Isivumelwano seGood Wesihlanu, esatyikitywa ngo-10 ku-Epreli 1998, simi njengenye yezona zivumelwano zoxolo ezibalulekileyo ekupheleni kwenkulungwane yamashumi amabini. Saphelisa iminyaka engamashumi amathathu yongquzulwano logonyamelo eNorthern Ireland eyaziwa ngokuba yi "Iinkathazo" kwaye saseka inkqubo yezobupolitika eyenzelwe ukunikezela uzinzo oluhlala luhleli ngokusebenzisa amandla, ukuqwalaselwa, kunye nokusebenzisana kweziko. Kwiminyaka engamashumi amabini kamva, isivumelwano sihlala sisengunomva wenkqubo yezobupolitika yaseNorthern Ireland, nangona oko kuphunyelweyo kunye nezingaphithi-zinziso ze-politiki ziqhubeka zivavanywa ngezixhobo ezitshintshayo zezobupolitika.

Imvelaphi Yale Nqaba

Imfazwe eyaqhambuka eNorthern Ireland ekupheleni kweminyaka yee-1960 yaqala kwiinkulungwane zolwahlulo phakathi kwabantu ababini abaphambili: amaProtestanti, angooProtestanti, anqwenela ukuhlala eyinxalenye yoManyano noozwe, amaKatolika amaninzi kwaye alangazelela i-Ireland emanyeneyo. Le mfazwe yakhuthazwa yimbali ende yocalucalulo, ukungalingani kwezoqoqosho, kunye nokucalucalulwa kwezobupolitika. Ukudalwa kwe-Northern Ireland ngo1921, ngokulandela ukwahlulwa kwe-Ireland, kwashiya iqaqobana elinamandla lesizwe kwilizwe elalilawulwa zizinto ezinkulu. Kangangamashumi eminyaka, oorhulumente bamamanyano balawula imicimbi yezentetha yolwaphulo-mthetho, ukulawulwa kwezindlu zezoqoqosho, ukulawulwa kwemisebenzi yezopolitiki, kunye nomkhosi wezopolitiko ekwayindiwe-Rotlandslands, ekwandishoreyindishore i-om, i-active transty.

Umbutho wamalungelo abantu woo1960, ophenjelelwa ngamaphulo afanayo e-United States, wafuna ukuphelisa okungekho sikweni kumacala omabini ngokuqhankqalazo. Noko ke, ukusabela kwesizwe kunye namaqela anyanisekileyo kwakhula kwaba lugonyamelo olusasazekileyo. Ukufika kwemikhosi yaseBritani ngo1969 kwaqala ngenjongo yokukhusela amaqela esizwe, kodwa ubukho bawo bakhawuleza baba yinkqenkqeza phambili kumsindo wobuRiphabliki yama-Riphabliki yama-Paragorital kumacala omabini. . . . , amaqela anyanisekileyo anjenge Ulster Coopégart Force (UVF), kunye nabanye ._wagg basebenzisa iphulo elinonyathi elinonyabala ubomi obungaphezulu kwamawaka, amashumi amawaka, amashumi amawaka, kunye namanxeba ashi asekhohlo entlalo.

Ekuqaleni koo1990, kwacaca ukuba akukho nalinye icala elinokuphumeza uloyiso lomkhosi. Ungquzulwano lwalukwindawo engekho mgangathweni, ilahleko ephezulu kubomi, umonakalo wezoqoqosho, kunye nokugwetywa kwezizwe ngezizwe. Iintetho eziyimfihlo zaqalisa ukuvavanya indawo yokuphithana, ukwakha ekuqaleni njengeSunningdale Revention (1973) kunye ne-Anglo-Irish Recouncial Agreement (1985). Imo yezopolitiko yaqhubeka ihambela phambili ngo1993 Domining Street Declaracmentmental kunye nonyaka ka19999 isithiyo yokuyeka ukudubulana kwemililo.

Amalungiselelo Abalulekileyo Esivumelwano Esihle NgoLwesihlanu

IGood Wear Agreement yayiluxwebhu oluntsonkothileyo olwaluthetha ngemibandela engundoqo yezobupolitika, yomgaqo-siseko, kunye nokhuseleko eyayibangele imfazwe. Lwalwakhiwe malunga nemiqukumbelo emithathu yolwalamano: ulawulo lwangaphakathi kwi-Northern Ireland (enye 1), umntla--outh intsebenziswano phakathi kwe-Ireland kunye neRiphabliki yase-Ireland (i-Strand 2), kunye nolwalamano olusempuma kunye noMazantsi phakathi kwe-Ireland kunye noBukumkani (iStrand 3). Ngentla lubonelelo olungundoqo.

Urhulumente onamandla alawulayo

Embindini wesivumelwano yayikukusekwa korhulumente othobayo eMntla Ireland, osekelwe kumgaqo wokulawula. INdibano yaseNorthern Ireland yadalwa njengequmrhu elinyuliweyo ngedemokhrasi, kodwa ineenkqubo ezithile zokuqinisekisa ukuba omabini amamanyano kunye nebutho lesizwe ayenento enentsingiselo yokuthetha ngokulawula. Eyona nto ibalulekileyo kwezi yayiyiyo [[FLT: 0]] imodeli yokwabelana ngegunya [ izigqibo ezingundoqo kwiNdibano ezifuna inkxaso enqamlezileyo, mhlawumbi ngemvume enxulumeneyo (inkoliso yomibini yombutho kunye neyo yesizwe ibhalisa imvume) okanye ngobunzima (60% yabo bonke amalungu, kuquka namalungu aquka namalungu angamashumi amane eepesenti). Oku kwathintela nawuphi nayiphi nayiphi nayiphi nayiphi nayiphi nayiphi nayiphi ibutho loluntu.

Isikhulu samiswa ngokujikeleze izikhundla zoMphathiswa Wokuqala nesekela lomPhathiswa Wokuqala, owayenyulwe kunye yiNdibano kwaye enamagunya alinganayo. Isivumelwano sobulungiseleli sabelwa phakathi kwamaqela ngokobuxhakaxhaka bawo kwiNdibano esebenzisa indlela yeD'Hondt. Oku kwaqinisekisa ukuba omabini amaqela amaqumrhu namaqumrhu akwinkonzo enkonzo yesizwe, enza ukuba isebe eliphetheyo lingadityaniswa. Isivumelwano saseka neCBUGCOCOFORMU ukuze linike intetho kwibutho lasekuhlaleni, nangona kamva lamiswa.

iBhunga labalungiseleli elisemntla-mzantsi kunye neMibini eHlanganyekileyo

Ukuthetha ngomnqweno wobuzwe wokunxibelelana neRiphabliki yase-Ireland, ngoxa ihlonela inkxalabo yamaqumrhu ngolawulo, isivumelwano sadala iBhunga loBalungiseleli baseNorth-omzantsi. Eli qumrhu lahlanganisa abalungiseleli abasuka kwi-Northern Ireland Providefication kunye norhulumente wase-Ireland ukuze basebenzisane kwimicimbi enomdla wobuhlobo, njengezinto zokuthutha, ezolimo, ezobume, kunye nokhenketho. Amaqumrhu amathandathu asunguliweyo asungulwe ukunikezela iinkonzo ezinqamlezileyo, kuquka i-Waterways, i-Food Safety Provetionition Board, kunye ne-Programme ye-European Programmes.

Ibhunga lasebenza kwisiseko se- i-consensus , ithetha ukuba amacala omabini kufuneka avumelane kwizigqibo. Esi sakhiwo sasiyilelwe ngabom ukukhusela ibhunga ekungeneni kwigunya elimanyeneyo lase-Ireland nokuqinisekisa amaqumrhu ukuba umanyano lwase-Ireland alunakubekwa ngaphandle kwemvume yoninzi kuMntla Ireland.

iBhunga laseBritane neNgqungquthela yePhondo

Umlinganiselo wasempuma-ntshona wasungulwa ngeBritish yeBritish yeBhunga, eyayiquka abameli abavela kurhulumente waseBritani nase-Irish, abaphathi abahlukeneyo baseScotland, eWales, naseMntla Ireland, kunye nesithsaba i-Asbeth le organ neStates Islands. Eli qumrhu lasebenzisana ngokulula neziqithi kwiingxaki ezahlukeneyo. Ngaphezu koko, iBritish-Iish Information Confection ephakathi koorhulumente ababini abaphezulu kwimicimbi engakhuselwanga kwi-inverselves, njengeenodevose Ireland, njengamalungelo abantu.

Amalungiselelo omgaqo-siseko nokwaziwa

Enye yezona zinto zibalulekileyo zesivumelwano yayikukuphatha ulawulo. Urhulumente wase-Ireland walungisa intengo yakhe yezomGaqo-siseko kuMntla Ireland (Iziphene 2 nezi-3 zomGaqo-siseko wase-Ireland) ukuqaphela ukuba i-Ireland emanyanisiweyo yayinokuvela kuphela nge- ivume uninzi eNorthern Ireland. Ngokulandelayo, urhulumente waseBritane waqinisekisa ukuba ayinamdla wobugocibo okanye wezoqoqosho kuNtla Ireland kwaye iyakwamkela i-Ireland emanyeneyo ukuba abantu baseNorthern Ireland bayayivotela.

Esi sivumelwano sakwaqaphela ukufaneleka kwamanani esizwe sobabini: British kunye ne-Ireland . Abantu abazalelwe kuMntla Ireland banikwa ilungelo lokuba nobumi baseBritani, ubumi base-Ireland, okanye zombini. Oku kwakusisenzo somfuziselo esinamandla esavuma ukuba ngabahlali abaninzi baphindwa kwaye kwanceda ukucutha ingqiqo yokuzikhulula abathathi-nxaxheba besizwe.

Amalungelo Abantu, Ukulingana Notshintsho Olumanyumnyezi

Esi sivumelwano saquka isivumelwano esibanzi samalungelo omNtla Ireland, sokunyanzeliswa yiKhomishini yamaLungelo oluntu amatsha yaseMntla Ireland. Safuna ukusekwa kweKhomishini yamaLungelo oluntu . Kwafuneka ukuba kumiselwe sta] umfundisi-mxhasi we-Entenity Commission [[ ukukhuthaza amathuba alinganayo kunye nolwalamano oluhle. I-Prolicism yaba ngumbanonononokodwa ngokukhethekileyo. I-Ulster Constacy (RC), eyayidia) ekwafuneka idityaniswe kakhulu, yaye ityholwe ngokuqathayo nge-colusting kunye nee-astristrist, yathathelwa indawo ngumthetho woburhulumente wokwanelo lwaseMntla-Rlandy I-NFPI).[FF5] I-ADFUSD5] I-am yafuneka ukuba iditya entsha idiwe kwimeko yamaKatolika, kwaye yavela kusetyenziswa kwaye ya

Ukukhululwa Nokukhululwa Kwentolongo

Elinye ilungiselelo eliyimpikiswano kodwa elibalulekileyo yayikukuzinikela ekuphumezeni izixhobo zomkhosi . Onke amaqela omkhosi ayeza kubeka izixhobo zawo ngaphaya kokusetyenziswa kwiminyaka emibini yesivumelwano. Oku kwabonakala kunzima ukuzalisekisa, nto leyo eyakhokelela kwiingxaki zobupolitika eziphindaphindiweyo. Noko ke, ngo-2005, amabanjwa angaphezulu kwama-400 aye akhulula izixhobo zawo, aqinisekiswa ngamaqumrhu azimeleyo. Ngokuchaseneyo, isivumelwano sanikwa amabanjwa angaphambili amajoni emfazweni. awathi amaqela awo aphindaphindiwe ade ade atsha. Ngaphakathi kweminyaka emibini, amabanjwa ahambayo athe athe abhabhabhabhayo, abonakala efanelekile ukugcina uxolo kwiindlela.

Impembelelo Ekhawulezileyo Nesuntswana Elide Ekumanyaneni Kwezobupolitika

IGood Wear Agreement yavunywa ngokugqwesileyo ngabavoti base-Northern Ireland (71% bethandwa) kunye neRiphabliki yase-Ireland (94%) ngexesha elinye kwi-arhentes ezibanjwe ngomhla wama-22 Meyi 1998. Lo mqathango uthandwayo wanika isivumelwano somelelelo. Kwiminyaka yokuqala emva kokutyikitywa kwayo, umgangatho wogonyamelo lwezobupolitika wehla ngokuphawulekayo. Inani labafayo ababulawa kwiinkathazo lahla ukususela kuma-55 ngo1997 ukuya kutsho kwi-11 kunyaka we-1999 kwaye lahlala phantsi emva koko. Imikhosi yarhoxa yoorho yaza i-ododa, kwaye amaqela awayesele ehla kamashumi eminyaka amashumi amaninzi ahlukeneyo aqala ukuva unciphindo lwenkxwa.

Amaziko alawulayo, nokokuba, awazange azinziswe ngoko nangoko. Urhulumente wokuqala okhutshiweyo, okhokelwa nguMphathiswa wokuqala uDavid Trimble (Umanyano Lobunyhasha) kunye nesekela leNgqungquthela Yokuqala iSeamus Mallon (ISikomkhulu Lezixhobo Zekhompyutha neLabourne), wabekelwa izithuba ezininzi ngenxa yokungavumelani ngokukhulula nokutshintsha. Ezona zibalulekileyo zabakho ngoOktobha 2002, xa iNdibano yawa phakathi kwemilo yeNjongo yeIRA eSpointontonton. Umthetho othe ngqo ovela eLondon waphinda wabekwa de ku-2007, xa iSt Andrews Agree Adventiventine, ikhokelela ekubuyiselweni kwegunya-harba, eli xesha kunye neqela lesizwe lobuzwe ngokubakhokhowa (DPuncipe) kunye neSin (Pins) phantsi kolawulo luka-Purganistnertivent Pan

Ukususela ngo- 2007, amaziko akhutshwayo aye asebenza ngozinzo olukhulu, nangona engekho ngxakini ngamaxesha athile. Imodeli elawula amandla kunye noosomashishini besizwe iye yanyanzela abameli ukuba basebenze kunye ngemini ukuya kulawulo lwemihla. Imfundo, iziko lokwakha , intsebenziswano , imikhwa yokusebenzisana engacingelwanga ngexesha leMbindini. Olu luzinzo lwezopolitiko luye lwafumana iingenelo ezibonakalayo. Umntla Ireland ufumene utyalo lwangaphakathi, icandelo elikhulayo lokhenketho, kunye nenkqubela phambili kwisiseko. Ulwahlulo loxolo luyabonakala kwizixeko ezifana neBelfast neDerry, apho iihotela ezintsha, iingingqi, kunye nezingingqi zoshishino zithathe indawo zangaphambili zezomkhosi.

Ngokwentlalo, isivumelwano sifak' isandla kumoya onyamezelayo. Ngeli xesha ulwahlulo lwamaqela ebutho labantu lusahleli . "imimandla emininzi yabemi isahlulwe lunqulo" umgangatho wogonyamelo lwamahlelo uwile. iparadedes umba ophambili weziganeko ezidaliweyo ezifana nohambo lweDrumcree, iye yangabi nabundlobongela kakhulu ngexesha. Ukudityaniswa kwemfundo yemfundo kunyuke kancinci, kwaye ukuqwalaselwa kwazo zombini i-IMPIFT kuvumele abantu ukuba bavakalise ubuzwe babo ngaphandle koloyiko, kwaye inani labantu abachaza "Nyakatho-Ireland" liye lakhula, libonisa umxube we-CalCM.

Ucelomngeni Neengxaki Eziqhubekayo

Phezu kwazo nje izinto eziphunyezweyo, iGood Wear Revention iye yajamelana nocelomngeni oluzingisayo oluqhubeka luvavanya unqabiseko lwezobupolitika olwabangelwa yile ngxelo.

Ukungalawuleki Kwezobupolitika Nokupheliswa Kwamathub ’ Ahlukeneyo

Imodeli yamandla ilula ngokwemvelo kuba ifuna intsebenziswano phakathi kwamaqela aneenjongo ezisisiseko ezichaseneyo nomgaqo-siseko. Iminyaka yokuqala yaphawulwa ngamanqam aphinda-phindiweyo ngenxa yokurhoxa kolawulo. Kamva, iimpikiswano ngemiba yesithethe ngezantsi njengokubhabha kweflegi ye-Union eBelfast City Hall kunye nokuqhubekeka kweParades Commission/ukuphuma nokuphuma kweminxeka. Okona okunzima okusandul'ukubakho kutshanje kwenzeka ukususela ngo-2017 ukuya ku-202020, xa iNdibano yamiswa phezu kwemposiso ebandakanya isicwangciso sokuvuselela ubushushu (RHI). Ngeli xesha, umthetho ongqalileyo wawungabuyiselwangabuyiselwanga kuqhutyekwa; endaweni yoko, abasebenzi belizwe babengena misebenzi, besenza iinkonzo zikawonke-demokhrasi. Ukubuyiselwa kwe-demokhrasi kwe-yo kwakufuneka kwisivumelwano esitsha (Eshumi elina elina lama-2020, i-2020) esiye yathetha ngeengxaki zempilo kodwa yayisinzinyana esitsha kodwa engazange ihlazinziswe phantsi kweengxaki.

Iimbambano Zemikhosi

Nangona amaqela angundoqo omkhosi eqeshiwe okanye eqeshiwe exhobile izixhobo zawo, amaqela avukelayo anjenge-IRA ne-Óglaigh na hÉirean ahlala ekhuthele. La maqela akasayamkeli iGood Wesihlanu Avumelwano kwaye ayaqhubeka ehlasela amaqela okhuseleko kunye nawabangabemi. Amandla awo alinganiselweyo, kodwa anokuvelisa ugonyamelo olubangela ukuba abantu abahlala kwiingingqi abatshana abahlala phantsi kwaye ade aphelelwe yintembelo kawonke-wonke. Amajoni anyanisekileyo ayaqhubeka egcina izakhiwo ezithile, ezibandakanye nolwaphulo-mthetho olulungelelanisiweyo yaye ngamanye amaxesha phakathi kwawo. Iinkonzo zamaPolisa nabanga ajonge la maqela ngokusondeleyo, kunye nomgangatho wobuntwentla Ireland uhlala ungenalunyuko "uphazanti" kunxulumano noNon Ireland-ogrobist Ireland.

IBrexit Nomthetho - siseko waseMntla Ireland

Ukurhoxa kwe-United Kingdom kwi-European Union kuye kwabangela ucelomngeni olukhulu kwisivumelwano esilungileyo soLwesihlanu ukususela ekutyikityweni kwayo. Umda worhwebo phakathi kwe-UK ne-EU, udityaniswe nemfuneko yokuphepha umda onzima kwisiqithi sase-Ireland, wakhokelela ekudalweni komda we- we-Ireland] noMntla Ireland umthetho womthetho we-Ornst Ireland], inxalenye yeBritit Withrave Active Accovementation. Lo mthetho wagcina ngokuphumelelayo i-Northern Ireland kwiimarike yentengiso enye ye-EURC, ithetha ukuba kukho amasiko kunye nokuhlala phakathi kweBrithenti ne-Northern Ireland, ekhutshwe i-Aulty-Proupt. I-DUP, inyusa kwakhona i-Arcelelene, i-Arce i-Arce, kodwa i-Armone.

Utshintsho lobomi kunye noTshukumo-ngqolo

Ngokwenani labantu lama-2021, abemi baseMntla Ireland ngoku bangama-4,3% bamaKatolika kunye nezi-3,3% zamaProtestanti, yaye amaKatolika ayaqhubeka ekhula. Olu tyekelo lokwandiswa kwabantu luneziphumo zezobupolitika ngenxa yokuba amaqela esizwe embalini ebenamaKatolika angakumbi kwaye efuna amaProtestanti. Ukuba abavoti besizwe bathe ekugqibeleni baba ngabemi abaninzi, bangabiza uphando lomda kumanyano lwase-Ireland, njengoko lulungiselelwe yiGood Wear Agrence. Uhlolisiso lwangoku lubonisa ukuba uninzi olucacileyo olukhoyo lusaxhasa i-UK, kodwa isimo sengqondo sitshintsha, ingakumbi kubantu abaselula. Ukuba inokwenzeka ukuba i-Ireland edityaniswe ngexa elizayo i-Ireland ichaza ukungaqiniseki kwelungiselelo lezobupolitika.

Ilifa Leengxaki

Ukuqhubana nexesha elidlulileyo kuseyenye yezona zinto zinzima kakhulu. Amawaka eentsapho asafuna inyaniso kunye nokusesikweni ekubulaleni okwenzekayo ngexesha leengxaki. Isivumelwano sadala iindlela ezifana ne Iqela le-Enquial Iqela le-Encquiries kwaye kamva iSivumelo samaxhoba kunye nabasindileyo , kodwa inkqubela phambili iye yacotha. Isicelo sikarhulumente we UK sokuzisa ummiselo weengxaki ezinxulumene nentelekelelo (Igalelo) zithanda ukuphikisana, namaqela amaxhoba kunye norhulumente wase-Ireland aphikisanayo izakukhanyela ubulungisa. Oku kuqhubeka kubonakalisa intethelelo ye-mbala yezopolitiko.

Isiphelo

Isivumelwano seGood Wear Agreement saphumelela ekupheliseni enye yeemfazwe ezingalawulekiyo kwimbali yanamhlanje yaseYurophu. Ngokuseka urhulumente olawulayo, ngokuphinda asebenze, ngokuzinzisa zombini ubukho bohlanga, kunye nokudala izakhiwo ezinqamlezileyo zomda wemida, sanika isakhiwo esiqinileyo sozinzo lwezobupolitika eNorthern Ireland. Isivumelwano siye senza ukuba inkqubela yezoqoqosho, uxolelwano lwentlalo, nokuncitshiswa kwemeko ephawulekayo kugonyamelo. Noko ke, alukho uxwebhu oluthe ngqo; ukuphunyezwa kwalo kufuneke ukuditya okuqhubekayo nokuzinza. Ingxaki ebangelwa yi-Bretit, iinst, iinguquko, kunye neemfuno ezingalungiswanga zibonisa ukuba inkqubo yoxolo iqhubeke inkqubela. Isivumelwano sinamandla amakhulu esisekelwe kwinkxaso-politiki ephambili ekuvumeni kwayo kungeneni kwayo: akukho tshintsho kubume bomgaqo-mGrentilland, sidibanise ekudibanisweni kwalo, sidibanise kwindawo elungelelaniswe nakwe, sidibaniswe kunye nesa intententente yolawulo,