Kumaqela eedemokhrasi, indlela eguqulelwe ngayo iivoti kwizihlalo ingumthombo osisiseko womelo lwezopolitiko. Inkqubo yokuvota asiyonkqubo yobugcisa nje yobuchule; inguwo onyulwayo, yimigaqo ebekwe phambili, nendlela indlu yowiso-mthetho ebona ngayo izinto ezikhethwayo ezikhethiweyo, ezikhethiweyo ze-Post, ezi-Rankitation, ezithi ngeminyaka, iinkalo ezininzi zenkqubo zentengiso, nganye ineempawu zorhwebo ezicacileyo phakathi kobuchule, ukulungelelaniswa, nokubuyiselwa kobuso bemeko-mfono. Oku kuhlolisisa ukusebenza kweenkqubo ezininzi zokuvota eziphambili — iFrost-past- Post, iPropolate- Post, iPropolatectionant, iPropolation, kunye neMixtental-Mevention — kunye novavanyo lwezimodeli ekuphuculeni kwezi ndlela zolwazi.

Ukuqonda iinkqubo zokuvelisa imibala: Imida esesikweni yokuhlola

Inkqubo yokuvota ephumelelayo ekunyuseni umelo ingaqwalaselwe ngelensi ezininzi. Okokuqala, ilinganisa indlela esondele ngayo isabelo seqela leesihlalo sihambisana nesabelo sayo sokuvota okuqhelekileyo. Eysibini, [ umelo lwendawo ekhoyo lubuza ukuba indawo nganye inokuba nommeli onikezelweyo. [[[FLT:]], [FLT]] ukhetho lwendawo lulingana nesabelo sayo sovoti yayo. luthatha iqondo abemi abanokubonakalisa kulo izinto abakhetha kuzo ngaphandle koxinzelelo olufanelekileyo., [[FLT], kunye nenkqubo yezizwe ezingundoqo, i-octiventifices, kunye ne-octivestions syst syst syst systting systting, "iementmentmentals]) — Fromes projectives proviationstings profile proviations, i-ographica

Ngaphaya kwezi metric zangaphakathi, imibandela ebanzi: ububanzi besithili, ukwakhiwa kwebhola, imiphetho yokwabiwa kwesihlalo, kunye nobukho beprimties okanye i-baves zingatshintsha iziphumo eziphawulekayo. Amacandelo alandelayo ahluza ezona nkqubo zixoxwe ngokubanzi, esebenzisa imizekelo yehlabathi yokwenene kunye nogcino-lwazi ukukhanyisa iziphumo zazo ezisebenzayo kumelo.

Udidi lweposi

Eyokuqala-iPast-past — ekwabizwa ngokuba yi-intshi enye — yinkqubo elula: umvoti ofumana eyona njongo ekwisithili ufumana isihlalo, kungakhathaliseki ukuba ufumana ubuninzi obupheleleyo. FPTP isetyenziswa kunyulo lwesizwe eUnited States, iUnited Kingdom, Canada, iIndiya, namazwe amaninzi akwindawo ephakathi. Ukunyamezela kusuka kwindlela yayo ecacileyo kunye nohlobo oluqhelekileyo lomntu omnye ophumeleleyo.

Inzuzo yeFPTP

  • I- Ukungaqiniseki: Iziphumo ziphawula umvo omnye, kwaye iziphumo zibekwa msinyane. Lo mthwalo usezantsi wobuchopho unyusa ujiko, ingakumbi phakathi kwabemi abathenjiweyo kancinci kwezobupolitika.
  • Isithili ngasinye sinommeli omnye, okwenza kube lula ukuba amalungu achonge aze agcine ilungu lepalamente linomthwalo.
  • Iziphumo ezikhawulezayo: Ukubala kulula, ukuvumela izibhengezo zonyulo zobusuku kwaye ukunciphisa ukungaqiniseki.
  • Urhulumente ongomnye odibanisayo: FP uthanda ukwenza amaqumrhu amakhulu emithetho naxa kungekho qela lifumana uninzi lwevoti, lisenza ukuba kubekho ulawulo olugqibekileyo (umz., i-UK’s Conservative Partive yaphumelela intsabelo yesihlalo esingu-6,6% yevoti ngo-2019 kuphela).

Ingxaki yeFPTP

  • Ivoti ezivotiweyo: Ivoti eziphoswe abaphumeleleyo — kwanabo baninzi abaphumeleleyo ngaphaya komqobo — azifaki galelo ekuveleni. Kunyulo lwase Canada ngo 2015, ngaphezulu kwe 50% yamavoti “ayenziwa" ngale ngqiqo, ngokutsho kukaFair Vote Canada.
  • Iziphumo ezithe ngqo: Izabelo ze-FTP ezicwangcisiweyo zelizwe lamaqela ajolisekileyo kwaye zohlwaya abo baxhaswe ngokuphandle. Umzekelo, kunyulo jikelele lwe-UK, iScottish National Party yafumana izihlalo 56 nge-4,7% yevoti yesizwe, ngelixa iiLiberal Democrates zaphumelela kuphela izihlalo ezisi-8 nge 7.9% yevoti.
  • Umthetho okhoyo (okanye owakhiwe): Umvoti angaphumelela nge 30-40% yevoti ukuba abachasi bahlula izabelo eziseleyo, nto leyo ekhokelela kwimibuzo malunga nokugunyaziswa kwedemokhrasi. Unyulo lwama 2000 lukamongameli wase-US lungumzekelo odumileyo: Al Gore waphumelela kwivoti eyaziwayo kodwa waphulukana ne-Electoral College — ngokwayo inkqubo ephefumlelweyo yeFPTP.
  • Ukuvota okungagqibekiyo: Izandi zidla ngokushiya lowo zikhethayo ukuze zithintele umphambili ongathandwayo, zicinezela indlela yokukhetha yokwenene nokunciphisa iingcinga ezahlukahlukeneyo kwipalamente.
  • Ukhuphiswano oludityanisiweyo: Izihlalo ezikhuselekileyo zikhuthaza iingenelo zokunqamka kunye nokuphuma okusezantsi, njengoko abavoti bevakalelwa kukuba ivoti yabo “ayinaxabiso.”

Phezu kwazo nje iimpazamo zayo, i-FPTP iyaqhubeka ngenxa yokuba i-'cult's' ingenelwa kwimeko-bume, kunye nokukhuthaza okulula kwenkqubo ukuba ivote ilumke ezinye iindlela ezintsonkothileyo. Noko ke, ukwanda kokunganeliseki “ngamavoti avunyiweyo” kunye nokukhuthaza ukuguquka kwamazwe amaninzi e-FPTP.

Ukujija kokhetho olunqatyisiweyo (RCV)

Uvotelo Olukhethiweyo Olukhulu — olukwabizwa ngokuba luvotelwa ngokukhawuleza kwimimandla enye — luvumela abavoti ukuba bakhethe abaza kuthatha izithuba ngokulandelelana kokhetho. Ukuba akukho mvoti ufumana uninzi lwevoti yokuqala, umvoti onamavoti ambalwa okuqala akhethiweyo apheliswa, kwaye iibhola zabo zibotshelelwe kwi-float elandelayo ebhankini nganye. Le nkqubo ikhatywa de omnye umqobo unqamle umqobo wama-50%. RCV isetyenziswa kunyulo lwesizwe kwi-Ostreliya (Indlu yabameli), i-Ireland (indlu yabameli), kwaye kwizixeko ezininzi ezifana neNew York City, iSan Francisco, kunye neMinneapolis.

Inzuzo yeRCV

  • Umvuzo wobunyani: RCV iqinisekisa ukuba umnyulwa unenkxaso esekelwe kububanzi, ekuthinteleni “umnqophisi wobubanzi” ingxaki yonyulo lwe-FPTP. Kunyulo lwe-2018Maine gubernonator, Democrate Janet Mills waphumelela nge 55% emva kwe-RCV, nangona wayeno 50 kuphela.9% kwisangqa sokugqibela.
  • [[FLT: 0] Inciphisa ulwahlulo lwevoti: izakukhuphisana ngeqonga elifanayo ngaphandle kokoyika ukuba iza kunika unyulo kutshaba ngeembono ezahlukeneyo. Oku kukhuthaza abaza kuthatha amanyathelo angakumbi kunye neengxoxo eziqhankqalazayo.
  • Ipromote ezinika iphulo elilungileyo: Kuba abatshayeli bafuna ivoti yesibini neyesithathu, basoloko bebhenela kubaxhasi babanye abatsha, benciphisa iintlaselo ezingalunganga. Uhlolisiso oluvela eAustralia lubonisa ukuba amaphulo e-RCV adla ngokuqwalasela kancinci ukubeka ingqalelo kulwahlulo lodaka nakokuninzi kwinkqubo yomahluko.
  • [[FLT: 0] Ivoti enkulu kakhulu ecacileyo: iyakwazi ukubeka abathathi-nxaxheba ngokunyanisekileyo ngaphandle kokuxhalatyiswa “kukulahla” kwabo; umxhasi weQela elinombala ophezulu angadwelisa isibini selinye neyesithathu yedemocratic ngaphandle kokubeka engozini iziphumo zomonakalo.

Iingozi zeRCV

  • ukuntsonkotha kobuxhakaxhaka: Abavoti abaninzi bangadida abanye, bakhokelela kwinani eliphezulu leebhola zebhombu ezibolekileyo (umz., liphakamisa ababini abatshayeli njenge “5”. Kumasebe amaninzi e-RCV, amaphulo emfundo abavoti ayafuneka ukuhlisa oku.
  • Ujikelezo lwesithuba esinyusiweyo: Ukubala iimjikelo ezininzi ziyacotha kwaye azibonakali kakhulu; iziphumo zingathatha iintsuku ukugqiba, njengokuba kubonwa kwi 2021 yesazinge soomatiloshe. Olu lulibaziso lungaphelisa ukuthembana kukawonke-wonke ukuba alwenzi gcaba.
  • Inguqu yamagama angaqhelekanga "ukungalingani": Kwiimeko ezinqabileyo, uloyiso lomntu oza kubhaptizwa lungatshintshwa ukuba ufumene ivoti yokuqala. Nangona inokwenzeka ngokwezibalo, ubungqina obusekelwe kwizibalo bubonisa “ukungaphumeleli kobunyani” bungaqhelekanga kunyulo lokwenene.
  • Isivumelwano sokuzalisekisa: Omatshini abatsha bokuvota kunye ne-software kufuneka zithengwe okanye ziphuculwe, kwaye amagosa onyulo afuna uqeqesho. Kumagunya aphezulu angenamiqathango elinganiselweyo, le inokuba ngumqobo obalulekileyo.

Phezu kwazo nje ezi ngxaki, i-RCV ifumene impumelelo eUnited States njengotshintsho olunciphisa ulwaneliseko kwaye luphucula ulwaneliseko lwabavoti. Uphando oluvela kwiFairVote lubonisa ukuba i-RCV yandisa inkcazelo echaza amabhinqa kunye namancinane, njengoko abathathi-nxaxheba abakulungele ngakumbi ukubaleka xa bengajongani “nonomngcipheko”.

Umelo loPhicotho-zincwadi

Iinkqubo ze-Propotional directionationations zijolise ekwahluleni izihlalo kwindlu yowiso-mthetho kumlinganiselo othe ngqo kwivoti nganye eyamkelayo ngokwesizwe okanye ngokwengingqi. Kukho iinguqu ezininzi, kuquka uluhlu lwePR (osetyenziswe kwaSirayeli, iNetherlands, ne-South Africa) kunye noluhlu oludluliswayo olukwiziqendu ezininzi eIreland naseMalta. Kuluhlu olusulungekileyo lwePR, Revota, kwaye amaqela afumana izihlalo kumlinganiselo wokwabelana. [[FL:2]] umgangatho 395] umiselwe ukunqanda ukwahlulwa.

Inzuzo yePR

  • Ulungelelwaniso oluphezulu: PR iveza izindlu zowiso-mthetho ezibonisa ngokusondeleyo iinketho zokhetho lokhetho. Umzekelo, kunyulo lwamaJamani angama-2021, kwilungu lolwahlulo lwe-Bundestag liqinisekise ukuba i-SPD’ 25.7% ivote izabelana nge-25,7% yezihlalo — umendo osondeleyo.
  • Abameli abakhulu bamaqela amancinane nancinane: ubuhlanga, ubuhlanga, kunye neengcamango ezincinane zingaphumelela kwizihlalo ngaphandle kokufuna ukuxinezeleka kwelizwe elithile. eNew Zealand, iMāori Parti ibophelele izihlalo phantsi kwePR eziphantse zingafikeleleki phantsi kwe-FPTP.
  • Ukubotshwa kwamavoti: Abami baziva bevoti yabo “amatyala” kuba kwaneqela elincinane lingaphumelela kwizihlalo, linyuse. Uphando lothelekiso lubonisa ukuba amazwe anendawo ephezulu yokuvota kunamazwe e-FPTP — idla ngokuba ngama-5-10 eepesenti.
  • Ivoti ezilahlwayo: Phantsi kwe PR, phantse yonke ivoti inegalelo ekuhlalweni. Umqobo osebenzayo usezantsi (ngokufuthi 0.5-10% kwisithili esikhulu), ithetha ukuba bambalwa kakhulu abavoti abashiywe ngaphandle kokumela.

Iingozi zePR

  • Ukungazinzi koburhulumente bobunyani: PR inqabile ukuvelisa icandelo elinye elikhulu, inyanzelisa uthethwano olunyanzelisa ukubotshwa kwentambo, iikhabhinethi ezihlala ixeshana, okanye ulawulo oluphezulu lwamaqabane amancinane. Utshintsho oluqhelekileyo lukarhulumente wase-Itali (ongaphezulu kwama-60 ukususela kwiMfazwe Yehlabathi II) ludla ngokucatshulwa njengentso, nangona iinguqu zale mihla zisomelezelo.
  • [[FLT: 0] Umelo lwendawo: Kuluhlu oluvaliweyo PR, abavoti abanakukhetha umntu ngamnye oza kufumana inxaxheba; ulawulo lwamaqela angena epalamente, athoba uqhagamshelwano phakathi kwemisebenzi kunye nabameli. Vula uluhlu PR (njengokwe Finland) lunciphisa oku kodwa longeza ubuntlola.
  • Ukwehla komda: Kwezinye iimeko, PR ingavumela amaqela angongomaqhaqhaqhazeli afumane indawo yepalamente (umz., iNuoutic-Nazi National Democratic Party of Germany), nangona imithetho yomnyango ikhusela iintsinga ezincinane.
  • [[FLT: 0] Iibhola zomngxuma: kwisithili ezinkulu ezineqela, ibholaot inganzima. Umzekelo, amadatshi akhetha amaqela amaninzi anqamleze amaphepha amaninzi, abavoti aba phazamisayo.

Iinkqubo zepropotical ziza ngohlobo oluninzi, umlinganiselo ngamnye wokulungelelanisa uxhomekeke kuxanduva loxanduva. Kumazwe abeka umelo olufanelekileyo kulwalamano lomhlaba, iPR ihlala iyimodeli ehambayo.

Ipropoti yorhwebo exutyiweyo

I-Member Propogacal ixuba izihlalo ezizimeleyo eziyinxalenye enye (FPTP-style) nethala loluhlu lweqela. IiVoters zilahla iibholati ezimbini: enye yezangaphakathi (kwisithili esinye) kunye nenye yeqela (kwiqela lesizwe okanye lengingqi). Inani lilonke lezihlalo ezibelwe iqela ngalinye limiselwe ngokwesabelo seqela, kwaye “amalungu amaqela amaqela” ongezelelwe ukuzisa abathunywa beqela ngalinye kwigunya lawo lokulungelelaniso lwalo. Amazwe asebenzisa i-MMP aquka iJamani, iNew Zealand, iBolivia, ne-Kosothoviya.

Inzuzo yeMMP

  • umelo olukhoyo: Wonke umvoti unommeli wasekuhlaleni (ukusuka kwivoti yesithili) ngelixa ipalamente iyonke ihlala ilungelelanisiwe. Oku kugqiba uxinezeleko phakathi kwendawo kunye nolwahlulo oluthi maxa wambi uxokelelwano lwePR lungabikho.
  • irhoxisiwe imivoti elahlwayo: Iqela livota ngokwesizwe (okanye ngokwengingqi), ngoko ke nabavoti abavoti abathe abathe abathe abathathi-nxaxheba baphulukana nobalo lwezihlalo zabo zeqela. Kunyulo lwaseNew Zealand lwama-2020, ngaphezulu kwama-95% eqela abalwa kwindawo abalwa kuyo.
  • Inzaliseko ezizinzileyo: Kuba i-MMP ifuna ukwenziwa ngokumanyeneyo, amaqela kufuneka adibane nenkqubo yokunqamleza, idla ngokukhokelela kulawulo oluphakathi. “iimanyano ezinkulu” phakathi kwecala lasekhohlo kunye newombindi wamaqela abonisa amandla.
  • Ukungatshintshi: MMP ingenziwa iqheleke ngobukhulu besithili obahlukeneyo, imiqobo (umz., 5% eJamani nase New Zealand), kunye noluhlu lwemikrolo ukulinganisa umelo lwasekuhlaleni nolwamanani.

Iingozi zeMMP

  • Ukuzalana: Izahlulo kufuneka ziqonde ukhuphiswano ezimbini olwahlukeneyo nendlela intsebenziswano yembuyekezo esebenza ngayo. Amagosa okhetho afuna uqeqesho oluphambili ukuphatha izihlalo eziphindiweyo nezingaphezulu.
  • Izihlalo eziphezulu nezicuphi ezicuthiweyo: Xa iqela lifumana izihlalo zesithili ezininzi kunesabelo salo solwahlulo, ligcina abo “bakwizihlalo ze-arhente”, benokugqwetha umlinganiselo othe ngqo. IJamani isebenzisa ezongezelelweyo “izihlalo ezikumgangatho” ukulungisa oku, kodwa indlu yowiso-mthetho inokuba nkulu kakhulu — i-Bundestag yandes enwela kumalungu angama-735 ngowama-2021, ukusukela ku-598.
  • Ukuvota okungagqibeki kushiyekile: Abanye abavoti basahlulahlula ngokufanelekileyo itikiti labo, ukuvota ukwenzela iqela elahlukileyo kwisithili. uluhlu lokwandisa iziphumo ezidibeneyo. Oku kungadida iziphumo ezicetyisiweyo zolwahlulo.
  • [[NTL:0] Imiba yosuku oluqhelekileyo: Kwezinye iinkqubo, umngeneli angawina zombini isihlalo sesithili nesihlalo soluhlu; ngokuqhelekileyo bathatha isihlalo sesithili kwaye isihlalo soluhlu siya kwenye indawo, kodwa imithetho iyahluka, ukongeza intloko emfutshane.

I-MMP isoloko ibonwa “njengeyona ilungileyo kuzo zombini ii-EXIF" kwaye ixhaswe ngokukhulayo ngamazwe aguqulayo (umz., New Zealand ngo-1996, iPalamente yaseSkotlani neNdibano yaseWales). I-WK exubileyo inika ulalaniso olufanelekileyo phakathi kokuziphendulela koluntu kunye nokulungisa ngokulungelelana.

Ezinye iinkqubo zokuhamba ngapha nangapha komsinga

Ngapha kwendlela ezine ezichazwe ngokubanzi, iindlela ezininzi ezinika iindlela ezahlukeneyo zokufumana umelo. ukuvota okungaguquguqukiyo , okusetyenziswa kokhetho oluthile lukamasipala wase-U, kuvumela abavoti ukuba baphawule bonke abatshayo abafumana ulwamkeleko oluninzi; umvotelwa onenkoliso eninzi iyaphumelela. Kulula kwaye kunciphisa uvoteko, kodwa akuqiniseki ukuba uphumelele kakhulu kwaye kungavelisa iziphumo apho “onke abathandi-" be-" banokuphumelela. STOR] ukuvota [unyaka] [unyaka ozenzekelayo u-Demoffoff) ubuza uvote kwimiba eliqhelekileyo kwimiba elikhoyo, kodwa uninzi lweziphumo olusetyenziswayo olukhoyo, kodwa lunokuqinisekisa ukuqhuba isantya apho ibhombulo nganye i-ekhwethwa i-injini ifumaneka khona.[VFoffse.[5]

Nganye yezi ndlela zoncedo ijolise ekulungiseni ukungabikho kolwamkelo olukhethekileyo kwiinkqubo ezinkulu. Umzekelo, ukunconyelwa koMphathiswa kulula kakhulu kodwa kusenokunciphisa iziphumo ezikhoyo. I-STAR Voting iyayiphepha icebo “lokufihla” elinokuyonakalisa i-RCV. STV idibanisa ulungelelaniso nokhetho lwe-critial. Ngelinye ixesha akukho nanye ephumeze ukufunyanwa kombutho othe ngqo, iyaqhubeka itsala ukutsalwa kwe-advocacy kwimistry yeenguqu zokhetho ezifana ne- i-'interter ye-ECYMFLT [ kunye ne[FLT:]

Ukukhetha Inkqubo Yokwahlula: Imibandela Yemeko

Ukusebenza kwayo nayiphi na inkqubo yokuvota kuxhomekeke kwimpucuko yesizwe yezopolitiko ekhethekileyo, ubukhulu belizwe, ubuhlanga, kunye nembali yequmrhu. Umzekelo, i-FPTP isebenza kakuhle kwiinkqubo zepalamente ezidityanisiweyo ezinezigaba ezibini eziphambili (umz., uBukhosi baseUnited Kingdom phambi kokuvela kwezobupolitika ezininzi kuma-2010), kodwa iya iphelelwa ngamandla ukuvelisa iziphumo ezithelekisayo njengoko inani lamaqela akhuphisanayo likhula. Iinkqubo ze-PR ezithi zidweliswe njengoluhlu lwe-PR yomsebenzi ongcono kakhulu kwibutho elinamandla kunye namaqela ezobupolitika kunye nokukulungela ulawulo olulungelelanisiweyo — inkqubo ezinzileyo yaseNetherlands iphumelela. I-MMP inika undaba oluthambileyo, kodwa ukuntabalala, kodwa ukuntsonkotha kobuncuthuka kwayo kusenokukhula.

Ufundo olusuka ku lwehlabathi lonke lwe IDEA kunye nolulo Lwwezolwazi olukhoyo lunika ugcino-lwazi oluthelekisayo lwendlela eyahlukileyo iziphumo zomelo. Uhlolo olungundoqo luquka: unyuso lobubanzi bengingqi bengingqi; imida ephezulu inciphisa ulwahlulo kodwa ingakhupha isandi esisemthethweni somdla wolwamkelo oluqhelekileyo; kunye neenkqubo zoluhlu oluvulekileyo zidla ngokunyusa umelo lwamabhinqa ngokwendlela ehambanayo kwimisonto evaliweyo.

Isiphelo: Kumazwe angakumbi alawulayo

Akukho nkqubo yokuvota igqibeleleyo; nganye iqulathe ukuphuma phakathi kwamaxabiso edemokhrasi akhuphisanayo. I-Past- Post inika ulungiso olulula nolunamandla norhulumente onamandla ngexabiso levoti elahlwayo kunye neziphumo zokurhoxa. Iingxaki zeMidlalo eziKhethekileyo zokuHlanganisa iintengo zonyango ezininzi kunye novoteko lwequ kodwa idibanisa ukuntsonkotha nokubaluleka okude. I-Propontationation inikezela ngokulingana okuphezulu phakathi kwevota nezihlalo kodwa isoloko ifuna imidibaniso kwaye ingenza amaqhina esithili. IMixpedit-Meven Proportionral izama ukulungelelanisa ulungelelwaniso kunye nomelo kodwa i-uthelekiso lwendawo kodwa iyakwazi ukwandisa imimiselo yemithetho ecwangci.

Isifundo esingundoqo sesokuba utshintsho lokhetho kufuneka luvumelane neemfuno ezikhethekileyo kunye nezilangazelelo ze-politiki. Amazwe acinga ngotshintsho kufuneka ajonge ukubaluleka komelo lwasekuhlaleni ngokuchasene nolungelelwaniso, kunye nokulula nxamnye nobulungisa. Imfundo ye Voter, ulwahlulo olucacileyo, kunye nokucokiseka okuqulekileyo kubalulekile ukuqinisekisa ukuba inkqubo ekhethiweyo iyayalela ukuba uluntu lufanele lufumaneke. Njengoko ukuthathela inxaxheba kwedemokhrasi kwingxoxo engaphaya kwenkqubo yokuvota iza kuhlala ikumgangatho ophakathi kwimpilo yolawulo olungummeli.