Isiseko Sobulungisa: AsiyoNgqibo Esemthethweni

Ingcamango yokusesikweni iye yaphikiswa zizithandi-bulumko, abagwebi nabemi kangangamawaka eminyaka. Esona sizathu sayo, okusesikweni ngumgaqo wobulungisa, wokusesikweni, nokuphathwa ngokungenasingxengxenge kwabantu kwibutho labantu.

Okusesikweni asiyongcamango yobulungisa obungalinganiyo. Kuquka imilinganiso emininzi, kuquka [[FLT: 0] okusesikweni okusasazwayo (ukwabiwa koovimba), ukusasaza okusesikweni [ okusemthethweni okungalinganiyo [ukusebenzisa uxolelwaniso]] (ukubetha isigwebo somthetho wesizwe nomthetho wezomthetho), ukumisela ubulungisa obusesikweni [ [ukubuyisela umonakalo ngoxolelwaniso)]. Inkqubo esemthethweni isebenzisa la masebe amabini angundoqo: umthetho wasekuhlaleni nowakwaphula umthetho. Isebe ngalinye libonakalisa ukwahluka kobulungisa kunye nobulungisa kwiimpatho zomthetho wobucala, ngelixandla lwezolwaphulo-mthetho oluchaphaza kwizenzo zolwaphulo-mthetho, ngexesha lomthetho wolwaphulo-mthetho olujoko kwizenzo zobucala eziyingozi.

Ukuqonda indlela ezi nkqubo zombini ezisebenzisa ngayo okusesikweni akuyonto ibalulekileyo kubafundi bomthetho kuphela kodwa nakumntu ngamnye. Imithetho elawula iingxabano zamakhaya ichaphazela izivumelwano, impahla, imicimbi yentsapho, kunye neengxaki zobuqu.

Umthetho Wamakhaya: Ukulungisa Iingxabano Zamaqabane Omntu Ngokuziphatha Ngokuziphatha

Umthetho wamakhaya ucombulula iimfazwe phakathi kwamaqela azimeleyo − abantu abanobulungu, amashishini, okanye imibutho. Ngokungafaniyo nomthetho wolwaphulo-mthetho, obandakanya urhulumente omangalela ummangaleli, umthetho wamakhaya usungulwa liqela labucala (ummangalelwa) elithi lenzakala lelinye iqela (ummangalelwa). Injongo asikokohlwaywa kodwa sisohlwayo kodwa sisigqibo: ukuxhasa iqela elinzakeleyo, ukunyanzelisa imbopheleleko, okanye ukukhusela umonakalo wexesha elizayo.

Injongo kunye Nobubanzi

Injongo eyintloko yomthetho wasekuhlaleni kukuphakamisa amalungelo abantu nokuwanika amayeza xa loo malungelo ephulwa. Isebenza ngokomgaqo wokuba abantu bafanele baphele emva kokulahlekelwa ngenxa yezenzo okanye ukungakhathali komnye umntu. Oku kusenokubandakanya ukuhlawula imali, ukubuyiselwa kwempahla, okanye umyalelo wenkundla ofuna iqela elithile ukuba lenze okanye liyeke ukwenza okuthile.

Umthetho wamakhaya ugquma uluhlu olubanzi lweengxabano:

  • [[UMTL:0] Impikiswano: Xa omnye umntu engakwazi ukuzalisekisa imiqathango evumelanayo.
  • [[UMTL:0] Iziphakamiso zoluntu: iimpazamo zabemi ezifana nokungakhathali, ukunyelisa, okanye ukwenzakala kobuqu.
  • Impikiswano yento: imiba ebambekayo, ungquzulwano lwendawo yokuhlala, okanye izixabisi zokuba ngumnini.
  • Umthetho woNtlalo woLuntu: uqhawulo-mtshato, ukugcinwa kwabantwana kunye nokugcinwa kwabantwana.
  • [[Umthetho wokwaphula:0] umthetho wokuphelisa ophosakeleyo, wocalulo, okanye womvuzo weengxabano.

Iimpawu Ezingundoqo Zomthetho Wamakhaya

  • Iiparitipiki: Plaintiff (iqela elidityanisiweyo) ngokuphikisana nommangalelwa (umenzi wobubi othe tye).
  • I-Intitive: Iqela labucala lifakela ityala; urhulumente akangomtshutshisi.
  • Ibherin yobungqina: I-Placttiff mayingqine imeko “ngokuqwalasela ubungqina”""ithetha ukuba kunokwenzeka kakhulu kunengekokuba ummangalelwa unegunya. Oku kumgangatho osezantsi kunakwimeko zolwaphulo-mthetho.
  • [[Umthetho:0] Iziphumo zemali eziqhelekileyo zomonakalo wemali (ucaphulo, isohlwayo, icebo, okanye amayeza alinganayo afana nemiyalelo (imiyalelo yequmrhu yokunqanda ukuziphatha) okanye ukwenziwa okukhethekileyo (ukunyanzelisa iqela ukuzalisekisa isivumelwano).
  • Iziphumo ezikhoyo: ezikhoyo kwezinye iimeko zabemi, ingakumbi ezo zibandakanya iziphumo zemali ezibalulekileyo, kodwa zisoloko zivunywa ngokuxhasa ukuvavanywa kwebhentshi (umgwebo ogqibe).
  • [[UMTL:0] Appals:[ omabini amaqela angabhena ugwebo olungelulo, kodwa izibheno zisoloko zilinganiselwe kwiimpazamo zomthetho kunokuba zixakene ngenyaniso.

Ingcamango Yasekuhlaleni: Ukusuka Kwisikhalazo Ukusa Kumgwebo

Inkqubo yesizwe iqala xa ityala liqukunjelwa yinkundla, ichaza isiseko esisemthethweni setyala neso sikhululo esifunwayo. Ummangalelwa uyaphendula, ngokufuthi ngempendulo okanye ngentshukumo yokurhoxa. Ngethuba lokufunyanwa, omabini amacala atshintshisana nobungqina, athathe amatyala, kunye nezicelo zamaxwebhu. Ukuba ityala alihlali/amatyala amaninzi amakhaya phambi kokuba kuqulwe ityala, apho kubekwa khona ubungqina, amangqina, kwaye umgwebi unikela isigwebo. Ukuba ummangalelwa ufunyaniswe, amabhaso enkundla afunyaniswe efanelekile, amabhaso okanye imiyalelo engenakugwetywa.

Isiphumo: Ukugxila kwiNkxaso

Uphawu lobulungisa basekuhlaleni kukujolisa kwabo kwisikhundla ebebeya kuba kuso ukuba bekungenzeki ingozi. Umonakalo wesohlwayo, nangona unqabile, uvumelekile kwiimeko zokungakhathali okunzulu okanye ukuziphatha okubi okungalawuleki ngempazamo, kodwa ezi zinto zisebenza ekuthinteleni ububi bexesha elizayo kunokuba zithintele isohlwayo soluntu. Oku kugxininisa kugxininisa umthetho wasekuhlaleni kumthetho wesigebenga, obeka phambili kwisohlwayo nowenqanda ukuthintela.

Umthetho Wakwaphula Umthetho: Ukukhusela Uluntu Ngokuziphendulela

Umthetho othetha ngokuziphatha okwalelweyo ngenxa yokuba usongela ukhuseleko lukawonke-wonke, ukuziphatha okuhle, okanye ukusebenza kakuhle kwesizwe. Xa umntu esenza ulwaphulo-mthetho, kuthathwa njengetyala kwibutho labantu ngokwalo. Ngenxa yoko, urhulumente ``ngomtshutshisi') uzisa izityholo kubamangalelwa. Iinjongo zomthetho wolwaphulo-mthetho ziquka ukunqanda (ulwaphulo-mthetho oluchaphazelekayo), ukukhupha amandla (ukulungisa amatyala ngethuba elizayo ngokuvalelwa entolongweni), ukubuyisela (ukubuyisela abaphuli-mthetho), kunye nokubuyisela (ukwenza isohlwayo).

Injongo kunye Nobubanzi

Ngokungafaniyo nomthetho wasekuhlaleni, onenjongo yokucombulula iingxabano zangasese, umthetho wolwaphulo-mthetho ufuna ukuthethelela umdla obanzi wentlalo-ntle kucwangco nokhuseleko. Ulwaphulo-mthetho lwahlulwe ngokweendidi ezisekelwe kubunzima:

  • Ityala elinzulu elifana nokubulala, ukuphanga, ukudlwengula, kunye ne-arson, ukuthwala izigwebo zonyaka omnye entolongweni okanye kwanasekufeni.
  • Imisdemers: Amacala anzima afana nokuba kancinci, ukuhlasela okulula, okanye ukuziphatha okungalungelelananga, agwetyelwe unyaka omnye entolongweni okanye kwintengo.
  • Imilinganiselo encinci efana nokwaphulwa kwamatikiti eenqwelo-moya, okudla ngokusohlwayo ngefatyi kwaye okungabandakanyeki kwixesha lasentolongweni.

Iimpawu Eziyintloko Zomthetho Wezaphuli - mthetho

  • Iiparipis : Urhulumente (ukutshutshisa, okumela “abantu” okanye“umbuso”) ngokuchasene nommangalelwa (umntu okanye into ekhoyo).
  • [[UMTL:0] I-Intitive:[ Kuphela urhulumente angazisa izityholo zolwaphulo-mthetho; amaxhoba akanakuwafaka iityala zolwaphulo-mthetho ngqo (nangona anokuphembelela ukutshutshiswa ngokungqinelana okanye ngothetha ngeziphumo zeziphumo zexhoba).
  • Ibheringi yobungqina: Ingxengxezo kufuneka ingqine ityala “ngaphandle kobuthandabuza obusengqiqweni"""] owona mgangatho uphezulu wobungqina kwinkqubo yomthetho, ubonakalisa iziphumo ezinzulu zetyala lolwaphulo-mthetho.
  • [[UMTL: 0] Ukuva ukuba akukho nto iphosakeleyo: Wonke ummangalelwa uthathwa engenatyala de agwetywe enetyala. Umthwalo uxhomekeke ngokupheleleyo kwityala.
  • Imithetho yetyala: iquka ukuvalelwa entolongweni, iintengo, ukuvavanywa, inkonzo yoluntu, ukuhlawulelwa (uphicotho kumaxhoba), kunye namanye amagunya, isohlwayo sentambo.
  • Izakhono: UMthetho-misiliseko weSithandathu uqinisekisa ilungelo lokuchophela ityala labachopheli-tyala elinzulu. Abachopheli-mthetho kufuneka bafikelele isigqibo esidibeneyo kwimimandla emininzi.
  • Appeles:[ Abameli banamalungelo amaninzi okufumana intlawulo, ingakumbi kwisiseko somgaqo-siseko (umz., ukukhangela okungekho mthethweni, isiluleko esingasebenziyo). Ingxengxezo ngokuqhelekileyo ayinakukhupha isigqibo sokungabi natyala ngenxa yokuzikhusela ngokuphindwe kabini.

Inkqubo Yezaphuli - mthetho: Uphando Lokugweba

Ityala lolwaphulo-mthetho liqala ngokuphanda okuqhelekileyo ngokugcinwa komthetho, lilandelwe ngokubanjwa ukuba kunokwenzeka kubekwe ityala. Ummangalelwa ubekwa ityala (ubekwa ityala) aze anikwe ithuba lokungena kwisicelo. Amatyala amaninzi olwaphulo-mthetho axatyiswa ngokucela izicelo ezicetyisiweyo ngezantsi/izivumelwano ezithe ummangalelwa wacela ityala elincinane lokuhlawula isigwebo esincitshisiweyo. Ukuba ityala liya kuthethwa, ummangalelwa kufuneka anikele ubungqina obubonisa ukuba unetyala ngaphandle kwamathandabuzo. Ukuba ubanjelwe, ukugwetywa kwetyala kuqinisekisa isigwebo, ukuthatha ityala elifana nobungqongqo bolwaphulo-mthetho, imbali yommangalelwa wommangali, kunye neziphumo zezenzo zexhoba.

Ukuthelekisa Iinkqubo Zobulungisa Zamakhaya Nezakwaphuli - mthetho

Nangona zombini ezi nkqubo zihambisana nosukelo lokusesikweni, ngokusisiseko ziyahluka kwinkqubo, kwinkqubo, nakwimiphumo.

Izinto Ezahlukileyo

Umthetho wamakhaya ufuna ukulungisa ububi obuchaphazelekayo obuye baphiliswa ngumntu othile qha ngokuhlawula. Umthetho wezaphuli-mthetho ufuna ukohlwaya oyena waphukileyo ngenxa yokwaphula umthetho nokukhusela uluntu. Isenzo esifanayo sisenokubangela iimfanelo zolwaphulo-mthetho zoluntu nezezolwaphulo-mthetho. Umzekelo, umqhubi onxilayo obangela ingozi angajamelana nezityholo zolwaphulo-mthetho (UI, ukubulala ngetyala lolwaphulo-mthetho) kunye nokumangalelwa kwamakhaya ngenxa yomonakalo kwiqela elenzakalisayo.

Iipati -

Kwiimeko zasekuhlaleni, amaqumrhu ngabantu okanye amaqumrhu. I-poltiff ichaza ityala; urhulumente akangombutho. Kwityala lolwaphulo-mthetho, urhulumente usoloko eligosa (elimela umtshutshisi), kwanokuba ixhoba lingumntu othile. Oku kubonisa ingcamango yokuba ulwaphulo-mthetho lonakalisa lonke uluntu.

Umthwalo Nomgangatho Wobungqina

Umgangatho wobungqina wahluka kakhulu. Amatyala amakhaya afuna “uqwalaselo lobungqina” (ngaphezu kwama-50%). Amatyala olwaphulo-mthetho afuna ubungqina “ngaphandle kobusengqiqweni” (ngokunokuba buqiniseki). Lo mlinganiselo uphezulu kumthetho wolwaphulo-mthetho ujolise ekunciphiseni ubungozi bokubanjwa komntu omsulwa, onikwa izigwebo eziqatha esibondeni.

Imiphumo

Iziphumo zamakhaya zingumali okanye zilinganayo. Ummangalelwa ofunyaniswe ebophelelekileyo uhlawula umonakalo okanye anxibelelane nomyalelo. Akukho kubanjwa kwiimeko zabemi (ngaphandle kweemeko ezisikelwe umda njengokungakhathalelwa kwabemi). Iziphumo zezaphuli-mthetho zisenokubandakanya ukuphulukana nenkululeko (ukubanjwa), iimali ezihlawulwa kurhulumente, okanye eminye imiqathango ehlawulwayo efana nokuvavanywa. Ityala lolwaphulo-mthetho likwathwala iziphumo ezingqinelanayo, njengokuphulukana namalungelo okuvota, ubunzima bokufumana umsebenzi, okanye ukugxothwa kwabantu abangengoo-fazi.

Amalungelo ommangalelwa/ummeli

Abameli kwiimeko zolwaphulo-mthetho banemiqathango eninzi ekhuselayo, kuquka ilungelo lokunika icebiso, ilungelo elichasene nokuzilungisa ngokwabo (Ukuhlaziywa kwemithetho yezomthetho yeNkcubeko), ilungelo lokuvavanywa ngokukhawuleza nokuchotshelwa kukawonke-wonke, nelungelo lokujamelana namangqina. Abamangalelwa bamakhaya bakwaneenkuselo zomthetho kodwa banezikhuseli ezincinci. Umzekelo, akukho lungelo lipheleleyo kwigqwetha kwiimeko zasekuhlaleni (ngaphandle kwemeko ezilinganiselwe kakhulu).

Indima Yemijukujelwa

Iijaji zixhaphake kakhulu kumatyala olwaphulo-mthetho, ingakumbi kumatyala anzulu asekuhlaleni. Kwityala lasekuhlaleni, amatyala abachopheli-tyala ayafumaneka kodwa asoloko erhoxiswa, ingakumbi kwiimbambano ezintsonkothileyo zezorhwebo okanye kumatyala apho amaqela akhetha ubuchule bomgwebi. Kwakhona ubungakanani beejaji bahlukene: iijaji ezisoloko zinamalungu ali-12 (isigqibo esipheleleyo esifunekayo), ngoxa amatyala amakhaya enokuba mancinane njengamathandathu yaye engasoloko efuna ukungalingani.

Izibheno

Kumthetho wolwaphulo-mthetho, abatshutshisi abanakukhupha isigwebo sokugwetywa (kungabi natyala) ngenxa yomgaqo wengozi ephindwe kabini. Noko ke, abameli, bangabhenela kwiinkolelo ezingokwasemthethweni. Kumthetho wasekuhlaleni, omabini amacala anokubhenela kwizigwebo ezingafanelekanga, kodwa iinkundla ezigwebayo ngokuqhelekileyo zihlolisisa iimpazamo ezingokwasemthethweni kuphela, hayi iingxelo ezichanekileyo, ngaphandle kokuba ziphazamile ngokucacileyo.

Ukwabelana Phakathi Komthetho Wamakhaya Nowakwaphula Umthetho

Ngeli xesha iinkqubo zamakhaya nezaphuli-mthetho zisebenza ngokwamacandelo, zidla ngokudibana. Isiganeko esinye singabangela ityala lolwaphulo-mthetho kunye nokumangalelwa kwabemi. Owona mzekelo udumileyo ngu-O.J.Simpson lityala: USimpson wakhululwa ekubulaleni kwinkundla yolwaphulo-mthetho (ityala alizange lingqine ukuba linetyala ngokungaphaya kokuthandabuza okusengqiqweni), kodwa kamva ijaji eligwebayo lafumanisa linelungelo lokufa ngokuphosakeleyo kwaye linika ilahleko enkulu kwiintsapho zamaxhoba (umgaqo ongaphantsi). Oku kubonisa indlela imithwalo eyahlukeneyo yobungqina enokuthi ikhokelele ngayo kwiziphumo ezahlukeneyo.

Enye indlela yokudibana yingcamango ye [[FLT: 0] “ingozi ephindwe kabini,” esetyenziswa kuphela kwiimeko zolwaphulo-mthetho. IsiHlaliso sesihlanu sithintela urhulumente ukuba angazami ukuzama umntu kabini ngenxa yolwaphulo-mthetho olunye. Akukho khuseleko olunjalo lukhoyo kumthetho wasekuhlaleni; umntu angagwetyelwa izihlandlo ezininzi kwisiganeko esinye (iimfundiso ezithile ezifana nomlinganiselo we-edicata).

Ukongezelela, imiyalelo yokubuyisela ityala yezaphuli-mthetho, apho ityala lihlawula ixhoba elilibotshiweyo, ````livala ityala))). Ngoku amazwe amaninzi afuna ukuba izaphuli-mthetho zihlawulelwe njengenxalenye yesigwebo sazo solwaphulo-mthetho, zize ziphindeze ngokunempumelelo imbuyekezo yetyala lolwaphulo-mthetho.

Okusesikweni Kwimibandela Yemfundo: Isizathu Sokuba Kubalulekile

Kubafundi nabafundisi, ukuqonda umahluko phakathi kobulungisa besizwe nobezolwaphulo-mthetho kungaphezulu kunokuqheliswa kwemfundo. Kuxhobisa abafundi ngolwazi lwamalungelo abo neembopheleleko zabo. Imfundo ye-COVIC igxininisa ngokuqhubekayo ulwazi oluluncedo olungokwasemthethweni olunolwazi olungokwasemthethweni, ukukwazi ukwenza inkundla encinane, into omawuyenze xa utyholwa ngolwaphulo-mthetho, okanye indlela yokuchaza isivumelwano. Obu buchule bunika abantu amandla okuthabatha inxaxheba ngokunentsingiselo kwibutho labantu nokuxhasa okusesikweni.

Ngaphezu koko, ukuhlola ezi nkqubo zombini kukhuthaza ukugxeka okusesikweni nomthetho. Kutheni ummangalelwa efumana inkxaso engakumbi kunommangalelwa wasekuhlaleni? Ingaba kukuvumela ummangalelwa welizwe osisityebi ukuba aphephe ityala ngobuncwane obuphezulu bomthetho? Le mibuzo ibonisa iingxoxo ezinzulu zoluntu kwaye ilungiselela abafundi ukuba babe nenxaxheba kwimibandela yehlabathi yokwenene efana notshintsho lwamapolisa, ukuguqula iinguqu, nendima yokubanjwa kwabantu.

Abafundisi-mthetho bangasebenzisa uqheliselo lokulinganisa imigaqo efana nomthwalo wobungqina, inkqubo efanelekileyo, kunye nomahluko phakathi kokunika isohlwayo nokubuyisela okusesikweni. Ngokomzekelo, ukuvavanywa kwetyala lokungakhathali kwemiba netyala lolwaphulo-mthetho oluhlaselayo kuqinisa iingcamango zobugcisa ngoxa kukhuthazwa ukusebenzisana kunye nobuchule bokuthetha esidlangalaleni.

Isiphelo: Ukuya Kuluntu Olusesikweni

Ingcamango yokusesikweni isebenza kumthetho wasekuhlaleni nowamatyala, kodwa isebe ngalinye elisebenzisa ingqiqo ngobuchule obuhlukeneyo nangeenjongo ezahlukeneyo engqondweni. Umthetho wamakhaya uxhomekeke ekubuyiselweni nasekuhlawuleni, ulungiselela indawo yezono zabucala eziza kuthethwa ngaphandle kokucela igunya lesizwe. Umthetho wezaphuli-mthetho uxhomekeke ekunqandeni nasekusohlwayeni, usebenzise igunya lelizwe ukukhusela ibutho labantu kwaye ugcine abantu benoxanduva ngehambo eyingozi.

Ukuqonda oku kungafani kubalulekile nabani na ofuna ukusebenzisa inkqubo yomthetho, okanye ngaba njengommi, umgwebi, okanye nje umthathi-nxaxheba kwintetho yesidlangalala. Njengoko umhlaba utshintsha, utshintsho lwezithethe zentlalo, kunye neengxoxo eziqhubekayo ngokubanjwa nokubuyiselwa, kuya kungxamiseka ngakumbi ukucinga ngokusesikweni.

Ukuqinisa ukuqonda kwakho, uphando lwezibonelelo ezifana ne ICornell Leagn Information ye-canmentation ye- kunye nesikhokelo se- seMelikan American Bar Association sokusebenza kwendlela iinkundla ezisebenza ngayo[. Kwimbono yentanda-bulumko, qwalasela imibhalo kaJohn Shawlles ekukhutshweni kwemithetho ebhaliweyo okanye isiseko sokulungisa esinyuselwe yi-'i-Genestific' yehlabathi ye- International gwene. [[FLT:]]

Ngokubandakanyeka kwezi ngcamango, sinceda ibutho labantu apho okusesikweni kungeyonto nje engekho ngqiqweni kodwa kuyinto eyinyaniso esebenzisekayo, qhatha, ucingele, yaye uphuculwe ngomgudu owenziwa ngabemi abafundileyo.