Amanzi aphakathi kwezona zinto zisisiseko zokusindisa abantu, imveliso yezoqoqosho, kunye nempilo yemekobume. Kodwa njengokuba ukwanda kwabemi behlabathi jikelele, ukutshintsha kwemozulu, kunye nokubonelelwa ngamanzi acocekileyo kuqhubeka kuncitshiswa, umbuzo wokulawula imfuno yamanzi awuzange ube ngongxamiseke ngakumbi. Phakathi kwezixhobo ezikhoyo kubenzi benkqubo, iingcebiso zokuvelisa amanzi zibonakala zibububo zombini inkqubo yentengiso kunye nesixhaso sokusebenza kokungalingani kwendlela, ukuzobamba ubungqina obudityani namanzi, inkcubeko yezoqoqosho, kunye nophando lokwenene lwemeko yehlabathi ukufumanisa ukuba ziziphi iimo zomlinganiselo ezifanelekileyo zokulondololonga, ukulingana, ukulingana, ukulingana, kunye nokusebenza kolawulo.

Ibheringi yokufumana amanzi njengesixhobo solawulo olufunayo

Iplagi ephuma emanzini asikokwenza ingeniso efunekayo; kungenelelo lokuziphatha. Ngokudibanisa ixabiso lokusetyenziswa kwamanzi, imiqondiso ekhupha i-Princing kunye nempumelelo. Ngokungafaniyo nemilinganiselo yokunikezela efana nokwakha amadama amatsha okanye iziko lokukhupha ilahleko, i-prigsion isebenza kwicala elifunekayo, ngokufuthi kwicandelo lotyalo lwemali. Umgaqo ongundoqo ucacile: xa abathengi bejongene nexabiso lokwenene eliseludinini lwamanzi, baza kulungisa iindlela zokwakhela amaxabiso alo. Noko ke, amanzi akwangumntu olungileyo nolungileyo, ngoko ubuchule bokusebenza kufuneka aqhube uxinzelelo phakathi kwempumelelo yezoqoqosho kunye noluntu olungekho mthethweni.

Iinguqu ezisebenzayo zamanzi zinganciphisa inkcochoyi, zihlehlisela kude unyuko lwezibonelelo ezibiza imali eninzi, kwaye zikhusele iemeko-bume ngokugcina amanqanaba aphantsi okuhamba. Ngokwengxelo ye-OMS yeNtlangano ye-Economic Co-operation kunye noPhuhliso (OECD), utshintsho lwamanzi lubonisekile ukunciphisa ukusetyenziswa kwamanzi ahlalayo nge-10/30% kwizixeko ezininzi zaseYurophu (ECD, 2020[FLT]). Ukanti ucwangciso lweziko lwendlela yokuyila lungalinganiyo oluphezulu lungaveli kakuhle: ubuchule bokungalingani komgangatho ophezulu, ukuhlasela umva, okanye ukungaphumeleli ukufikelela kumaxhoba okulondolo.

Umboko wamanzi osisiseko

Iimodeli ezintathu eziphambili eziphambili ezilawula ukusetyenziswa kwamanzi ehlabathini jikelele: ipringitha engqukuva, ukwanda kweblokh (IBT), kunye nokukhutshwa komqulu. Nganye ivela kwimbali eyahlukileyo, isakhiwo, kunye nemeko yezobupolitika, kwaye nganye ithwele iziphumo ezahlukileyo zokusebenzisa indlela yokuziphatha kunye nozinzo lwengeniso.

Uqhoqhoqhoqho lwendlela

Ngaphantsi kwesakhiwo esisicaba, iintsapho okanye amashishini ahlawula umrhumo osisigxina ngexesha ngalinye elithe ngqo nokuba umthamo wamanzi athenjiweyo. Le mizekelo ilula: akukho mitha ifunekayo, ithelekisa, kwaye i-asethi ingagquma iindleko ezizinzileyo. Noko ke, impembelelo yesimilo igqwethekile. Ekubeni ixabiso lomsebenzi wongezelelweyo wamanzi lizezo, abathengi abanaso isizathu semali sokulondoloza. Ufundo oluthe rhoqo ludibanisa umlinganiselo othe tyaba kwimichiza yamanzi kunye nenkunkuma eninzi, ngokukodwa kwimimandla yomzantsi-ntshona ntshona we-United States, i-Ebhusayithi exhomekeke kwixabiso elithe tyaba, ukusetyenziswa kwamanzi kwakungu 30/50% kuluntu ([FLD: 0] [ULD]][2019]]

Ukusetyenziswa kwesixhobo esifuthayo kukwafihla ixabiso lokwenyaniso lokuhanjiswa kwamanzi, kukwenza kube nzima ukuxhasa izinto eziluncedo ekulondolozeni, ekunyangeni, okanye ekunyuseni. Njengokuba ukwaluphala kuvuza amawaka ezigidi zemalitha ngonyaka, imodeli yesantya esithe tyaba iya isiba engaqikelelwanga. Kodwa ke, iqondo elithe tyaba liyaqhubeka lihamba kwiindawo ezininzi zasemaphandleni nakulwakhiwo oluphezulu ngenxa yexabiso lokuhamba ngemitha kunye nobunzima bezobupolitika bokutshintsha ukusetyenziswa korhwebo.

Ulwandiso lwamaphepha-mvume

Ulwandiso lweblokh lubiza ixabiso elisezantsi ngeyunithi nganye yosetyenziso lokuqala, ngoko ngokuqhubekekayo amaxabiso aphezulu kwibloko nganye elandelayo. Injongo kukuqinisekisa ukuba amanzi ayimfuneko afuna ukufumaneka ngeli xesha abasebenzisi abanzima . Ngokufuthi lawo anamadama okudada, iflage, okanye angenamsebenzi omkhulu, . /aphezulu kakhulu amaxabiso asezantsi akhuthaza ukulondolozwa. IBT isetyenziswa ngokubanzi kwizixeko ukusuka eKapa Town ukuya eBootá, kwaye aye aba yisakhiwo esingagqibekanga esinconyelwa yiBhanki yehlabathi kumazwe amaninzi asakhasa.

Impumelelo ye-IBT ixhomekeke kwimida emininzi yoyilo: ububanzi bebloko yokuqala, ixabiso elohlukeneyo phakathi kweebloko, kunye nenani leebloko. Umxinwa wokuqala ungadibanisela iziphumo ezifanelekileyo iintsapho ezinabantwana abaninzi; ububanzi kakhulu bungasilela ukunyanzela izityebi. Isifundo esinempembelelo se IBTs eMzantsi Afrika sifumanise ukuba iibharifishi zincitshiswe nge 6-11%, kodwa impembelelo ixhomekeke phakathi kwabasebenzisi besandi esiphezulu, ngexesha iintsapho ezifumanayo zibona utshintsho oluncinci ekusetyenzisweni ngenxa yokuba zihleli kwibloko yokuqala ([[FLT:]]] izibonelo zemali nezoqoqosho, [20]). Oku kucebisa ukuba i-BT-effective ingathi ixhoba elinempumelelo ngaphandle komqobo lwelahleko.

Abahlalutyi, nokokuba, bathi ii-IBT zinokuphinda ziqhubeke ukuba iintsapho eziphezulu ziintsapho ezinkulu kunokuba zisebenzise abantu abatsha. Ngaphezu koko, ukuntsonkotha kolawulo lokuchaza nokulungisa iibloko kufuna ugcino-lwazi olomeleleyo kunye nokuzihlaziya ngamaxesha athile. Ukuqonda okunguwonke kukwabalulekile; ubuchule bokwenziwa kwezixhobo ezincinane budla ngokubangela ukungathembani kunye nezityholo zokungalungisi.

Isandi esibonisa isandi (Uhlobo okanye ilayini-Pricing)

Igalelo lomqulu libiza umlinganiselo ozingisileyo weyunithi nganye yamanzi athengiweyo emva komrhumo wenkonzo okhoyo. Ngokungafaniyo ne-IBTs, ixabiso lomgangatho ophantsi lihlala lifana nokuba kusetyenziswa na onke. Oku kunika uphawu olucacileyo, olucacileyo lokuba ilitha ngalinye elongezelelweyo libiza imali efanayo, le ngcamango yezoqoqosho ephikisayo ikhokelela kwiziphumo ezifanelekileyo xa ixabiso libonakalisa ixabiso lomgangatho wonikezelo. Izixhobo ezininzi zaseYurophu, ezifana nezo eJamani nase Denmark, ziye zasebenzisa ixesha elide ukusetyenziswa kwexabiso lomqulu wesixaso somsebenzi ophezulu kunye nezixanduva zemali ezithenjiweyo zoncedo ezizinziweyo.

Ubungqina obusuka kwimibhobho buxhasa ukulondolozwa kwesandi. Uphando lwamanzi olumalunga nomlinganiselo we-65 lufumanise ukuba ixabiso lokunwebeka kwemfuno yamanzi ahlalayo limalunga no-0.4, okuthetha unyuko lwexabiso lwe-10% lunyusa imigibe ekhoyo (] Land Economics, 2017). Oku kuthambeka kuphezulu kumgama omde njengokuba iintsapho zisebenza kwizixhobo ezisebenzayo kwaye zitshintsha isakhiwo. I-omvolurry inqanda imigibe ekhoyo yeeblo kuba iphatha bonke abasebenzisi ngokulinganayo ngeyunithi nganye.

Isithintelo esiyintloko kwisandi se-injini siyimfuneko kwimitha jikelele. Kwizixeko ezininzi, ingakumbi kumazwe asakhasayo, ukugquma imitha akuphelelanga, kwaye iimitha ezikhoyo zisenokuba azichananga. Ukunyuswa kwezakhiwo kubiza ixabiso, kwaye inkcaso yezopolitiko kwabo bajonga ukubekwa njengerhafu kwimfuno ezisisiseko ingaphelisa utshintsho. Ukanti apho iimitha zisendaweni, umthamo wesigqubuthelo ukhuselekile. Umzekelo, emva kokuba isixeko saseMelbourne esenziwe ngoomqulusu-injini esuntswniswe ngekota ezikwiminyaka engama-25%, ngokokunyuka kwabemi.

Ukulinganisa: Imilinganiselo engundoqo nobungqina

Ukuvavanya iindlela zokusebenzisa amanzi, kufuneka siqwalasele imilinganiso emininzi: impembelelo yogcino-lwazi, ukulingana, ukuzinziswa kwengeniso, ulawulo, kunye nolwamkelo lwezopolitiko. Akukho metric enye ithatha umfanekiso opheleleyo. Ngasezantsi sihlola imilinganiselo nganye ngokubhekiselele kwimiphumo yehlabathi lokwenene.

Impembelelo Yokulondolozwa Kwendalo

Konke okulinganayo, i-pricric idla ngokuvelisa impendulo enamandla yolondolozo kuba inyanzelisa amaxabiso aluncedo kwiyunithi nganye. I-IBT inganciphisa usetyenziso phakathi kwabasebenzisi bovolume abaphezulu, kodwa isiphumo kusetyenziso oluqhelekileyo silinganiswe ngemiqathango esezantsi encinci, i-flat-prigistic ayisebenzi nto inokwenzeka, nangona ingakhuthaza ngokungangqalanga ukulondolozwa kwemeko ngemibango. Uphando eCalifornia lufumanise ukuba iintsapho kwivolutensicric isetyenziswe kwi15,20% yamanzi angaphantsi kunalawo kwixabiso elimcabalelekileyo, ukulawula ingeniso nobukhulu obuninzi ([[[FLT:]]] umgaqo-Platel, nangona ungakhuthaza ngokungangqamaniseki,[FLD]2018:1]]).

Ngoko, ixabiso lokunwebeka kwemfuno yamanzi alifani. Iintsapho ezifumana imali ephantsi zisabela kakhulu kutshintsho lwexabiso ngenxa yokuba ii-akhawunti zamanzi zolwahlulo olukhulu loqingqo-mali lwazo. Iintsapho ezifumileyo, ingakumbi ezo zinokunkcenkceshela ngaphandle, zisenokungalichaphazeli kakhulu ixabiso, zifuna amaxabiso aphezulu kakhulu ukuze zitshintshe indlela yokuziphatha. Oku kucebisa ukuba umlinganiselo omnye wesandi kufuneka ubekwe phezulu kakhulu ukunqanda ukusetyenziswa kobunewunewunewu, okunokwenzeka ukonakalisa abasebenzisi abafumana imali ephantsi ukuba akukho zithintelo zobomi.

Ukulingana nokulingana

Ukulingana kusoloko kungumgangatho ophezulu we-Achilles ekuthengisweni kwamanzi. Umntu onelungelo lokuwafumana, eliqashelwa yiZizwe Ezimanyeneyo, ufuna ukuba iimfuno ezisisiseko zingafikeleleki. I-volution, ukuba ibekwe phezulu kakhulu, ingabeka umthwalo onzima kwizindlu ezikhoyo eziphantsi. Ngokwahlukileyo, i-IBTS ikhusela isiseko esisiqobo kwixabiso eliphantsi. Kodwa ukungabinanto yanto kuxhomekeke kwi-IBTs kulula kunokubonakala. Ukuba ibloko yokuqala incincane kakhulu, intsapho enkulu efumanayo ingachitheka kwiibloko eziphezulu, ihlawula ngaphezulu kunomntu omnye ofumileyo ohlala kwiblo lokuqala. Ezinye iidilesi zokunikela ngemvume okanye ngokuhlawula ngemali, kodwa ezo zinto zidityaniswe ngemiba.

Ukusetyenziswa kwe-atrate-paresion kusoloko kujongwa njengokulinganayo kuba wonke umntu uhlawula umrhumo ofanayo, kodwa enyanisweni kuphinda-phindeke: amakhaya afumana imali encinane achitha ipesenti enkulu yengeniso yawo emanzini, kodwa asebenzisa intwana encinane kwaye asebenzisa abamelwane abazizityebi. Umyinge othe tyaba udlulisela ngokunempumelelo imali ukusuka kwabahlwempu ukuya kwabatyebi. Uhlalutyo lwamanzi kwisiXeko esifuthiwe yi-okthayo olufuthiweyo olufunyenweyo ukuba abathengi bemali ehlawulwa yingeniso yendlu, kungakhathaliseki ukuba ingeniso yemali isetyenziswa, nangona kuphantsi kwemisebe eyahlukeneyo ukusuka kwi-0.1% yabasebenzisi abaphezulu ukuya kubaphathi abaphezulu, uxandulo olungaphezulu ([FLD: 0]] oluneendleko oluzinzileyo [FUl], [F1]]).[2017]

Ukuzinza kwengeniso nokuchacha kwendleko

Amanzi aluncedo afuna ingeniso ethembekileyo ukugcina izibonelelo kunye nemisebenzi. Ukusebenzisa ingeniso yomlinganiselo ophezulu kunika uzinzo lwengeniso oluphezulu ngenxa yokuba ingeniso ikhutshwe ekusebenziseni. Ngokwahlukileyo, i-ibT eluncedo kwingeniso ekhoyo ukuba ulondolozo lunciphisa imiqulu yokuthengiswa kwemali. Oku kungadala into edidanisayo: ulondolozo olunempumelelo olukhokelela kwingeniso ephantsi yezinto eziluncedo, enokuthi isetyenziswe njengengxoxo echasene notshintsho oluzenzekelayo. Ezinye ii-axinezentengiso eziquka isindululo somsebenzi esisisigxina sexabiso esisisigxilo, ukuqinisekisa ukuba isahlulo sogcino-mali esingunxantathu somgangatho kuphela. Kodwa ukuba isixa esisisigxina siphezulu kakhulu, ithonga ixabiso lentengo yentengo yentengo.

Ii-IBT zinokuba buhlungu ngenxa yokungaguquguquki kwengeniso ukuba abathengi abaninzi badibana kwibloko yokuqala, ingakumbi ngexesha elimanzi xa amanzi angaphandle esetyenziswa esezantsi. Izakhiwo ezikwimimandla eyinkqantosi ziye zaphinda zabekwa kwakhona ngokukhula kweebloko okanye zandisa irhafu ezizinzileyo, kodwa uhlengahlengiso olunjalo lunovakalelo lwezopolitiko. Isitshixo kukuyila i-stariff ukwenzela ukuba ixabiso lomahluko liphakame ngokwaneleyo ukwenza impumelelo ngexa ilungu elizinzileyo linika isiseko esizinzileyo sengeniso.

Ukungalawuleki Kwezobupolitika

Ukusebenzisa naliphi na isuntswana lokusebenza nangaphezulu kwemali ethe tyaba kufuna ukusetyenziswa kwemitha, iinkqubo zokubhalisa, imfundo, kunye nokunyanzelisa. Urhwebo lwangaphambili lungaqina. Umzekelo, isixeko saseLos Angeles sichithe ngaphezu kwama-200 000 ezigidi ukuseka iimitha ekuqaleni konyaka ka-202010. Kodwa ukugcinwa kwexesha elide ngenxa yokuncitshiswa kwamanzi kunye neprojekthi yesiseko somsebenzi wophuhliso kusoloko kuthethelela indleko. Ukungalawuleki kwezobupolitika, nokokuba, kungumqobo ongqongqo. Utshintsho lwamanzi luye lwabangela ukuba abantu babhikishe besuka e-Athens baye eBangalance, apho abemi bephikisa ukuba amanzi afanele akhululwe okanye ancitshiswe kakhulu. Ukuqhubana abantu ngonxibelelwano olucacileyo, ukuphunyezwa kweprojective, kunye nokuhlawula amaqela amaqela abuthathaka, nokokubakhulula iinguqu-o.

Uhlolisiso Lwetyala: Ukuphumelela Nokusilela

Impumelelo: IDurban, eMzantsi Afrika

Ibhalbhu yeThekwin eqhubekekayo, eyaveliswa ekupheleni kweminyaka yee-1990, idla ngokuchazwa njengemodeli yolondolozo olungatshintshiyo. Iikhilitha zokuqala ezi-6 ngenyanga zikhululekile kuzo zonke iintsapho, zixhaswa ngezixhobo ezinqamlezayo ezivela kwiibloko eziphezulu. Iziqobo ezilandelayo zinyuka ngokunyuka. Ngenxa yoko, ukusetyenziswa kwamanzi kwehla ngama-20-30% kwiminyaka emihlanu, kwaye inkqubo yamanzi esisiseko iqinisekisa ukuba nabemi abangamahlwempu kakhulu banayo.

Ukungaphumeleli: Bakesfield, eKhalifoniya, eUSA

Bakersfield, isixeko esikwi-Central Valley yaseKhalifoniya, sixhomekeke kwisixhobo samanzi esithe tyaba kangangamashumi eminyaka. Xa urhulumente wagunyazisa ukuba amaxhoba okulondolozwa kwembalela, uBakersfield wazama ukunciphisa ukusetyenziswa kwembalela kuba abemi babengenamdla wemali wokutshintsha imikhwa. Esi sixeko safumana kuphela usukelo lokulondolozwa emva kokufakwa kwemitha kunye nokuguqukela kwisandi sesandi, inkqubo eyafuna iminyaka esibhozo yokukhutshwa kweminyezelo kunye nokukhala kukawonke-wonke.

Imiphumo exutyweyo: iSantiago, eChile

Ukwenziwa kwe-privaties zamanzi aluncedo eChile kwiminyaka yee-1990 kwakhokelela ekubeni zixhaswe kakhulu i-octric cription ngokusetyenziswa kwemibhobho enxulumene nemekobume. Inkqubo yaphucula ilahleko kunye nokuncitshiswa kwamanzi kwii-intanethi zokusasaza, kodwa kwabangela ukuba kubekho inkxalabo yokungatshintshi. Uphando lwasekhaya lwabonisa ukuba iintsapho ezifumana imali ephantsi azinciphiswanga nje kuphela ngenxa yokusetyenziswa kobuchule kodwa zikwandisa nenkxalabo esisiseko yococekekileyo, inkxalabo yempilo. Ekugqibeleni urhulumente wasungula ukukhuselwa kwemali ekhuselekileyo ekukhuseleni amahlwempu kwiindleko eziphezulu zamanzi. Le meko ibonisa ukuba iprojectivesss yodwa ayinele ngaphandle kweminatha yokhuseleko.

Izicelo ezisebenzisekayo kubenzi bomgaqo-nkqubo

Ngokusekelwe kubungqina, akukho ndlela inye yokusebenzisa amanzi ehambelana nazo zonke iinkalo. Noko ke, imigaqo emininzi inokukhokela kwindlela ephumelelayo yokwenza:

  • [[FLT: 0] Ikhompathimenti ebekelwe uxanduva olundilisekileyo ngecandelwana: Olu mlinganiselo luzinzo lwengeniso ngezikhuthazo zogcino. Uxanduva olusisigxina kufuneka lugqume iindleko zolawulo nekomkhulu, ngeli lixa umlinganiselo womahluko ubonakalisa ixabiso eliselunxwemeni lamanzi.
  • Sebenzisa ulwandiso lwebloko xa iqonga lentlalo lingundoqo: qinisekisa umqobo wokuqala mkhulu ngokwaneleyo ukugquma iimfuno zendlu (kuxhomekeke kumlinganiselo oqhelekileyo wendlu) kwaye uyisalathisela kwingeniso okanye kubungakanani bentsapho apho kunokwenzeka.
  • Ingenelela kwimitha kunye nezibonelelo: ngaphandle komlinganiselo ochanileyo, nawuphi na umlinganiso osekelwe kusetyenziso awunyanzeliswa. Iimitha zomcu zikwanceda ukwenza ingxelo yexesha lokwenene, enokuthi ikhulise ugcino-lwazi.
  • Iinguqu zesiqalo ezincinci ngonxibelelwano kunye neenkqubo zoncedo: chaza ngokucacileyo isizathu sokuba amaxabiso etshintsha, anike amacebo okunyusa amanzi, kwaye aseke iinkqubo ezifumana imali ephantsi ukugcina ukufumaneka.
  • [[NTL: 0] I-Monitor kunye nokulungisa amaphepha-mvume ngamaxesha athile: Utshintsho lobungangamsha kwixesha lenkqubela-phambili yobugcisa nenkqubo xa iziphumo zobugcisa ziguquka. Uhlolo lonyaka okanye lomkhosi we-biannu luqinisekisa ukuba amaxabiso ahlala ephumelela kwaye elungile.
  • [[UMTL: 0] Ukufaka ingxube ngezixhobo zokulawula ezifunwayo: Imiqathango, imiqathango yezixhobo ezisebenzayo, kunye namaphulo okuqaphela uwonke wonke anganelisa iprojekthi yempembelelo enkulu.

Indima yobuxhakaxhaka nogcino-lwazi lwale mihla

Inkqubela kwimigama ephezulu, ugcino-lwazi olunemibhobho ephezulu, kunye nokuva kude kuguqula amathuba okusetyenziswa kwamanzi. Ugcino-lwazi lwexesha lokwenene luvumela iziphakamiso eziluncedo ukuba ziphumeze ukusetyenziswa okuguquguqukayo ngexesha lemini okanye lexesha, ukukrwela incopho ephezulu. Umzekelo, ezinye ii-othentilies zikhupha isantya esiphezulu xa kusemva kwemini xa iincopho ziphuma ngaphandle. Le projectives, efana nenkcitho yombane, iyakwazi ukunyusa ungeniso kumthamo wolwazi kubuchule bonyango. Noko ke, i-pringing esebenzayo inyusa inkxaso-ognoteetars ukuba iintsapho ezifumana ingeniso azikwazi ukutshintsha umsebenzi wazo zisuka kwixesha lepeak. Imfundo yamanani kunye neenkqubo ezihamba-selula zinganceda abaxhasi bafumane indlela yokufumana amandla.

Isiphelo

Ubuchule bokusebenzisa amanzi obungaveli bubuchule bokusetyenziswa kwezixhobo zesilivere ukunqanda ukunqongophala kwamanzi, kodwa xa yenziwe ngenkathalo ziphakathi kwezixhobo ezinamandla ezikhoyo. Ubungqina bubonisa ukuba ukushenxiswa ukusuka kwisantya esisisicaba esisisicaba nakumaziko asekelwe ekusetyenzisweni ngokuphangaleleyo . Ngokukhethekileyo iprojekthi ekhutshelwayo okanye ubuchule bokusetyenziswa kwezixhobo ezikhulayo ezizinzileyo, ukuhla kwemiqobo, ukuhla kokuncitshiswa kwexabiso, ukunyuka kwexabiso, ukunyuka kwamanzi, ukuhlaziywa, nokukhutshwa kwamanzi okungenamsebenzi, akunakulinganiswa kuphela kwizifundo zokuhamba ngempumelelo, ukusetyenziswa kwezopolitiki, kunye nobuchule bokulawula. Ulungiso lwamanzi olunempumelelo ludibanisa ukukhuselwa kwemeko lwentlalo, ulawulo olucacileyo, nokuqulungelana. Njengoko uxinzelelo lwamanzi lufuneka kusetyenziswa ngokunempumelelo, uxinzelelo lwamanzi lumele lutsale iprojective kunye nokulungisa amanzi.