eziphakathi kunyaka-2018, u-2014.

AVR isusa umqobo oqhelekileyo kumanyano lwamaqumrhu: imfuneko yokubhalisa ngokukhutheleyo phambi kommiselo. Ngokwenza ubhaliso olungagqibekanga, amajelo angafikelela abantu abaye bashiywa ngokwembali, njengabo bahamba rhoqo okanye abangenayo i-intanethi. Impumelelo ye-Oregon ikhuthaze ubuncinane amanye amazwe angama-20 kunye neSithiligi saseColumbia ukwamkela i-AVR ngohlobo oluthile. Noko ke, ukwenziwa kwento enzima: kufuneka kuqashe izikhuseli nxamnye nokubhalisa ngempazamo (njengokuba i-ekhonzi) kwaye kufuneka ziqinisekise ukuba iinkqubo eziqhelekileyo zizimisele ngokwenene kwaye azilahlekisi. Kwizikolo, imeko yeOregon ibonisa indlela utshintsho olulula lweproccculalbel lunokuba neziphumo eziluncedo ngokungenamsebenzi, ngokukodwa phakathi kwamaqela afumana nzima ukufikelela.

Uqhagamshelwano lwangaphandle: Ingqungquthela yesizwe yemithetho yelizwe ye-AVR.

Isifundo setyala 3: Intshukumo yaseNew Zealand Kumelo lweMember Proportigal

I-New Zealand yafumana olunye lwezinguqu eziphawulekayo kwimbali yale mihla yedemokhrasi xa yatshintshelwa ukusuka kwinkqubo yokuqala yezobukho bekhompyutha ukuya kwinkqubo edityanisiweyo (MMP) ngo-1996. Olu tshintsho luluhlobo lomelo olulungelelanisiweyo apho amavoti akhuphela khona amavoti amabini: enye yeyomntu oza kubhalisa udidi lweqela. Isiphumo senzelwe ukuqinisekisa ukuba iqela eliquluqela elikwipalamente lihambisana nevote yesizwe. Olu tshintsho lwaqhutywa luphenjelelwa lukunganeliseki lutyekelo lwakudala lokuvelisa urhulumente omkhulu ngevoti engaphantsi kwama-50% evoti eyaziwayo.

Impembelelo ekubopheleleni kwezentlalo e New Zealand ilungile kakhulu. Ujikelezo lwepalamente, olwaluye lwancipha kangangamashumi eminyaka, lwazinziswa lwaza lwanda ngokuthothayo emva kokuhlaziywa. Okubaluleke kakhulu kukuba, abemi babika ukuba amavoti abo aye asebenza kakhulu ngenxa yokuba amaqela amancinane ayenokoyisa izihlalo, nto leyo ekhokelela kurhulumente ohlukeneyo ofuna ukulalanisa. Ulwahluka-hlukeneyo lwepalamente lwanda: amabhinqa namaqela amancinane afumana umelo kwimigangatho ephezulu. Utshintsho lwabangela incoko entlalo-ntle engakumbi malunga nendlela iinkqubo zonyulo ezichaphazela ngayo igunya, nto leyo eyandisa ukufundiswa kokufundiswa kwezobupolitika. Amava eNew Zealand asoloko akhankanyw njengomzekelo wencwadi omntu okwazi ukuphinda inxaxheba kwinkqubo yolawulo-demokhrasi. Ibaluleke kakhulu kubafundisi abafundisa ngemifanekiso entle neziphumo zabo ezikhoyo emhlabeni.

Uqhagamshelwano lwangaphandle: [[FLT: 0] Ikhomishini ye-New Zealand yembali ye-MMP.

Izakhono zokufundisa abafundisi-zincwadi nge-CPF

Othisha bakwimida ephambili yokubumba indlela isizukulwana esilandelayo esiyiqonda ngayo idemokhrasi. Ngokudibanisa iinguqu zevolotili kwizifundo zesikolo, abafundisi- ntsapho banokubanceda abafundi babone ukuba imithetho yomdlalo ayilungiswanga − ingatshintshwa ukuze incede uluntu ngokubanzi. Ngeli ngezantsi ziingcebe eziqinileyo ezihambelana nemigangatho yezifundo zentlalo yengingqi kwaye bakhuthaze ukufundiswa ngenkuthalo.

Ukukhuthaza Utshintsho Kwigumbi Leklasi

Enye yezona ndlela zisebenzayo ukufundisa malunga notshintsho lokhetho kukufumana abafundi benolwazi ngawabo. Abafundisi bangaqhuba unyulo lwenkohliso besebenzisa iinkqubo ezahlukeneyo zokuvota: uvota lokuqala-mva, umboniso odweliswe ngokweziqu, kunye nomelo lolungelelwaniso. Emva kwemfaniso, abafundi bangathelekisa iziphumo kwaye baxubushe ukuba yeyiphi inkqubo evakala ilungile okanye ibandakanyekile. Oku kugxininisa indlela olubonakala luchaphazeleka ngayo ukhetho lobuchule nolwaneliseko. Kukwakhuthaza ukucinga ngokuzicingisisa ukuba luluphi utshintsho olunokusebenza kakuhle kwingini labo.

Uhlalutyo loMthetho waNgoku

Amaphondo amaninzi ajonga amatyala okuguqula ulawulo lweencwadi qho. Ootitshala banganika abafundi irejista ethile ekwaziyo ukubhalisa ityala lomhla omnye okanye ukuphengulula ngokwawo iziphumo ezinokubakho. Abafundi bangabhala iileta kubameli babo, balungiselele intetho, okanye bagcine ikomiti evakalayo. Lo msebenzi ukhulisa ubuchule bophando, ukuqonda iinkqubo zomthetho, kunye nengqiqo yombutho wezentlalo.

Ukusebenzisana namagosa okhetho

Ukucela ilungu lonobhala okanye ilungu lequmrhu lonyulo ukuba lithethe nodidi lungalisusa icala lolawulo lovota. Amagosa angachaza indlela utshintsho oluphunyezwa ngayo, iingxaki abajamelana nazo (njengokuxhasa okanye ukudideka kukawonke-wonke), nendlela abemi abanokubandakanyeka ngayo njengabasebenzi bemivolo okanye abameli. Oku kwenza inkqubo yokukhetha ibe ngabantu kwaye kubonise abafundi ukuba abantu abaninzi basebenza emva kwemiboniso-mbali ukwenza umsebenzi wedemokhrasi. Bakwanikela nento ephantsi yokungena kubafundi ukuze babuze imibuzo ngemiqobo yabo okanye iintsapho zabo.

Ukuthabatha Inxaxheba Kulutsha Kulawulo Lwasekuhlaleni

Abafundisi bangahamba ngaphaya kotshintsho olusemthethweni kwaye bakhuthaze abafundi ukuba babe nenxaxheba ngqo ekwenzeni izigqibo zoluntu. Izixeko ezininzi zinomsebenzi wolutsha okanye iibhodi zobuvangeli. Kwanokubakho kwintlanganiso yebhodi yesikolo okanye kwibhunga lesixeko elivayo, kunika abafundi ulwamkelo ngendlela intsingiselo yegalelo loluntu echane ngayo. Xa abafundi bebona ukuba ilizwi labo linokuba luncedo `nakuba abakakhuli ngokwaneleyo ukuba banokuvota] banokuhlala bebophelelekile xa befikelela ebudaleni bovoti. Ukubotshelelwa kwala la mava emva kwintlanganiso yesikolo okanye kwibhunga le ntlanganiso yesixeko kunceda abafundi baqonde ukuba ukubhalisa i-'injini ephambili, hayi isenzo esinye.

Isiphelo

Utshintsho lwe-Electoral lungaphezulu nje kotshintsho lweziko loburhulumente; ziindawo zokutsala ezinokuvula iminyango yokuncedisa kwezentlalo okanye ukukhuthaza ukungalingani okukhoyo. Ubungqina obuvela eKhalifoniya, e-Oregon, eNew Zealand, kunye nezinye imimandla zibonisa ukuba utshintsho olubonakalayo olukwimiqobo esezantsi yokubhalisa, luquka umelo, kwaye luyenza ibe lula inkqubo yokuvota. Ngokuchasene noko, iinguqu eziqhutywa ziintshukumisa zeentshukumisa ezikhoyo ezithi zinyanzele imiqobo emitsha zingacinezele ukujika nokuphelisa ukuthembana. Kubafundisi kunye nabafundi, olu nxulumano aluko ukuqhelisela nje ukuqhelisela imfundo. Kuyindlela eluncedo yokuqonda ukutshintsha kwedemo-demokhrasi nokuxhasa inkqubo yolawulo-melo kunye nokuxhasa inkqubo apho bonke abami banokukwazi ukuthatha inxaxheba kuyo. Njengoko ulwazi luqhubeka lucacisa ulwazi, lucacile ubuchule bethu bobume bemeko lwethu lwezonyango oluqhelekileyo.